ASTM D5835-95
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Stationary Source Emissions for the Automated Determination of Gas Concentrations
Standard Practice for Sampling Stationary Source Emissions for the Automated Determination of Gas Concentrations
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures and equipment that will permit, within certain limits, representative sampling for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams. The application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total oxides of nitrogen (NOx).
1.2 Velocity measurements are required to determine the mass flow rates of gases. This is not included in this practice.
1.3 There are some combustion processes and situations that may limit the applicability of this practice. Where such conditions exist, caution and competent technical judgment are required, especially when dealing with any of the following:
1.3.1 Corrosive or highly reactive components,
1.3.2 High vacuum, high pressure, or high temperature gas streams,
1.3.3 Wet flue gases,
1.3.4 Fluctuations in velocity, temperature, or concentration due to uncontrollable variation in the process,
1.3.5 Gas stratification due to the non-mixing of gas streams,
1.3.6 Measurements made using environmental control devices, and
1.3.7 Low levels of gas concentrations.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific safety precautions, refer to 5.1.4.8, 5.2.1.6, and 6.2.2.1.
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Designation: D 5835 – 95 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Sampling Stationary Source Emissions for the Automated
Determination of Gas Concentrations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5835; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Atmospheres
1.1 This practice covers procedures and equipment that
D 1608 Test Method for Oxides of Nitrogen in Gaseous
will permit, within certain limits, representative sampling for
Combustion Products (Phenol-Disulfonic Acid Proce-
the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent
dure)
gas streams. The application is limited to the determination of
D 3154 Test Method for Average Velocity in a Duct (Pitot
oxygen (O ), carbon dioxide (CO ), carbon monoxide (CO),
2 2
Tube Method)
sulfur dioxide (SO ), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO )
2 2
2.2 Other Document:
and total oxides of nitrogen (NO ).
x
40 CFR Part 60, Standards of Performance for Stationary
1.2 Velocity measurements are required to determine the
Sources, Appendix A, Test Methods 2, 3, 3a, 6, 6c, 7, 7e,
mass flow rates of gases. This is not included in this practice.
and 10
1.3 There are some combustion processes and situations that
may limit the applicability of this practice. Where such
3. Terminology
conditions exist, caution and competent technical judgment are
3.1 Definitions:
required, especially when dealing with any of the following:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
1.3.1 Corrosive or highly reactive components,
Terminology D 1356.
1.3.2 High vacuum, high pressure, or high temperature gas
streams,
4. Summary of Practice
1.3.3 Wet flue gases,
4.1 This practice describes representative sampling of gases
1.3.4 Fluctuations in velocity, temperature, or concentration
in a duct, including both extractive and non-extractive sam-
due to uncontrollable variation in the process,
pling. In extractive sampling, these gases are conditioned to
1.3.5 Gas stratification due to the non-mixing of gas
remove aerosols, particulate matter, and other interfering
streams,
substances before being conveyed to the instruments. In
1.3.6 Measurements made using environmental control de-
non-extractive sampling, the measurements are made in-situ;
vices, and
therefore, no sample conditioning except filtering is required.
1.3.7 Low levels of gas concentrations.
4.1.1 Extractive Sampling—Extractive sampling includes
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
extraction of the sample, removal of interfering materials, and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
maintenance of the gas concentration throughout the sampling
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
system for subsequent analysis by appropriate instrumentation
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(see Fig. 1).
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific
4.2 Non-extractive Sampling—Non-extractive sampling
safety precautions, refer to 6.2.2.1, Notes 1 and 2.
does not involve removal of a sample, and sampling is confined
to the gas stream in the stack or duct (see Figs. 2 and 3).
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Representative Factors
5.1 Nature of the Source:
5.1.1 The representativeness of the determination of gas-
eous concentration in enclosed gas streams depends on several
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-22 on Sampling
factors:
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995.
2 3
This practice is based on ISO 10396, “Stationary source emissions—Sampling Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
for the automated determination of gas concentrations,” available from International Available from Supt. of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
Organization for Standardization, Casa Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland. ington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5835
NOTE—Key:
1 Baffle 13 Heater
2 In-stack Filter 14 Refrigeration Unit
3 Tee 15 Water Discharge
4 Probe 16 Vacuum Gage
5 Sampling Port 17 Bypass Valve
6 Cap 18 Pump
7 Pressure Gage 19 Sampling Line (Heating Optional)
8 To Zero and Span Gases 20 Manifold
9 Heat-traced Sampling Line 21 To Analyzer(s)
10 Temperature Controller (Line) 22 Rotameter
11 Temperature Controller (Box) 23 Vent
12 Filter
FIG. 1 Extractive Sampling and Conditioning System
5.1.1.1 The heterogeneity of the process stream, such as 5.1.4 Before any measurements are carried out, it is neces-
variations in concentration, temperature, or velocity across the sary to become familiar with the pertinent operating character-
duct caused by moisture or gas stratification, istics of the process from which emissions are to be sampled
5.1.1.2 Gas leakage or air infiltration and continuous gas and determined. These operating characteristics include, but
reactions, and are not necessarily limited to, the following:
5.1.1.3 Random errors due to the finite nature of the sample
5.1.4.1 Mode of process operation (cyclic, batch charging,
and the sampling procedure adopted to obtain a representative or continuous),
sample.
