B05.06 - Methods of Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This bend test provides information as to the formability or the ability of copper and copper alloy strip to resist cracking when being formed.  
5.2 This test method can be used as a quality control tool to determine if material will form to a given radius.  
5.3 This test method is also useful in research and development to provide data for use in selecting a spring material that will safely form to the geometry of a given part.  
5.3.1 The forming characteristic of interest is the smallest bend radius that can be formed without cracks or otherwise unacceptable surface conditions (8.4). This radius, R, is the radius of curvature of the nose of the punch used in the test.  
5.3.2 In addition, the difference between the angle of the bend after testing and 90° provides a measure of post-forming springback.  
5.4 The results are suitable for direct application in design and manufacturing, only when all factors such as the geometry of the part, punch and die design, lubrication, stamping speed, and other material properties are known.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the technique of bend testing copper and copper alloy strip samples to determine product formability or the ability to resist cracking when forming a bend around a specific radius. The criterion for failure is the occurrence of cracks on the convex surface of the bend.  
1.2 This bend test is limited to strip from 0.003 in. to and including 0.031 in. (0.076 mm to and including 0.79 mm) thick.  
1.3 The forming or punch radius for the bend test shall be determined by agreement between the manufacturer or supplier and purchaser. This punch radius is typically equal to or greater than the minimum bend radius without failure for the alloy, temper and thickness combination of the strip being tested.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When properly performed and interpreted, the flattening test will provide information about the relative ductility of a tube and presence of surface defects. For welded tube products, the test will provide information on the integrity of the weld seam.  
5.2 In certain product specifications which establish requirements for tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. [100 mm], the test may be allowed as a substitute to the expansion pin test in Test Method B153.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the flattening test for copper and copper alloy pipe and tube of all sizes. The method addresses both inch-pound and metric considerations, and both seamless and welded product.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an accelerated test for detecting the presence of residual (internal) stresses that might result in failure of individual parts in storage or in service due to stress corrosion cracking.  
5.2 This test method is not intended for use on assemblies or parts under applied stress. If used for that purpose, the results shall be for information only and not a cause for rejection of the assembly, its component parts, or the original mill product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique for conducting the mercurous nitrate test for residual stresses in wrought copper alloy mill products.
Note 1: For any particular copper alloy, reference should be made to the material specification.
Note 2: Test Method B858 may be considered as a possible alternative test method which does not involve the use of mercury.
Note 3: This test method is considered historically reliable for determining the potential state of residual stress in copper alloys, but not promoted for use due to the hazards relating to mercury use and environmentally appropriate disposal.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determines the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary and hazard statements see Sections 1, 6, and 7. (Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products, or both. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.)  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When properly performed and interpreted, the expansion pin test will provide information with regard to the capacity of a tube for expansion and to reveal surface defects. The expansion pin test may provide data for research and development, engineering design, quality control, and acceptance or rejections in specifications.  
5.2 In certain product specifications which establish requirements for tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. (102 mm), the test described in Test Method B968/B968M may be allowed as a substitute.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the expansion pin test for copper and copper-alloy pipe and tubing with an inside diameter of 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) and greater or an outside diameter up to and including 4 in. (102 mm).  
Note 1: For tubes of sizes with an inside diameter less than 0.125 in. (3.2 mm), a substitute test method must be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.
Note 2: For tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. (102 mm) in outside diameter, refer to B968/B968M for a test method.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for measuring distortion in strip used for making close tolerance parts. Since distortion in this strip would influence the shape of the part being produced and cause difficulties in feeding through close-fitting dies and other manufacturing equipment, it is important that this material be flat.  
5.2 This test method provides a universal procedure for measuring the irregularities that cause the deviation from flatness.  
5.3 This test method allows the purchaser and manufacturer to inspect strip with a standard technique to a mutually agreed upon and acceptable percentage deviation from flatness, and in the case of coil set, acceptable distance deviation from flatness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes a procedure for the measurement of distortions in thin metal strip and the application of these measurements to an equation that will indicate the deviation from flatness.  
1.2 The distortions to be measured in this test method are dish, wavy edges, buckle, longitudinal corrugation, coil set, and herringbone.  
1.3 This test method is not intended to include the measurement of longitudinal curl, camber, or edgewise curvature, or twist.  
1.4 This test method is limited to metal strip 0.003 in. to 0.020 in. (0.08 mm to 0.50 mm) thick and not more than 6.0 in. (150.0 mm) wide.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method(s) described in this test method:  
1.6.1 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The copper oxides layer present on the surface of the copper rod has a detrimental effect on both final surface quality of the copper wire produced by cold drawing of the rod, and on the drawing process itself leading to wire breaks and excessive wear of the drawing dies. Thus, it is critical to use adequate cleaning techniques during the copper rod manufacturing process in order to limit the depth of the residual copper oxide layer on the finished rod, and it is necessary to have a method to accurately measure the copper oxide depth.  
5.2 This test method is the most common test method used by continuous casting and rolling mills to measure the depth of residual surface oxides after the copper rod has been cleaned.  
