ASTM D5835-95(2001)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Stationary Source Emissions for the Automated Determination of Gas Concentrations
Standard Practice for Sampling Stationary Source Emissions for the Automated Determination of Gas Concentrations
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures and equipment that will permit, within certain limits, representative sampling for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams. The application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total oxides of nitrogen (NOx).
1.2 Velocity measurements are required to determine the mass flow rates of gases. This is not included in this practice.
1.3 There are some combustion processes and situations that may limit the applicability of this practice. Where such conditions exist, caution and competent technical judgment are required, especially when dealing with any of the following:
1.3.1 Corrosive or highly reactive components,
1.3.2 High vacuum, high pressure, or high temperature gas streams,
1.3.3 Wet flue gases,
1.3.4 Fluctuations in velocity, temperature, or concentration due to uncontrollable variation in the process,
1.3.5 Gas stratification due to the non-mixing of gas streams,
1.3.6 Measurements made using environmental control devices, and
1.3.7 Low levels of gas concentrations.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific safety precautions, refer to 5.1.4.8, 5.2.1.6, and 6.2.2.1.
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Designation:D5835–95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Stationary Source Emissions for the Automated
Determination of Gas Concentrations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5835; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2 3
1.1 This practice covers procedures and equipment that 2.1 ASTM Standards:
will permit, within certain limits, representative sampling for D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent Atmospheres
gas streams. The application is limited to the determination of D 1608 Test Method for Oxides of Nitrogen in Gaseous
oxygen (O ), carbon dioxide (CO ), carbon monoxide (CO), Combustion Products (Phenol-DisulfonicAcid Procedure)
2 2
sulfurdioxide(SO ),nitricoxide(NO),nitrogendioxide(NO ) D 3154 Test Method for Average Velocity in a Duct (Pitot
2 2
and total oxides of nitrogen (NO ). Tube Method)
x
1.2 Velocity measurements are required to determine the 2.2 Other Document:
mass flow rates of gases. This is not included in this practice. 40 CFR Part 60, Standards of Performance for Stationary
1.3 Therearesomecombustionprocessesandsituationsthat Sources, Appendix A, Test Methods 2, 3, 3a, 6, 6c, 7, 7e,
may limit the applicability of this practice. Where such and 10
conditions exist, caution and competent technical judgment are
3. Terminology
required, especially when dealing with any of the following:
3.1 Definitions:
1.3.1 Corrosive or highly reactive components,
1.3.2 High vacuum, high pressure, or high temperature gas 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
Terminology D 1356.
streams,
1.3.3 Wet flue gases,
4. Summary of Practice
1.3.4 Fluctuations in velocity, temperature, or concentration
4.1 This practice describes representative sampling of gases
due to uncontrollable variation in the process,
in a duct, including both extractive and non-extractive sam-
1.3.5 Gas stratification due to the non-mixing of gas
pling. In extractive sampling, these gases are conditioned to
streams,
remove aerosols, particulate matter, and other interfering
1.3.6 Measurements made using environmental control de-
substances before being conveyed to the instruments. In
vices, and
non-extractive sampling, the measurements are made in-situ;
1.3.7 Low levels of gas concentrations.
therefore, no sample conditioning except filtering is required.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1.1 Extractive Sampling—Extractive sampling includes
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
extraction of the sample, removal of interfering materials, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
maintenance of the gas concentration throughout the sampling
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
system for subsequent analysis by appropriate instrumentation
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific
(see Fig. 1).
safety precautions, refer to 5.1.4.8, 5.2.1.6, and 6.2.2.1.
4.2 Non-extractive Sampling—Non-extractive sampling
doesnotinvolveremovalofasample,andsamplingisconfined
to the gas stream in the stack or duct (see Figs. 2 and 3).
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved September 10, 1995. Published November 1995. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This practice is based on ISO 10396, “Stationary source emissions—Sampling the ASTM website.
fortheautomateddeterminationofgasconcentrations,”availablefromInternational Available from Supt. of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
Organization for Standardization, Casa Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland. ington, DC 20402.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
D5835–95 (2001)
NOTE—Key:
1 Baffle 13 Heater
2 In-stack Filter 14 Refrigeration Unit
3 Tee 15 Water Discharge
4 Probe 16 Vacuum Gage
5 Sampling Port 17 Bypass Valve
6 Cap 18 Pump
7 Pressure Gage 19 Sampling Line (Heating Optional)
8 To Zero and Span Gases 20 Manifold
9 Heat-traced Sampling Line 21 ToAnalyzer(s)
10 Temperature Controller (Line) 22 Rotameter
11 Temperature Controller (Box) 23 Vent
12 Filter
FIG. 1 Extractive Sampling and Conditioning System
5. Representative Factors 5.1.3 Where there are difficulties due to the nature of the
source as noted in 5.1.2, establish the concentration profile for
5.1 Nature of the Source:
each operating condition and to determine the best sampling
5.1.1 The representativeness of the determination of gas-
location.