5.1.4.2 Process feed rates and composition,
5.1.2 Representativeness may be difficult to achieve for the 5.1.4.3 Fuel rates and composition,
following reasons:
5.1.4.4 Normal operating gas temperatures and pressures,
5.1.2.1 Nature of the source (for example, cyclic, continu-
5.1.4.5 Operating and removal efficiency of the pollution
ous, or batch),
control equipment,
5.1.2.2 Concentration level of the gas,
5.1.4.6 Configuration of the ducts to be sampled leading to
5.1.2.3 Size of the source, and
gas stratification,
5.1.2.4 Configuration of the duct network where samples
5.1.4.7 Volumetric gas flow rates, and
are extracted.
5.1.4.8 Expected gas composition and likely interfering
5.1.3 Where there are difficulties due to the nature of the
substances.
source as noted in 5.1.2, establish the concentration profile for
NOTE 1—Precaution: Exercise caution if the duct to be sampled is
each operating condition and to determine the best sampling
under pressure or vacuum, or at a high temperature.
location.
5.1.3.1 Some sources may have more variability in process 5.2 Location:
(for example, cyclic variation) and, consequently, any time 5.2.1 Inspection Parameters—Perform an inspection of the
dependent measurement may be less representative of the physical characteristics of the test site to evaluate factors such
as:
average concentration if a full cycle of variability is not
sampled. 5.2.1.1 Safety of the personnel,
D 5835
multiple access ports. Usually, the cross sectional concentra-
tion of gaseous pollutants is uniform, because of the diffusion
and turbulent mixing. If so, it is only necessary to sample at
one point within the stack or duct to determine the average
concentration. Extract gas samples near the center of the stack
sampling site. When using nonextractive systems, obtain a
concentration as representative as possible, but ensure that the
instrument location is representative.
5.3 Gas Concentration, Velocity, and Temperature Profile—
Before commensing sampling, determine if there are any
spatial or temporal fluctuations in the gas concentrations by
conducting a preliminary survey of the gas concentration,
temperature, and velocity. Measure the concentration, tempera-
ture, and velocity at the sampling points several times to obtain
their spatial and temporal profiles. Conduct this survey when
the plant is operating under conditions that will be representa-
tive of normal operation and determine whether the sampling
position is suitable and whether the conditions in the duct are
satisfactory (see 5.1.2).
5.3.1 The following test methods may be used to determine
gas concentration, temperature, and velocity:
5.3.1.1 O —Test Method D 3154, EPA Test Methods 3 and
3a,
5.3.1.2 CO —Test Method D 3154, EPA Test Methods 3
NOTE—Key:
and 3a,
1 Measurement Cell 6 Data Recorder
5.3.1.3 CO—EPA Test Method 10,
2 Probe Filter 7 Protective Hood
5.3.1.4 SO —EPA Test Methods 6 and 6c,
3 Probe 8 Transceiver 2
4 Duct or Stack 9 Probe Mounting 5.3.1.5 NO —Test Method D 1608, EPA Test Methods 7
x
5 Gas Calibration Line
and 7e,
FIG. 2 Non-Extractive Point Monitor
5.3.1.6 Gas Temperature—Test Method D 3154, EPA Test
Method 2, and
5.2.1.2 Location of the flow disturbances,
5.3.1.7 Gas Velocity—Test Method D 3154, EPA Test
5.2.1.3 Accessibility of the sampling site,
Method 2.
5.2.1.4 Available space for the sampling equipment and
5.4 Other Factors—The principle of operation and the
instrumentation and possible scaffolding requirements,
components of the instrument systems can significantly affect
5.2.1.5 Availability of suitable electrical power, compressed
the degree to which a collected sample is representative of the
air, water, steam, etc., and
measured gas in the source. For example, a point sampling
5.2.1.6 Sampling port locations.
extractive system requires more attention to sampling site
NOTE 2—Precaution: Use the electrical equipment in accordance with
location than an across-the-stack in-situ sampling system.
the local safety requirements. Where a potentially explosive or hazardous
Furthermore, sampling lines should not be composed of
atmosphere is suspected, apply particular attention and precautions to
materials that have gas adsorbing properties that can affect the
ensure the safety of the operations.
response time of the measurement section (see Table A1.1).