5.3 Applicability of the test method for any other purpose or product has not been evaluated. Suitability beyond the stated scope shall be evaluated before use.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification established a quantitative, laboratory conducted, electrolytic reduction method to determine the thickness of surface copper oxide films on copper rod produced to Specification B49 for further fabrication into electrical conductors.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bending fatigue test described in this test method provides information on the ability of a copper alloy flat sheet and strip of spring material to resist the development of cracks or general mechanical deterioration as a result of a relatively large number of cycles (generally in the range 105 to 108) under conditions of constant displacement.  
5.2 This test method is primarily a research and development tool which may be used to determine the effect of variations in materials on fatigue strength and also to provide data for use in selecting copper alloy spring materials for service under conditions of repeated strain cycling.  
5.3 The results are suitable for direct application in design only when all design factors such as loading, geometry of part, frequency of straining, and environmental conditions are known. The test method is generally unsuitable for an inspection test or a quality control test due to the amount of time and effort required to collect the data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the determination of the reversed or repeated bending fatigue properties of copper alloy flat sheet or strip of spring materials by fixed cantilever, constant deflection (that is, constant amplitude of displacement)-type testing machines. This method is limited to flat sheet or strip ranging in thickness from 0.005 in. to 0.062 in. (0.13 mm to 1.57 mm), to a fatigue life range of 105 to 108 cycles, and to conditions where no significant change in stress-strain relations occurs during the test.  
Note 1: This implies that the load-deflection characteristics of the material do not change as a function of the number of cycles within the precision of measurement. There is no significant cyclic hardening or softening.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods(s) described in this test method.  
1.3.1 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods determine whether copper products will be resistant to embrittlement when exposed to elevated temperatures in a reducing atmosphere.  
5.1.1 It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained personnel capable of performing these procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped facility.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe procedures for determining the presence of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) in products made from deoxidized and oxygen-free copper.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Microscopical Examination without Thermal Treatment  
9 – 11  
Microscopical Examination after Thermal Treatment  
13 – 15  
Closed Bend Test after Thermal Treatment  
17 – 19  
Reverse Bend Test after Thermal Treatment  
21 – 23  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The rectangular or square copper alloy tube covered by this test method may be used in applications in which control of twist is important to proper fit in final assembly and to minimize rework to bring the tube into compliance. It is recognized that the amount of twist, in degrees per increment of length, can change as a result of the weight of the product and its length during measurement.  
4.2 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the twist in square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tubes as a measure of the deviation from straightness.  
4.3 This test method allows the purchaser and supplier or manufacturer to inspect square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tube with a standard technique that provides acceptable twist in delivered tubes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the determination of the angle of twist in rectangular and square copper and copper alloy tube.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an accelerated test to determine if a copper alloy product will be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking when exposed to a particular atmospheric condition during service with the appropriate risk level—see Annex A1.  
5.1.1 This test method is generally intended to determine if a copper alloy product will crack because of internal stresses when subjected to the test, and is not intended for testing assemblies under applied stress. If used for this purpose, it shall be for information only and not a cause for rejection of the assembly, its component parts, or the original mill product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure to determine the presence of residual stresses in wrought copper alloy products that may lead to stress corrosion cracking. An ammonia vapor atmosphere is used as an accelerated test.  
1.2 This test method is only suitable for products fabricated from copper alloys that are known to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in ammonia vapor atmospheres. It is intended to create an environmental condition of reproducible severity.
Note 1: It is well known that the critical step in the cracking mechanism is the development of an environment in the condensate film that occurs on the surface of the test specimen, and is rich in copper complex ions.  
1.3 The severity of this test method depends upon the pH of the corrosive solution. In Annex A1 are given four different atmospheres to which the product may be exposed, and the appropriate pH of the solution to be used for the test, depending on the risk level associated with the intended application.  
1.3.1 The appropriate pH value for the test shall be specified in the product specification, or as per established agreement between the supplier and purchaser, with respect to the alloy and its intended application.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bending fatigue test described in this test method provides information on the ability of a copper alloy flat sheet and strip of spring material to resist the development of cracks or general mechanical deterioration as a result of a relatively large number of cycles (generally in the range 105 to 108) under conditions of constant displacement.  
5.2 This test method is primarily a research and development tool which may be used to determine the effect of variations in materials on fatigue strength and also to provide data for use in selecting copper alloy spring materials for service under conditions of repeated strain cycling.  
5.3 The results are suitable for direct application in design only when all design factors such as loading, geometry of part, frequency of straining, and environmental conditions are known. The test method is generally unsuitable for an inspection test or a quality control test due to the amount of time and effort required to collect the data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the determination of the reversed or repeated bending fatigue properties of copper alloy flat sheet, or strip of spring materials by fixed cantilever, constant deflection (that is, constant amplitude of displacement)-type testing machines. This method is limited to flat sheet or strip ranging in thickness from 0.005 in. to 0.062 in. (0.13 mm to 1.57 mm), to a fatigue life range of 105 to 108 cycles, and to conditions where no significant change in stress-strain relations occurs during the test.  
Note 1: This implies that the load-deflection characteristics of the material do not change as a function of the number of cycles within the precision of measurement. There is no significant cyclic hardening or softening.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods(s) described in this test method.  
