ASTM D5876/D5876M-17(2024)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wireline casing advancement may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Use of direct-rotary wireline casing-advancement drilling methods with fluids are applicable to a wide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated materials as long as fluid circulation can be maintained. Wireline casing-advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the added benefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protective casing. Wireline coring does not require tripping in and out of the hole each time a core is obtained. The drill rods need only be removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if the inner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel.
5.1.1 Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for use with circulating air under pressure for sampling water-sensitive materials where fluid exposure may alter the core or in cavernous materials or lost circulation occurs (1, 2).4 Several advantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over other methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary drilling techniques are usually employed to advance the borehole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drilling may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materials when casing is not used and the possible volatilization of contaminants and air-borne dust. Air drilling may not be satisfactory in unconsolidated or cohesionless soils, or both, when drilling below the groundwater table. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be injected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cutti...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotary casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
Note 1: The term “direct” with respect to the rotary drilling method of this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injected through a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or air cools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus between the drill rod column and the borehole wall.
Note 2: This guide does not include the procedures for fluid rotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D5783.
1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used to describe rotary wireline drilling because the center pilot bit or core barrel assemblies may be removed and the large inside diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casing for testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guide addresses casing-advancement equipment in which the drill rod (casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit with application of static downforce to aid in the cutting process.
1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wireline drilling configurations. General borehole advancement may be performed without sampling by using a pilot roller cone or drag bit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material may be continuously or incrementally sampled by replacing the pilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either rock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordance with Practice D2113.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or Inch-Pound units given in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exactly equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two system may result i...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5876/D5876M − 17 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Guide for
Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling
Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation
of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5876/D5876M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 All observed and calculated values are to conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotary
D6026. The procedures used to specify how data are collected/
casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
NOTE 1—The term “direct” with respect to the rotary drilling method of
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injected
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
through a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or air
ations for the user’s objective; and it is common practice to
cools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus
increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be
between the drill rod column and the borehole wall.
NOTE 2—This guide does not include the procedures for fluid rotary
commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope
systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D5783.
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used to method or engineering design.
describe rotary wireline drilling because the center pilot bit or
1.6 Direct rotary wireline drilling methods for geoenviron-
core barrel assemblies may be removed and the large inside
mental exploration will often involve safety planning,
diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casing for testing or
administration, and documentation. This guide does not pur-
installation of monitoring devices. This guide addresses
port to specifically address exploration and site safety.
casing-advancement equipment in which the drill rod (casing)
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit with application
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of static downforce to aid in the cutting process.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wireline
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
drilling configurations. General borehole advancement may be
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
performed without sampling by using a pilot roller cone or drag
1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information
bit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
may be continuously or incrementally sampled by replacing the
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
pilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
rock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordance
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
with Practice D2113.
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or Inch-
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
Pound units given in brackets are to be regarded separately as
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
standard. The values stated in each system may not be exactly
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
of the other. Combining values from the two system may result
document means only that the document has been approved
in non-conformance with the standard.
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Vadose Zone Investigations.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved March 15, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D5876 – 17. DOI:
10.1520/D5876_D5876M-17R24. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5876/D5876M − 17 (2024)
2. Referenced Documents reached after an interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or
2 drilled depth as it is referred to after cleaning out of sloughed
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material in the bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
the nearest 0.03 m [0.1 ft].
Fluids
D1452/D1452M Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling 3.2.3 drill hole, n—in drilling, a cylindrical hole advanced
into the subsurface by mechanical means. Also known as a
by Auger Borings
D1586/D1586M Test Method for Standard Penetration Test borehole or boring.
(SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
3.2.4 drill string, n—in drilling, the rotary drilling assembly
D1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of
under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods, and
Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes (Withdrawn
connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assembly
2024)
is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the position
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
of the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.
Rock for Site Exploration (Withdrawn 2023)
3.2.5 filter pack, n—in drilling, also known as a gravel pack
D3550/D3550M Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split
or primary filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well
Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils
installations. The gravel pack is usually granular material,
D4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and
having selected grain-size characteristics, that is placed be-
Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ
tween a monitoring device and the borehole wall. The basic
Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test
purpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as: a
D4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and
nonclogging filter when the aquifer is not suited to natural
Storativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-
development or, as a formation stabilizer when the aquifer is
surements Using Pressure Pulse Technique
suitable for natural development.
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
3.2.5.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances, a clean,
Used at Waste Sites
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases, a
D5092/D5092M Practice for Design and Installation of
prepacked screen may be used.