5.2.2 Sampling Site Location:
5.4.1 Exercise care to preserve the integrity of the sample
5.2.2.1 It is necessary to ensure that the gas concentrations
taken, by a good selection of equipment, and appropriate
measured are representative of the average conditions inside
heating, drying, and leak testing, etc. In addition, other factors
the duct or stack. The requirements for the extractive sampling
such as corrosion, synergies, reaction with components, de-
of gas may be not as stringent as those for particulate material.
composition, and adsorption might affect the integrity of a
It is important that the sampling location be removed from any
sample.
obstructions that will seriously disturb the gas flow in the duct
6. Equipment
or stack. The pollutant can have cross sectional variation. The
concentration at various points of the cross-section shall first be 6.1 Recommended construction materials are described in
checked, in order to assess the homogeneity of the flow and to Annex A1.
detect any infiltration of air or gas stratification, etc. If a 6.2 Components of Extractive Sampling Equipment:
preliminary analysis of cross-section at measurements taken 6.2.1 Primary Filter—The filter medium shall be con-
indicates more than 6 15 % variation in concentrations, and if structed of an appropriate alloy (such as a specific stainless
an alternative acceptable location is not available, multi-point steel cast alloy), quartz borosilicate, ceramics, or another
sampling is recommended. suitable material. A filter that retains particles greater than 10
5.2.2.2 Multi-point sampling may be achieved either by μm is recommended. A secondary filter might be required as
moving the probe from point to point or having a probe with well (see 6.2.4). The filter medium may be located outside the
D 5835
NOTE—Key:
1 Lamp 7 Electronic Module
2 Transmitter Assembly 8 Data Recorder
3 Internal Gas Calibration Cell 9 Stack or Duct
4 Receiver Assembly 10 Alignment/Calibration Pipe
5 Protective Windows 11 Purge Air Blower
6 Detector 12 Gas Calibration Line
FIG. 3 Non-Extractive Path Monitor
duct or at the tip of the sample probe (6.2.2). If placed at the tip of advanced ceramic materials can withstand temperatures
of the probe, a deflector plate may be added to prevent particle higher than 1000°C.
build-up on the leading edge of the filter. This will prevent
6.2.3 Heated Sampling Line Connected to Moisture Re-
blockage of the filter. Avoid contamination of the filter with moval Assembly:
particulate matter where condensate may react with gases,
6.2.3.1 The sampling line shall be made of stainless steel, or
resulting in erroneous result.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
6.2.2 Probe:
6.2.3.2 The tube diameter shall be adequate to provide a
flow rate that is sufficient to feed the monitors, bearing in mind
6.2.2.1 Metal Probes—The choice of the metal depends
basically on the physical and chemical properties of the sample the sampling line length and the pressure characteristics of the
sampling pump (6.2.5) used.
and on the nature of the gas to be determined. Mild steel is
subject to corrosion by oxidizing gases and may be porous to 6.2.3.3 Maintain the sampling line at a temperature of at
least 15°C above the water and acid dew-point temperature of
hydrogen. Thus, it is preferable to have stainless steel or
chromium steels that can be used up to 900°C. Other special the sampled gas. Monitor the temperature.
steels or alloys can be used above this temperature. Heat the
6.2.3.4 In order to reduce the residence time in the sampling
probe if condensation occurs in its interior and cool it with an line and the risk of physico-chemical transformation of the
air or water jacket when sampling in very hot gases. Electri-
sample, the gas flow can be greater than that required for the
cally ground metal probes since high voltages are easily analytical units; only part of the sample is then analyzed and
generated in dry gas streams, causing particulate matter to be
the excess flow discarded through a bypass valve (see Fig. 1).
collected on the probe surface. Grounding is particularly It may be necessary to heat the transport line to avoid
important when employed in an explosive atmosphere.
condensation.
6.2.4 Secondary Filter:
6.2.2.2 Refractory Probes (see Annex A1), generally made
of vitreous silica, porcelain, mullite or recrystallized alumina. 6.2.4.1 A secondary filter may be needed to remove the
They are fragile and may warp at high temperatures; with the remaining particulate material, in order to protect the pump
exception of silica, they may also crack from thermal shock. (6.2.5) and analyzer. It shall follow the sampling line (6.2.3)
Borosilicate glass probes can
...
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