1.3.1 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This bend test provides information as to the formability or the ability of copper and copper alloy strip to resist cracking when being formed.  
5.2 This test method can be used as a quality control tool to determine if material will form to a given radius.  
5.3 This test method is also useful in research and development to provide data for use in selecting a spring material that will safely form to the geometry of a given part.  
5.4 The results are suitable for direct application in design and manufacturing, only when all factors such as the geometry of the part, punch and die design, lubrication, stamping speed, and other material properties are known.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique of bend testing copper and copper alloy strip samples to determine product formability or the ability to resist cracking when forming a bend around a specific radius. The criterion for failure is the occurrence of cracks on the outer (convex) radius of curvature.  
1.2 This bend test is limited to strip from 0.003 to and including 0.031 in. (0.076 to and including 0.79 mm) thick.  
1.3 The forming or punch radius for the bend test is to be determined by agreement between the producer and the customer.  
1.4 Units—Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for measuring distortion in strip used for making close tolerance parts. Since distortion in this strip would influence the shape of the part being produced and cause difficulties in feeding through close-fitting dies and other manufacturing equipment, it is important that this material be flat.  
5.2 This test method provides a universal procedure for measuring the irregularities that cause the deviation from flatness.  
5.3 This test method allows the purchaser and manufacturer to inspect strip with a standard technique to a mutually agreed upon and acceptable percentage deviation from flatness, and in the case of coil set, acceptable distance deviation from flatness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes a procedure for the measurement of distortions in thin metal strip and the application of these measurements to an equation that will indicate the deviation from flatness.  
1.2 The distortions to be measured in this test method are dish, wavy edges, buckle, longitudinal corrugation, coil set, and herringbone.  
1.3 This test method is not intended to include the measurement of longitudinal curl, camber, or edgewise curvature, or twist.  
1.4 This test method is limited to metal strip 0.003 to 0.020 in. (0.08 to 0.50 mm) thick and not more than 6.0 in. (150.0 mm) wide.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method(s) described in this test method. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When properly performed and interpreted, the expansion pin test will provide information with regard to the capacity of a tube for expansion and to reveal surface defects. The expansion pin test may provide data for research and development, engineering design, quality control, and acceptance or rejections in specifications.  
5.2 In certain product specifications which establish requirements for tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. (102 mm), the test described in Test Method B968/B968M may be allowed as a substitute.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the expansion pin test for copper and copper-alloy pipe and tubing with an inside diameter of 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) and greater or an outside diameter up to and including 4 in. (102 mm).  
Note 1: For tubes of sizes with an inside diameter less than 0.125 in. (3.2 mm), a substitute test method must be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.
Note 2: For tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. (102 mm) in outside diameter, refer to B968/B968M for a test method.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an accelerated test for detecting the presence of residual (internal) stresses that might result in failure of individual parts in storage or in service due to stress corrosion cracking.  
5.2 This test method is not intended for use on assemblies or parts under applied stress. If used for that purpose, the results shall be for information only and not a cause for rejection of the assembly, its component parts, or the original mill product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique for conducting the mercurous nitrate test for residual stresses in wrought copper alloy mill products.
Note 1: For any particular copper alloy, reference should be made to the material specification.
Note 2: Test Method B858 may be considered as a possible alternative test method which does not involve the use of mercury.
Note 3: This test method is considered historically reliable for determining the potential state of residual stress in copper alloys, but not promoted for use due to the hazards relating to mercury use and environmentally appropriate disposal.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determines the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary and hazard statements see Sections 1, 6, and 7. (Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods determine whether copper products will be resistant to embrittlement when exposed to elevated temperatures in a reducing atmosphere.  
5.1.1 It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained personnel capable of performing these procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped facility.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe procedures for determining the presence of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) in products made from deoxidized and oxygen-free copper.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Microscopical Examination without Thermal Treatment  
9 – 11  
Microscopical Examination after Thermal Treatment  
13 – 15  
Closed Bend Test after Thermal Treatment  
17 – 19  
Reverse Bend Test after Thermal Treatment  
21 – 23  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When properly performed and interpreted, the flattening test will provide information about the relative ductility of a tube and presence of surface defects. For welded tube products, the test will provide information on the integrity of the weld seam.  
5.2 In certain product specifications which establish requirements for tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. [100 mm], the test may be allowed as a substitute to the expansion pin test in Test Method B153.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the flattening test for copper and copper alloy pipe and tube of all sizes. The method addresses both inch-pound and metric considerations, and both seamless and welded product.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for measuring distortion in strip used for making close tolerance parts. Since distortion in this strip would influence the shape of the part being produced and cause difficulties in feeding through close-fitting dies and other manufacturing equipment, it is important that this material be flat.  
5.2 This test method provides a universal procedure for measuring the irregularities that cause the deviation from flatness.  
5.3 This test method allows the purchaser and manufacturer to inspect strip with a standard technique to a mutually agreed upon and acceptable percentage deviation from flatness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes a procedure for the measurement of distortions in thin metal strip and the application of these measurements to an equation that will indicate the deviation from flatness.  
1.2 The distortions to be measured in this test method are dish, wavy edges, buckle, longitudinal corrugation, and herringbone.  