eous concentration in enclosed gas streams depends on several
5.1.3.1 Some sources may have more variability in process
factors:
(for example, cyclic variation) and, consequently, any time
5.1.1.1 The heterogeneity of the process stream, such as
dependent measurement may be less representative of the
variations in concentration, temperature, or velocity across the
average concentration if a full cycle of variability is not
duct caused by moisture or gas stratification,
sampled.
5.1.1.2 Gas leakage or air infiltration and continuous gas 5.1.4 Before any measurements are carried out, it is neces-
sary to become familiar with the pertinent operating character-
reactions, and
istics of the process from which emissions are to be sampled
5.1.1.3 Random errors due to the finite nature of the sample
and determined. These operating characteristics include, but
and the sampling procedure adopted to obtain a representative
are not necessarily limited to, the following:
sample.
5.1.4.1 Mode of process operation (cyclic, batch charging,
5.1.2 Representativeness may be difficult to achieve for the
or continuous),
following reasons:
5.1.4.2 Process feed rates and composition,
5.1.2.1 Nature of the source (for example, cyclic, continu-
5.1.4.3 Fuel rates and composition,
ous, or batch),
5.1.4.4 Normal operating gas temperatures and pressures,
5.1.2.2 Concentration level of the gas,
5.1.4.5 Operating and removal efficiency of the pollution
5.1.2.3 Size of the source, and
control equipment,
5.1.2.4 Configuration of the duct network where samples
5.1.4.6 Configuration of the ducts to be sampled leading to
are extracted. gas stratification,
D5835–95 (2001)
or stack. The pollutant can have cross sectional variation. The
concentrationatvariouspointsofthecross-sectionshallfirstbe
checked, in order to assess the homogeneity of the flow and to
detect any infiltration of air or gas stratification, etc. If a
preliminary analysis of cross-section at measurements taken
indicates more than 6 15 % variation in concentrations, and if
an alternative acceptable location is not available, multi-point
sampling is recommended.
5.2.2.2 Multi-point sampling may be achieved either by
moving the probe from point to point or having a probe with
multiple access ports. Usually, the cross sectional concentra-
tion of gaseous pollutants is uniform, because of the diffusion
and turbulent mixing. If so, it is only necessary to sample at
one point within the stack or duct to determine the average
concentration. Extract gas samples near the center of the stack
sampling site. When using nonextractive systems, obtain a
concentration as representative as possible, but ensure that the
instrument location is representative.
5.3 Gas Concentration, Velocity, and Temperature Profile—
Before commensing sampling, determine if there are any
spatial or temporal fluctuations in the gas concentrations by
conducting a preliminary survey of the gas concentration,
temperature,andvelocity.Measuretheconcentration,tempera-
ture,andvelocityatthesamplingpointsseveraltimestoobtain
NOTE—Key:
their spatial and temporal profiles. Conduct this survey when
1 Measurement Cell 6 Data Recorder
the plant is operating under conditions that will be representa-
2 Probe Filter 7 Protective Hood
tive of normal operation and determine whether the sampling
3 Probe 8 Transceiver
4 Duct or Stack 9 Probe Mounting
position is suitable and whether the conditions in the duct are
5 Gas Calibration Line
satisfactory (see 5.1.2).
FIG. 2 Non-Extractive Point Monitor
5.3.1 The following test methods may be used to determine
gas concentration, temperature, and velocity:
5.3.1.1 O —Test Method D 3154, EPATest Methods 3 and
5.1.4.7 Volumetric gas flow rates, and
3a,
5.1.4.8 Expected gas composition and likely interfering
5.3.1.2 CO —Test Method D 3154, EPA Test Methods 3
substances. (Warning—Exercise caution if the duct to be
and 3a,
sampledisunderpressureorvacuum,oratahightemperature.)
5.3.1.3 CO—EPA Test Method 10,
5.2 Location:
5.3.1.4 SO —EPA Test Methods 6 and 6c,
5.2.1 Inspection Parameters—Perform an inspection of the
5.3.1.5 NO —Test Method D 1608, EPA Test Methods 7
x
physical characteristics of the test site to evaluate factors such
and 7e,
as:
5.3.1.6 Gas Temperature—Test Method D 3154, EPA Test
5.2.1.1 Safety of the personnel,
Method 2, and
5.2.1.2 Location of the flow disturbances,
5.3.1.7 Gas Velocity—Test Method D 3154, EPA Test
5.2.1.3 Accessibility of the sampling site,
Method 2.
