ASTM C856/C856M-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
ABSTRACT
This practice outlines the standard procedures for performing petrographic examination of hardened concrete samples. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, that is, all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete. They may also be concrete products or portions thereof, or concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments or simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. This practice applies to samples of all types of hardened hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. The equipments generally used for specimen preparation are diamond saw, cutting lubricant, horizontal lap wheels, free abrasive machine, polishing wheel, hot plate or oven, prospector's pick and/or bricklayer's hammer, abrasives, plate-glass squares, suitable media, and microscope slides. For specimen examination, the equipments needed are stereomicroscope, dollies, petrographic or polarizing microscope, metallographic microscope, eyepiece micrometer, stage micrometer, microscope lamps, needleholders and points, bottles with droppers, assorted forceps, lens paper, refractometer, and immersion media. Appropriate procedures for the sampling, preparation, and examination of specimens are detailed methodically.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
1.3 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:
Section
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians
4
Purposes of Examination
5
Apparatus
6
Selection and Use of Apparatus
7
Samples
8
Examination of Samples
9
Specimen Preparation
10
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination
11
Polarizing Microscope Examination
12
Paste Features
13
Report
14
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guid...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C856/C856M − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C856/C856M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for
1. Scope*
information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
concreteormortarspecimensthathavebeenexposedinnatural
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A
environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected
specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are appli-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
cable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for
2. Referenced Documents
examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the
2
commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
C125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
gregates
1.3 Thepurposesofandproceduresforpetrographicexami-
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse,
nationofhardenedconcretearegiveninthefollowingsections:
Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of
Section
Concrete Specimens
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 4
C452Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-
Purposes of Examination 5
Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
Apparatus 6
C457Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Pa-
Selection and Use of Apparatus 7
Samples 8
rameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
Examination of Samples 9
C597Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
Specimen Preparation 10
C803/C803MTest Method for Penetration Resistance of
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 11
Polarizing Microscope Examination 12
Hardened Concrete
Paste Features 13
C805Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Con-
Report 14
crete
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
C823Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Concrete in Constructions
eachsystemarenotnecessarilyexactequivalents;therefore,to
C1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
used independently of the other, and values from the two
C1723Guide for Examination of Hardened Concrete Using
systems shall not be combined.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci-
E3Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
Sieves
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
andConcreteAggregatesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC09.65on
2
Petrography. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2020. Published February 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C856–18a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C0856_C0856M-20. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © AS
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C856 − 18a C856/C856M − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C856;C856/C856M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined
may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar
specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The
phrase “concrete constructions” is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic
cement concrete.
NOTE 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction products discussed in Sections 8 – 13 and Tables 1–6 are available as Adjunct
C856 (ADJCO856).
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened mixtures,
including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for examination is designated
as “concrete,” even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media
other than concrete.
1.3 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:
Section
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 4
Purposes of Examination 5
Apparatus 6
Selection and Use of Apparatus 7
Samples 8
Examination of Samples 9
Specimen Preparation 10
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 11
Polarizing Microscope Examination 12
Paste Features 13
Report 14
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The SI units in
parentheses are provided for information purposes only.values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents;
therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two
systems shall not be combined.
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information
only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
Petrography.
Current edition approved July 1, 2018Jan. 15, 2020. Published Sept. 1, 2018February 2020. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as
C856 – 18.C856–18a. DOI: 10.1520/C0856-18A.10.1520/C0856_C0856M-20.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C856/C856M − 20
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete Specimens
C452 Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
C457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
C597 Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
C803/C803M Test Method for Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete
C805 Test Method for Rebound Number of Hard
...
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