1.3 This test method is not intended to include the measurement of coil set or longitudinal curl, camber or edgewise curvature, or twist.  
1.4 This test method is limited to metal strip 0.003 to 0.020 in. (0.08 to 0.50 mm) thick and not more than 6.0 in. (150.0 mm) wide.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method(s) described in this test method. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This bend test provides information as to the formability or the ability of copper and copper alloy strip to resist cracking when being formed.  
5.2 This test method can be used as a quality control tool to determine if material will form to a given radius.  
5.3 This test method is also useful in research and development to provide data for use in selecting a spring material that will safely form to the geometry of a given part.  
5.4 The results are suitable for direct application in design and manufacturing, only when all factors such as the geometry of the part, punch and die design, lubrication, stamping speed, and other material properties are known.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique of bend testing copper and copper alloy strip samples to determine product formability or the ability to resist cracking when forming a bend around a specific radius. The criterion for failure is the occurrence of cracks on the outer radius of curvature (convex).  
1.2 This bend test is limited to strip from 0.003 to and including 0.031 in. thick (0.076 to and including 0.79 mm).  
1.3 The size of the forming radii used in this test shall be 0.005 to and including 0.250 in. (0.127 to and including 6.35 mm).  
1.4 Units—Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be used for approximating a limiting design stress at room temperature and, in some cases, for approximating the range of elastic behavior. Elastic limit, or the greatest stress that a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining upon complete release of the stress, is a more technically accurate design parameter; however, the elastic limit is extremely difficult to measure in routine testing. Caution should be used in applying such values to predict the behavior of flat or wire springs in bending, torsion or other stress modes, or at temperatures other than that at which the determination is made.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the requirements for determining offset yield strength (0.01 %, 0.02 %, and 0.05 % offset) at room temperature. It is intended for copper alloys in tempers commonly used for spring applications, and materials thicker than 0.010 in. (0.25 mm).  
1.1.1 The primary application of this practice is intended for flat strip materials that are used for springs; however, this practice can be used for other product forms, such as wire, rod, and bar.  
1.2 Units—Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This bend test provides information as to the formability or the ability of copper and copper alloy strip to resist cracking when being formed.  
5.2 This test method can be used as a quality control tool to determine if material will form to a given radius.  
5.3 This test method is also useful in research and development to provide data for use in selecting a spring material that will safely form to the geometry of a given part.  
5.4 The results are suitable for direct application in design and manufacturing, only when all factors such as the geometry of the part, punch and die design, lubrication, stamping speed, and other material properties are known.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique of bend testing copper and copper alloy strip samples to determine product formability or the ability to resist cracking when forming a bend around a specific radius. The criterion for failure is the occurrence of cracks on the outer radius of curvature (convex).  
1.2 This bend test is limited to strip from 0.003 to and including 0.031 in. thick. (0.076 to and including 0.79 mm).  
1.3 The size of the forming radii used in this test shall be 0.005 to and including 0.250 in. (0.127 to and including 6.35 mm).  
1.4 Units—Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The rectangular or square copper alloy tube covered by this test method may be used in applications in which control of twist is important to proper fit in final assembly and to minimize rework to bring the tube into compliance. It is recognized that the amount of twist, in degrees, per increment of length can change as a result of the weight of the product and its length during measurement.  
4.2 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the twist in square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tubes as a measure of the deviation from straightness.  
4.3 This test method allows the purchaser and supplier or manufacturer to inspect square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tube with a standard technique that provides acceptable twist in delivered tubes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the determination of the angle of twist in rectangular and square copper and copper alloy tube.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an accelerated test for detecting the presence of residual (internal) stresses that might result in failure of individual parts in storage or in service due to stress corrosion cracking.  
5.2 This test method is not intended for use on assemblies or parts under applied stress. If used for that purpose, the results shall be for information only and not a cause for rejection of the assembly, its component parts, or the original mill product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique for conducting the mercurous nitrate test for residual stresses in wrought copper alloy mill products.Note 1—For any particular copper alloy, reference should be made to the material specification.Note 2—Test Method B858 may be considered as a possible alternative test method which does not involve the use of mercury.Note 3—This test method is considered historically reliable for determining the potential state of residual stress in copper alloys, but not promoted for use due to the hazards relating to mercury use and environmentally appropriate disposal.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determines the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary and hazard statements see Sections 1, 6, and 7. (Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA's website – http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm – for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an accelerated test for detecting the presence of residual (internal) stresses that might result in failure of individual parts in storage or in service due to stress corrosion cracking.  
5.2 This test method is not intended for use on assemblies or parts under applied stress. If used for that purpose, the results shall be for information only and not a cause for rejection of the assembly, its component parts, or the original mill product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique for conducting the mercurous nitrate test for residual stresses in wrought copper alloy mill products.
Note 1: For any particular copper alloy, reference should be made to the material specification.
Note 2: Test Method B858 may be considered as a possible alternative test method which does not involve the use of mercury.