5.2.1.4 Available space for the sampling equipment and
instrumentation and possible scaffolding requirements, 5.4 Other Factors—The principle of operation and the
components of the instrument systems can significantly affect
5.2.1.5 Availability of suitable electrical power, compressed
air, water, steam, etc., and the degree to which a collected sample is representative of the
measured gas in the source. For example, a point sampling
5.2.1.6 Sampling port locations. (Warning—Use the elec-
extractive system requires more attention to sampling site
trical equipment in accordance with the local safety require-
location than an across-the-stack in-situ sampling system.
ments. Where a potentially explosive or hazardous atmosphere
Furthermore, sampling lines should not be composed of
is suspected, apply particular attention and precautions to
materials that have gas adsorbing properties that can affect the
ensure the safety of the operations.)
response time of the measurement section (see Table A1.1).
5.2.2 Sampling Site Location:
5.2.2.1 It is necessary to ensure that the gas concentrations 5.4.1 Exercise care to preserve the integrity of the sample
measured are representative of the average conditions inside taken, by a good selection of equipment, and appropriate
the duct or stack. The requirements for the extractive sampling heating, drying, and leak testing, etc. In addition, other factors
of gas may be not as stringent as those for particulate material. such as corrosion, synergies, reaction with components, de-
It is important that the sampling location be removed from any composition, and adsorption might affect the integrity of a
obstructions that will seriously disturb the gas flow in the duct sample.
D5835–95 (2001)
NOTE—Key:
1 Lamp 7 Electronic Module
2 TransmitterAssembly 8 Data Recorder
3 Internal Gas Calibration Cell 9 Stack or Duct
4 ReceiverAssembly 10 Alignment/Calibration Pipe
5 Protective Windows 11 PurgeAir Blower
6 Detector 12 Gas Calibration Line
FIG. 3 Non-Extractive Path Monitor
6. Equipment cally ground metal probes since high voltages are easily
generated in dry gas streams, causing particulate matter to be
6.1 Recommended construction materials are described in
collected on the probe surface. Grounding is particularly
Annex A1.
important when employed in an explosive atmosphere.
6.2 Components of Extractive Sampling Equipment:
6.2.2.2 Refractory Probes (see Annex A1), generally made
6.2.1 Primary Filter—The filter medium shall be con-
of vitreous silica, porcelain, mullite or recrystallized alumina.
structed of an appropriate alloy (such as a specific stainless
They are fragile and may warp at high temperatures; with the
steel cast alloy), quartz borosilicate, ceramics, or another
exception of silica, they may also crack from thermal shock.
suitable material. A filter that retains particles greater than 10
Borosilicate glass probes can withstand temperatures up to
µm is recommended. A secondary filter might be required as
500°Candvitreoussilicaprobesupto1000°C.Somerefractors
well (see 6.2.4). The filter medium may be located outside the
of advanced ceramic materials can withstand temperatures
ductoratthetipofthesampleprobe(6.2.2).Ifplacedatthetip
higher than 1000°C.
of the probe, a deflector plate may be added to prevent particle
6.2.3 Heated Sampling Line Connected to Moisture Re-
build-up on the leading edge of the filter. This will prevent
moval Assembly:
blockage of the filter. Avoid contamination of the filter with
6.2.3.1 Thesamplinglineshallbemadeofstainlesssteel,or
particulate matter where condensate may react with gases,
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
resulting in erroneous result.
6.2.3.2 The tube diameter shall be adequate to provide a
6.2.2 Probe:
flow rate that is sufficient to feed the monitors, bearing in mind
6.2.2.1 Metal Probes—The choice of the metal depends
the sampling line length and the pressure characteristics of the
basicallyonthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthesample
sampling pump (6.2.5) used.
and on the nature of the gas to be determined. Mild steel is
6.2.3.3 Maintain the sampling line at a temperature of at
subject to corrosion by oxidizing gases and may be porous to
hydrogen. Thus, it is preferable to have stainless steel or least 15°C above the water and acid dew-point temperature of
the sampled gas. Monitor the temperature.
chromium steels that can be used up to 900°C. Other special
steels or alloys can be used above this temperature. Heat the 6.2.3.4 In order to reduce the residence time in the sampling
probe if condensation occurs in its interior and cool it with an line and the risk of physico-chemical transformation of the
air or water jacket when sampling in very hot gases. Electri- sample, the gas flow can be greater than that required for the
D5835–95 (2001)
analytical units; only part of the sample is then analyzed and condensation upstream of the condenser, where the system
th
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