ASTM B593-96(2014)e1

Standard Test Method for Bending Fatigue Testing for Copper-Alloy Spring Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bending fatigue test described in this test method provides information on the ability of a copper alloy flat-spring material to resist the development of cracks or general mechanical deterioration as a result of a relatively large number of cycles (generally in the range 105 to 108) under conditions of constant displacement.  
5.2 This test method is primarily a research and development tool which may be used to determine the effect of variations in materials on fatigue strength and also to provide data for use in selecting copper alloy spring materials for service under conditions of repeated strain cycling.  
5.3 The results are suitable for direct application in design only when all design factors such as loading, geometry of part, frequency of straining, and environmental conditions are known. The test method is generally unsuitable for an inspection test or a quality control test due to the amount of time and effort required to collect the data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for the determination of the reversed or repeated bending fatigue properties of copper alloy flat-sheet or strip-spring materials by fixed cantilever, constant deflection (that is, constant amplitude of displacement)-type testing machines. This method is limited to flat stock ranging in thickness from 0.005 to 0.062 in. (0.13 to 1.57 mm), to a fatigue-life range of 105 to 108 cycles, and to conditions where no significant change in stress-strain relations occurs during the test.  
Note 1: This implies that the load-deflection characteristics of the material do not change as a function of the number of cycles within the precision of measurement. There is no significant cyclic hardening or softening.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods(s) described in this test method.  
1.3.1 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2009
• ICS: 77.150.30 - Copper products
• Technical Committee: B05 - Copper and Copper Alloys
• Drafting Committee: B05.06 - Methods of Test

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM B593-96(2009)e1 - Standard Test Method for Bending Fatigue Testing for Copper-Alloy Spring Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: B593 − 96 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Bending Fatigue Testing for Copper-Alloy Spring Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B593; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes were made in Sections 1.1, 1.2, 3.1 and 3.2 in September 2014.
1. Scope* Specifications for Copper and Copper Alloys
E206Definitions of Terms Relating to Fatigue Testing and
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for the determi-
the Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Data; Replaced by
nationofthereversedorrepeatedbendingfatiguepropertiesof
E1150 (Withdrawn 1988)
copper alloy flat-sheet or strip-spring materials by fixed
E468Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-
cantilever, constant deflection (that is, constant amplitude of
tigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
displacement)-typetestingmachines.Thismethodislimitedto
2.2 Other ASTM Documents:
flat stock ranging in thickness from 0.005 to 0.062 in. (0.13 to
5 8
ASTM STP 91-A
1.57 mm), to a fatigue-life range of 10 to 10 cycles, and to
conditionswherenosignificantchangeinstress-strainrelations
3. Terminology
occurs during the test.
3.1 For definition of terms relating to this test method, refer
NOTE 1—This implies that the load-deflection characteristics of the
to Definitions E206 and Practice E468.
material do not change as a function of the number of cycles within the
precision of measurement. There is no significant cyclic hardening or
3.2 For definitions of terms related to copper and copper
softening.
alloys, refer to Terminology B846.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
regarded as standard. Values given in parentheses are math-
4. Summary of Test Method
ematical conversions to SI units which are provided for
4.1 A prepared test specimen of a specific wrought copper
information only and are not considered standard.
alloy flat-sheet or strip-spring material is mounted into a fixed
1.3 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the
cantilever, constant-deflection type fatigue testing machine.
test methods(s) described in this test method.
The specimen is held at one end, acting as a cantilever beam,
1.3.1 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and cycled by flexure followed by reverse flexure until
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
completefailure.Thenumberofcyclestofailureisrecordedas
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a measure of fatigue-life.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The bending fatigue test described in this test method
2. Referenced Documents
providesinformationontheabilityofacopperalloyflat-spring
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material to resist the development of cracks or general me-
B846Terminology for Copper and Copper Alloys
chanicaldeteriorationasaresultofarelativelylargenumberof
5 8
B950Guide for Editorial Procedures and Form of Product
cycles (generally in the range 10 to 10 ) under conditions of
constant displacement.
5.2 This test method is primarily a research and develop-
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee B05 on Copper
ment tool which may be used to determine the effect of
and Copper Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B05.06 on
Methods of Test.
variations in materials on fatigue strength and also to provide
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published September 2014. Originally
ε1
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as B593–96 (2009) .
DOI: 10.1520/B0593-96R14E01.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on For referenced ASTM documents, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the ASTM website. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail].
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
B593 − 96 (2014)
data for use in selecting copper alloy spring materials for assuregoodworkmanship.Improperlypreparedtestspecimens
service under conditions of repeated strain cycling. cause unsatisfactory test results.
7.2.1 The specimens are best prepared by cross milling a
5.3 The results are suitable for direct application in design
stack,approximately0.75in.(19mm)thick,includingback-up
onlywhenalldesignfactorssuchasloading,geometryofpart,
plates, for which 0.12-in. (3-mm) thick brass sheet stock may
frequency of straining, and environmental conditions are
be used.
known. The test method is generally unsuitable for an inspec-
7.2.1.1 It is necessary to ensure that any cutting or machin-
tion test or a quality control test due to the amount of time and
ing operation required to either rough cut the test specimen
effort required to collect the data.
from the blank, or to machine it to size does not appreciably
alter the metallurgical structure or properties of the material.