Note 3: This test method is considered historically reliable for determining the potential state of residual stress in copper alloys, but not promoted for use due to the hazards relating to mercury use and environmentally appropriate disposal.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determines the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary and hazard statements see Sections 1, 6, and 7. (Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is an accelerated test to determine if a copper alloy product will be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking when exposed to a particular atmospheric condition during service with the appropriate risk levelsee Annex A1.  
This test method is generally intended to determine if a copper alloy product will crack because of internal stresses when subjected to the test, and is not intended for testing assemblies under applied stress. If used for this purpose, it shall be for information only and not a cause for rejection of the assembly, its component parts, or the original mill product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure to determine the presence of residual stresses in wrought copper alloy products that may lead to stress corrosion cracking. An ammonia vapor atmosphere is used as an accelerated test.
1.2 This test method is only suitable for products fabricated from copper alloys that are known to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in ammonia vapor atmospheres. It is intended to create an environmental condition of reproducible severity.
Note 1—It is well known that the critical step in the cracking mechanism is the development of an environment in the condensate film that occurs on the surface of the test specimen, and is rich in copper complex ions.  
1.3 The severity of this test method depends upon the pH of the corrosive solution. In Annex A1 are given four different atmospheres to which the product may be exposed, and the appropriate pH of the solution to be used for the test, depending on the risk level associated with the intended application.
1.3.1 The appropriate pH value for the test shall be specified in the product specification, or as per established agreement between the supplier and purchaser, with respect to the alloy and its intended application.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
When properly performed and interpreted, the expansion pin test will provide information with regard to the capacity of a tube for expansion and to reveal surface defects. The expansion pin test may provide data for research and development, engineering design, quality control, and acceptance or rejections in specifications.
In certain product specifications which establish requirements for tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. (102 mm), the test described in B968/B968M may be allowed as a substitute.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the expansion pin test for copper and copper-alloy pipe and tubing with an inside diameter of 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) and greater or an outside diameter up to and including 4 in. (102 mm).
Note 1—For tubes of sizes with an inside diameter less than 0.125 in. (3.2 mm), a substitute test method must be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.
Note 2—For tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. (102 mm) in outside diameter, refer to B968/B968M for a test method.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods determine whether copper products will be resistant to embrittlement when exposed to elevated temperatures in a reducing atmosphere.
It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained personnel capable of performing these procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped facility.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe procedures for determining the presence of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) in products made from deoxidized and oxygen-free copper.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for measuring distortion in strip used for making close tolerance parts. Since distortion in this strip would influence the shape of the part being produced and cause difficulties in feeding through close-fitting dies and other manufacturing equipment, it is important that this material be flat.
This test method provides a universal procedure for measuring the irregularities that cause the deviation from flatness.
This test method allows the purchaser and manufacturer to inspect strip with a standard technique to a mutually agreed upon and acceptable percentage deviation from flatness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the measurement of distortions in thin metal strip and the application of these measurements to an equation that will indicate the deviation from flatness.
1.2 The distortions to be measured in this test method are dish, wavy edges, buckle, longitudinal corrugation, and herringbone.
1.3 This test method is not intended to include the measurement of coil set or longitudinal curl, camber or edgewise curvature, or twist.
1.4 This test method is limited to metal strip 0.003 to 0.020 in. (0.08 to 0.50 mm) thick and not more than 6.0 in. (150.0 mm) wide.
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method(s) described in this test method. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
When properly performed and interpreted, the flattening test will provide information about the relative ductility of a tube and presence of surface defects. For welded tube products, the test will provide information on the integrity of the weld seam.
In certain product specifications which establish requirements for tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. [100 mm], the test may be allowed as a substitute to the expansion pin test in B153.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the flattening test for copper and copper alloy pipe and tube of all sizes. The method addresses both inch-pound and metric considerations, and both seamless and welded product.
1.2 Units—Values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
When properly performed and interpreted, the flattening test will provide information about the relative ductility of a tube and presence of surface defects. For welded tube products, the test will provide information on the integrity of the weld seam.
In certain product specifications which establish requirements for tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. [100 mm], the test may be allowed as a substitute to the expansion pin test in B153.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the flattening test for copper and copper alloy pipe and tube of all sizes. The method addresses both inch-pound and metric considerations, and both seamless and welded product.
1.2 Units—Values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bending fatigue test described in this test method provides information on the ability of a copper alloy flat-spring material to resist the development of cracks or general mechanical deterioration as a result of a relatively large number of cycles (generally in the range 105 to 108) under conditions of constant displacement.  
5.2 This test method is primarily a research and development tool which may be used to determine the effect of variations in materials on fatigue strength and also to provide data for use in selecting copper alloy spring materials for service under conditions of repeated strain cycling.  
5.3 The results are suitable for direct application in design only when all design factors such as loading, geometry of part, frequency of straining, and environmental conditions are known. The test method is generally unsuitable for an inspection test or a quality control test due to the amount of time and effort required to collect the data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for the determination of the reversed or repeated bending fatigue properties of copper alloy flat-sheet or strip-spring materials by fixed cantilever, constant deflection (that is, constant amplitude of displacement)-type testing machines. This method is limited to flat stock ranging in thickness from 0.005 to 0.062 in. (0.13 to 1.57 mm), to a fatigue-life range of 105 to 108 cycles, and to conditions where no significant change in stress-strain relations occurs during the test.  