Groundwater Monitoring Wells
3.2.6 head space, n—in drilling, on a double- or triple-tube
D5099 Test Methods for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
wireline core barrel it is the spacing adjustment made between
ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
the pilot-shoe leading edge and the inner kerf of the outer-tube
D5608 Practices for Decontamination of Sampling and Non
cutting bit. Spacing should be about 1.6 mm [0.0625 in.] or
Sample Contacting Equipment Used at Low Level Radio-
roughly, the thickness of a matchbook. (The head-space
active Waste Sites
adjustment is made by removing the inner-barrel assembly,
D5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for
loosening the lock nut on the hanger-bearing shaft and either
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
tightening or loosening the threaded shaft until the inner barrel
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
is moved the necessary distance, up or down, to obtain the
D5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-
correct setting. Reassemble the inner- and outer-barrel
Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration
assemblies, attach the barrel to the drill rod or a wireline and
and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-
suspend vertically allowing the inner-barrel assembly to hang
ing Devices
freely inside the outer barrel on the inner hanger-bearing
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Re-
assembly. Check the head space. It is imperative that the
cords in Geotechnical Data
adjustment is correct to make sure that the inner barrel is free
3. Terminology
to rotate without contacting the outer barrel. If incorrectly
adjusted, the inner barrel will “hang up” and rotate with the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common technical terms
outer barrel as the core is being cut. This will cause the core to
in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
break and block entry of core into the inner barrel.)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.7 in situ testing devices, n—in drilling, sensors or
3.2.1 bentonite, n—in drilling, the common name for drill-
probes, used for obtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data,
ing fluid additives and well-construction products consisting
that are typically pushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom
mostly of naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite
of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling.
products have chemical additives that may affect water-quality
However, some in situ testing devices (such as electronic
analyses.
pressure transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so
3.2.2 cleanout depth, n—in drilling, the depth to which the
forth) may require lowering and setting of the device(s) in
end of the drill string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has
preexisting boreholes by means of a suspension line or a string
of lowering rods or pipes. Centralizers may be needed to
correctly position the device(s) in the borehole.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.8 lead distance, n—in drilling, the mechanically ad-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
justed length or distance that the inner-barrel cutting shoe is set
the ASTM website.
to extend beyond the outer core-barrel cutting bit in order to
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. reduce potential core-erosion damage that can be caused by the
D5876/D5876M − 17 (2024)
circulating drilling-fluid media. Lead distance is checked by advancement drilling methods with fluids are applicable to a
vertically suspending the entire core-barrel assembly from a wide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated materials as
wireline or from a section of drill rod so that the inner-barrel long as fluid circulation can be maintained. Wireline casing-
can hang freely from the upper inner-barrel swivel assembly. advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-
The cutting shoe extension below the outer core-barrel cutting penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the added
bit can then be checked. The “stiffer” or more competent the benefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protective
formation to be cored, the less the extension of the inner-barrel casing. Wireline coring does not require tripping in and out of
cutting shoe is necessary to avoid core erosion. the hole each time a core is obtained. The drill rods need only
be removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if the
3.2.9 overshot, n—in drilling, a latching mechanism located
inner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel.
at the end of the hoisting line. It is specially designed to latch
5.1.1 Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for use
onto or release pilot bit or core-barrel assemblies.
with circulating air under pressure for sampling water-sensitive
3.2.10 pilot bit assembly, n—in drilling, design to lock into
materials where fluid exposure may alter the core or in
the end section of drill rod for drilling without sampling. The
cavernous materials or lost circulation occurs (1, 2). Several
pilot bit can be either drag, roller cone, or diamond plug types.
advantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over other
The bit can be set to protrude from the rod coring bit depending
methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through
on formation conditions.
consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the
3.2.11 sub, n—in drilling, a substitute or adaptor used to
introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary
connect from one size or type of threaded drill rod or tool
drilling techniques are usually employed to advance the
connection to another.
borehole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sand-
3.2.12 subsurface water-quality monitoring device, n—in stones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based
rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drill-
drilling, an instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a
sample for analyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological ing may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated
materials when casing is not used and the possible volatiliza-
characteristics of subsurface pore water or to make in situ
measurements. tion of contaminants and air-borne dust. Air drilling may not be
satisfactory in unconsolidated or cohesionless soils, or both,
3.2.13 wireline drilling, n—in drilling, a rotary drilling
when drilling below the groundwater table. In some instances,
process which uses special enlarged inside diameter drilling
water or foam additives, or both, may be injected into the air
rods with special la
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