6. Apparatus
All cuts taken in machining should be such as to minimize
6.1 Testing Machine—The fatigue testing machine is a
work hardening of the test specimen.
fixed-cantilever, constant-deflection type machine. In this ma-
7.2.1.2 Inselectingcuttingspeedsandfeedrates,dueregard
chine (Fig. 1) the test specimen shall be held as a cantilever
should be paid to the test-specimen material, and for finishing
beam in a clamp at one end and deflected by a concentrated
cuts, to the quality of the surface finish required.
load applied near the other end of the apex of the tapered
NOTE 2—It is not practicable to recommend a single procedure for
section (Fig. 2). Either the clamp or the loading member may
feeds, speeds, and depth of cut, since this will vary with the material
be adjusted so that the deflection of the free end of the
tested. The procedure used, however, should be noted in reporting test
cantilever is either completely reversed (mean displacement
results, since differences in procedure may produce variability in test
equal to zero) or greater in one direction of bending (mean
results among different laboratories.
displacement not equal to zero).
7.3 The test specimen surface shall be in the as-received
6.2 Asuitable counter and monitoring circuit is r
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1 ´1
Designation: B593 − 96 (Reapproved 2009) B593 − 96 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Bending Fatigue Testing for Copper-Alloy Spring Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B593; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Editorially updated in August 2009.Editorial changes were made in Sections 1.1, 1.2, 3.1 and 3.2 in September
2014.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method describesestablishes procedures for the determination of the reversed or repeated bending fatigue properties
of copper alloy flat-sheet or strip-spring materials by fixed cantilever, constant deflection (that is, constant amplitude of
displacement)-type testing machines. This method is limited to flat stock ranging in thickness from 0.005 to 0.062 in. (0.13 to 1.57
5 8
mm), to a fatigue-life range of 10 to 10 cycles, and to conditions where no significant change in stress-strain relations occurs
during the test.
NOTE 1—This implies that the load-deflection characteristics of the material do not change as a function of the number of cycles within the precision
of measurement. There is no significant cyclic hardening or softening.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values Values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units thatwhich are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods(s) described in this test method.
1.3.1 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B846 Terminology for Copper and Copper Alloys
B950 Guide for Editorial Procedures and Form of Product Specifications for Copper and Copper Alloys
E206 Definitions of Terms Relating to Fatigue Testing and the Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Data; Replaced by E 1150
(Withdrawn 1988)
E468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fatigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
2.2 Other ASTM Documents:
ASTM STP 91-A
3. Terminology
3.1 For terminology definition of terms relating to this test method, refer to Definitions E206 and Practice E468.
3.2 For determinationdefinitions of terms relatingrelated to copper and copper alloys, refer to Terminology B846.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B05 on Copper and Copper Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B05.06 on Methods
of Test.
Current edition approved April 1, 2009Sept. 1, 2014. Published August 2009September 2014. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 20032009
ε1
as B593 – 96 (2009) (2003). . DOI: 10.1520/B0593-96R09E01.10.1520/B0593-96R14E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
For referenced ASTM standards,documents, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail].
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
B593 − 96 (2014)
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A prepared test specimen of a specific wrought copper alloy flat-sheet or strip-spring material is mounted into a fixed
cantilever, constant-deflection type fatigue testing machine. The specimen is held at one end, acting as a cantilever beam, and
cycled by flexure followed by reverse flexure until complete failure. The number of cycles to failure is recorded as a measure of
fatigue-life.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The bending fatigue test described in this test method provides information on the ability of a copper alloy flat-spring
material to resist the development of cracks or general mechanical deterioration as a result of a relatively large number of cycles
5 8
(generally in the range 10 to 10 ) under conditions of constant displacement.
5.2 This test method is primarily a research and development tool which may be used to determine the effect of variations in
materials on fatigue strength and also to provide data for use in selecting copper alloy spring materials for service under conditions
of repeated strain cycling.
5.3 The results are suitable for direct application in design only when all design factors such as loading, geometry of part,
frequency of straining, and environmental conditions are known. The test method is generally unsuitable for an inspection test or
a quality control test due to the amount of time and effort required to collect the data.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Testing Machine—The fatigue testing machine is a fixed-cantilever, constant-deflection type machine. In this machine (Fig.
1) the test specimen shall be held as a cantilever beam in a clamp at one end and deflected by a concentrated load applied near
the other end of the apex of the tapered section (Fig. 2). Either the clamp or the loading member may be adjusted so that the
deflection of the free end of the cantilever is either completely reversed (mean displacement equal to zero) or greater in one
direction of bending (mean displacement not equal to zero).
6.2 A suitable counter and monitoring circuit is required to provide a direct readout of the number of cycles to complete failure,
that is, separation into two pieces.
7. Test Specimen
7.1 The test specimen shall be of the fixed-cantilever type. Examples of specimens that are typically used are shown in Fig. 2.
7.2 It is important, therefore, that care be exercised in the preparation of test specimens, particularly in machining, to assure
good workmanship. Improperly prepared test specimens cause unsatisfactory test results.
FIG. 1 Fatigue Machines
´1
B593 − 96 (2014)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in inches: in. × 25.4 = mm.
FIG. 2 Sheet or Strip Fatigue Test Specimens
7.2.1 The specimens are best prepared by cross milling a stack, approximately 0.75 in. (19 mm) thick, including back-up plates,
for which 0.12-in. (3-mm) thick brass sheet stock may be used.
7.2.1.1 It is necessary to ensure that any cutting or machining operation required to eit
...