Note 1: This implies that the load-deflection characteristics of the material do not change as a function of the number of cycles within the precision of measurement. There is no significant cyclic hardening or softening.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods(s) described in this test method.  
1.3.1 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice may be used for approximating a limiting design stress at room temperature and, in some cases, for approximating the range of elastic behavior. Elastic limit, or the greatest stress that a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining upon complete release of the stress, is a more technically accurate design parameter; however, the elastic limit is extremely difficult to measure in routine testing. Caution should be used in applying such values to predict the behavior of flat or wire springs in bending, torsion or other stress modes, or at temperatures other than that at which the determination is made.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the requirements for determining offset yield strength (0.01 %, 0.02 %, and 0.05 % offset) at room temperature. It is intended for copper alloys in tempers commonly used for spring applications, and materials thicker than 0.010 in. (0.25 mm).  
1.1.1 The primary application of this practice is intended for flat strip materials that are used for springs; however, this practice can be used for other product forms, such as wire, rod, and bar.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The bending fatigue test described in this test method provides information on the ability of a copper alloy flat-spring material to resist the development of cracks or general mechanical deterioration as a result of a relatively large number of cycles (generally in the range 105 to 108) under conditions of constant displacement.
This test method is primarily a research and development tool which may be used to determine the effect of variations in materials on fatigue strength and also to provide data for use in selecting copper alloy spring materials for service under conditions of repeated strain cycling.
The results are suitable for direct application in design only when all design factors such as loading, geometry of part, frequency of straining, and environmental conditions are known. The test method is generally unsuitable for an inspection test or a quality control test due to the amount of time and effort required to collect the data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the determination of the reversed or repeated bending fatigue properties of copper alloy flat-sheet or strip-spring materials by fixed cantilever, constant deflection (that is, constant amplitude of displacement)-type testing machines. This method is limited to flat stock ranging in thickness from 0.005 to 0.062 in. (0.13 to 1.57 mm), to a fatigue-life range of 105 to 108 cycles, and to conditions where no significant change in stress-strain relations occurs during the test.
Note 1—This implies that the load-deflection characteristics of the material do not change as a function of the number of cycles within the precision of measurement. There is no significant cyclic hardening or softening.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods(s) described in this test method.
1.3.1 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This bend test provides information as to the formability or the ability of copper and copper alloy strip to resist cracking when being formed.  
This test method can be used as a quality control tool to determine if material will form to a given radius.  
This test method is also useful in research and development to provide data for use in selecting a spring material that will safely form to the geometry of a given part.  
The results are suitable for direct application in design and manufacturing, only when all factors such as the geometry of the part, punch and die design, lubrication, stamping speed, and other material properties are known.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique of bend testing copper and copper alloy strip samples to determine product formability or the ability to resist cracking when forming a bend around a specific radius. The criterion for failure is the occurrence of cracks on the outer radius of curvature (convex).  
1.2 This bend test is limited to strip from 0.003 to and including 0.031 in. thick. (0.076 to and including 0.79 mm).  
1.3 The size of the forming radii used in this test shall be 0.005 to and including 0.250 in. (0.127 to and including 6.35 mm).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The rectangular or square copper alloy tube covered by this test method may be used in applications in which control of twist is important to proper fit in final assembly and to minimize rework to bring the tube into compliance. It is recognized that the amount of twist, in degrees, per increment of length can change as a result of the weight of the product and its length during measurement.  
This test method provides a procedure for measuring the twist in square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tubes as a measure of the deviation from straightness.  
This test method allows the purchaser and supplier or manufacturer to inspect square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tube with a standard technique that provides acceptable twist in delivered tubes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the determination of the angle of twist in rectangular and square copper and copper alloy tube.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The rectangular or square copper alloy tube covered by this test method may be used in applications in which control of twist is important to proper fit in final assembly and to minimize rework to bring the tube into compliance. It is recognized that the amount of twist, in degrees, per increment of length can change as a result of the weight of the product and its length during measurement.  
This test method provides a procedure for measuring the twist in square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tubes as a measure of the deviation from straightness.  
This test method allows the purchaser and supplier or manufacturer to inspect square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tube with a standard technique that provides acceptable twist in delivered tubes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the determination of the angle of twist in rectangular and square copper and copper alloy tube.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is an accelerated test to determine if a copper alloy product will be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking when exposed to a particular atmospheric condition during service with the appropriate risk level—see Annex A1.  
5.1.1 This test method is generally intended to determine if a copper alloy product will crack because of internal stresses when subjected to the test, and is not intended for testing assemblies under applied stress. If used for this purpose, it shall be for information only and not a cause for rejection of the assembly, its component parts, or the original mill product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure to determine the presence of residual stresses in wrought copper alloy products that may lead to stress corrosion cracking. An ammonia vapor atmosphere is used as an accelerated test.
1.2 This test method is only suitable for products fabricated from copper alloys that are known to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in ammonia vapor atmospheres. It is intended to create an environmental condition of reproducible severity.Note 1It is well known that the critical step in the cracking mechanism is the development of an environment in the condensate film that occurs on the surface of the test specimen, and is rich in copper complex ions.
1.3 The severity of this test method depends upon the pH of the corrosive solution. In are given four different atmospheres to which the product may be exposed, and the appropriate pH of the solution to be used for the test, depending on the risk level associated with the intended application.
1.3.1 The appropriate pH value for the test shall be specified in the product specification, or as per established agreement between the supplier and purchaser, with respect to the alloy and its intended application.
1.4 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
When properly performed and interpreted, the expansion pin test will provide information with regard to the capacity of a tube for expansion and to reveal surface defects. Expansion pin test may provide data for research and development, engineering design, quality control, and acceptance or rejections in specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the expansion pin test for copper and copper-alloy pipe and tubing in sizes up to and including 4 in. (102 mm) in outside diameter.
Note 1—For tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. in outside diameter, the following flattening test, as described in the various pipe and tube specifications, is recommended as a substitute for the pin expansion test. For pipe and tubes over 4 in. in outside diameter in the annealed condition, a 4-in. long shall be cut from the end of one of the tubes. This 4-in. long sample shall be flattened so that a gage set at three times the wall thickness will pass over the pipe freely throughout the flattened part. The pipe or tube so tested shall develop no cracks or flaws visible to the unaided eye as a result of this test. In making the flattening test, the elements shall be slowly flattened by one stroke of the press.
Note 2—The term "unaided eye," as used herein, permits the use of corrective lenses necessary to obtain normal vision.
1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is an accelerated test for detecting the presence of residual (internal) stresses that might result in failure of individual parts in storage or in service due to stress corrosion cracking.  
This test method is not intended for use on assemblies or parts under applied stress. If used for that purpose, the results shall be for information only and not a cause for rejection of the assembly, its component parts, or the original mill product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique for conducting the mercurous nitrate test for residual stresses in wrought copper and cast or wrought copper-based alloy products. This test method is intended to cover the mercurous nitrate test of certain copper-alloy products supplied in accordance with ASTM specifications prepared by Committee B05. This test method is not intended to be used on assembled parts.
Note 1—For any particular copper alloy, reference should be made to the material specification.
1.2  Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determines the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary and hazard statements see Sections 1, 6, and 7. (Warning—Mercury is a definite health hazard in use and disposal.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for measuring distortion in strip used for making close tolerance parts. Since distortion in this strip would influence the shape of the part being produced and cause difficulties in feeding through close-fitting dies and other manufacturing equipment, it is important that this material be flat.
This test method provides a universal procedure for measuring the irregularities that cause the deviation from flatness.
This test method allows the purchaser and manufacturer to inspect strip with a standard technique to a mutually agreed upon and acceptable percentage deviation from flatness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the measurement of distortions in thin metal strip and the application of these measurements to an equation that will indicate the deviation from flatness.
1.2 The distortions to be measured in this test method are dish, wavy edges, buckle, longitudinal corrugation, and herringbone.
1.3 This test method is not intended to include the measurement of coil set or longitudinal curl, camber or edgewise curvature, or twist.
1.4 This test method is limited to metal strip 0.003 to 0.020 in. (0.08 to 0.50 mm) thick and not more than 6.0 in. (150.0 mm) wide.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe procedures for determining the presence of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) in products made from deoxidized and oxygen-free copper.
1.2 Inch-pound units are the standard. SI values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:
1.4 This test method describes a procedure by which the presence of cuprous oxide is determined by polarized light microscopy examination at a minimum magnification of 75.
1.5 This test method describes a procedure by which the presence of cuprous oxide is determined by microscopical examination under normal illumination at a minimum magnification of 75 after thermal treatment of the specimens.
1.6 This test method describes a procedure by which the presence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement) is determined by bending thermally treated specimens into a flattened "U" shape.
1.7 This test method describes a procedure in which the presence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement) is determined by subjecting thermally treated specimens to a predetermined number of bends.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice may be used for approximating a limiting design stress at room temperature and, in some cases, for approximating the range of elastic behavior. Elastic limit, or the greatest stress that a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining upon complete release of the stress, is a more technically accurate design parameter; however, the elastic limit is extremely difficult to measure in routine testing. Caution should be used in applying such values to predict the behavior of flat or wire springs in bending, torsion or other stress modes, or at temperatures other than that at which the determination is made.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the yield strength (0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.05% offset), at room temperature. It is intended for copper alloys in tempers commonly used for spring applications, and materials thicker than 0.010 in. (0.25 mm).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The rectangular or square copper alloy tube covered by this test method may be used in applications in which control of twist is important to proper fit in final assembly and to minimize rework to bring the tube into compliance. It is recognized that the amount of twist, in degrees, per increment of length can change as a result of the weight of the product and its length during measurement.  
This test method provides a procedure for measuring the twist in square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tubes as a measure of the deviation from straightness.  
This test method allows the purchaser and supplier or manufacturer to inspect square and rectangular copper and copper alloy tube with a standard technique that provides acceptable twist in delivered tubes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the determination of the angle of twist in rectangular and square copper and copper alloy tube.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods determine whether copper products will be resistant to embrittlement when exposed to elevated temperatures in a reducing atmosphere.
5.1.1 It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained personnel capable of performing these procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped facility.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe procedures for determining the presence of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) in products made from deoxidized and oxygen-free copper.
1.2 Units Inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionsMicroscopical Examination without Thermal TreatmentMicroscopical Examination after Thermal TreatmentClosed Bend Test after Thermal TreatmentReverse Bend Test after Thermal Treatment

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique of bend testing copper and copper alloy strip samples to determine product formability or the ability to resist cracking when forming a bend around a specific radius. The criterion for failure is the occurrence of cracks on the outer radius of curvature (convex).
1.2 This bend test is limited to strip from 0.003 to and including 0.031 in. thick. (0.076 to and including 0.79 mm).
1.3 The size of the forming radii used in this test shall be 0.005 to 0.250 in. (0.127 to and including 6.35 mm).
1.4 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This bend test provides information as to the formability or the ability of copper and copper alloy strip to resist cracking when being formed.  
This test method can be used as a quality control tool to determine if material will form to a given radius.  
This test method is also useful in research and development to provide data for use in selecting a spring material that will safely form to the geometry of a given part.  
The results are suitable for direct application in design and manufacturing, only when all factors such as the geometry of the part, punch and die design, lubrication, stamping speed, and other material properties are known.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the technique of bend testing copper and copper alloy strip samples to determine product formability or the ability to resist cracking when forming a bend around a specific radius. The criterion for failure is the occurrence of cracks on the outer radius of curvature (convex).
1.2 This bend test is limited to strip from 0.003 to and including 0.031 in. thick. (0.076 to and including 0.79 mm).
1.3 The size of the forming radii used in this test shall be 0.005 to and including 0.250 in. (0.127 to and including 6.35 mm).
1.4 Units - The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The flexural fatigue test described in this test method provides information on the ability of a copper alloy flat-spring material to resist the development of cracks or general mechanical deterioration as a result of a relatively large number of cycles (generally in the range 105 to 108) under conditions of constant displacement.
This test method is primarily a research and development tool which may be used to determine the effect of variations in materials on fatigue strength and also to provide data for use in selecting copper alloy spring materials for service under conditions of repeated strain cycling.
The results are suitable for direct application in design only when all design factors such as loading, geometry of part, frequency of straining, and environmental conditions are known. The test method is generally unsuitable for an inspection test or a quality control test due to the amount of time and effort required to collect the data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the determination of the reversed or repeated bending fatigue properties of copper alloy flat-sheet or strip-spring materials by fixed cantilever, constant amplitude of displacement-type testing machines. This method is limited to flat stock ranging in thickness from 0.005 to 0.062 in. (0.13 to 1.57 mm), to a fatigue-life range of 10 5 to 108 cycles, and to conditions where no significant change in stress-strain relations occurs during the test.
Note 1—This implies that the load-deflection characteristics of the material do not change as a function of the number of cycles within the precision of measurement. There is no significant cyclic hardening or softening.
1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the expansion pin test for copper and copper-alloy pipe and tubing in sizes up to and including 4 in. (102 mm) in outside diameter.
Note 1—For tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. in outside diameter, the following flattening test, as described in the various pipe and tube specifications, is recommended as a substitute for the pin expansion test. For pipe and tubes over 4 in. in outside diameter in the annealed condition, a 4-in. long shall be cut from the end of one of the tubes. This 4-in. long sample shall be flattened so that a gage set at three times the wall thickness will pass over the pipe freely throughout the flattened part. The pipe or tube so tested shall develop no cracks or flaws visible to the unaided eye as a result of this test. In making the flattening test, the elements shall be slowly flattened by one stroke of the press.
Note 2—The term "unaided eye," as used herein, permits the use of corrective lenses necessary to obtain normal vision.
1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the determination of the reversed or repeated bending fatigue properties of copper alloy flat-sheet or strip-spring materials by fixed cantilever, constant amplitude of displacement-type testing machines. This method is limited to flat stock ranging in thickness from 0.005 to 0.062 in. (0.13 to 1.57 mm), to a fatigue-life range of 105 to 108 cycles, and to conditions where no significant change in stress-strain relations occurs during the test.
Note 1—This implies that the load-deflection characteristics of the material do not change as a function of the number of cycles within the precision of measurement. There is no significant cyclic hardening or softening.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for the expansion pin test for copper and copper-alloy pipe and tubing in sizes up to and including 4 in. (102 mm) in outside diameter.
Note 1—For tubes of sizes greater than 4 in. in outside diameter, the following flattening test, as described in the various pipe and tube specifications, is recommended as a substitute for the pin expansion test. For pipe and tubes over 4 in. in outside diameter in the annealed condition, a 4-in. long shall be cut from the end of one of the tubes. This 4-in. long sample shall be flattened so that a gage set at three times the wall thickness will pass over the pipe freely throughout the flattened part. The pipe or tube so tested shall develop no cracks or flaws visible to the unaided eye as a result of this test. In making the flattening test, the elements shall be slowly flattened by one stroke of the press.
Note 2—The term "unaided eye," as used herein, permits the use of corrective lenses necessary to obtain normal vision.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.