ASTM B912-02(2008)e1
(Specification)Standard Specification for Passivation of Stainless Steels Using Electropolishing
Standard Specification for Passivation of Stainless Steels Using Electropolishing
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the passivation by electropolishing of stainless steel alloys in the 200, 300, and 400 series, as well as precipitation-hardened alloys. Basis materials shall be free of clearly visible defects, and if necessary, shall undergo preparatory cleaning procedures prior to electropolishing. Post-coating procedures such as post dip and final rinsing shall be performed as well. The performance of the specimens during passivation shall be evaluated by one or more of the following procedures: water immersion test; humidity test; salt spray test; copper sulfate test; and modified ferroxyl test for free iron.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the passivation of stainless steel alloys in the 200 (UNS2XXXX), 300 (UNS3XXXX), and 400 (UNS4XXXX) series, and the precipitation-hardened alloys, using electropolishing procedures.
Note 1—Surface passivation occurs simultaneously with electropolishing under proper operating conditions. The quality of passivation will depend on the type of stainless steel, the formulation of the electropolishing solution, and the conditions of operation. Free iron on the surface of the stainless steel is removed resulting in improved corrosion resistance. Surface smoothing obtained by electropolishing will also improve corrosion resistance. Electropolishing will also remove heat tint and oxide scale.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This specification may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This specification does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:B912 −02(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Specification for
Passivation of Stainless Steels Using Electropolishing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B912; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—The units statement in subsection 1.2 was corrected editorially in April 2008.
1. Scope B602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and
Inorganic Coatings
1.1 This specification covers the passivation of stainless
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
steel alloys in the 200 (UNS2XXXX), 300 (UNS3XXXX), and
400 (UNS4XXXX) series, and the precipitation-hardened 2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 2080 Electroplating and Related Processes—
alloys, using electropolishing procedures.
Vocabulary
NOTE 1—Surface passivation occurs simultaneously with electropolish-
ISO 4519 Electrodeposited Metallic Coatings and Related
ing under proper operating conditions. The quality of passivation will
Finishes—Sampling Procedures for Inspection by Attri-
depend on the type of stainless steel, the formulation of the electropol-
ishing solution, and the conditions of operation. Free iron on the surface butes
of the stainless steel is removed resulting in improved corrosion resis-
ISO 9227 Corrosion Tests in Artificial Atmospheres—Salt
tance. Surface smoothing obtained by electropolishing will also improve
Spray Tests
corrosion resistance. Electropolishing will also remove heat tint and oxide
ISO 15730 Metallic and Other Inorganic Coatings—
scale.
Electropolishing as a Means of Smoothing and Passivat-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ing Stainless Steels
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3. Terminology
1.3 This specification may involve hazardous materials,
3.1 Definitions:
operations, and equipment. This specification does not purport
3.1.1 electropolishing, n—electrochemical process in which
to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
the article(s) to be passivated are treated anodically in a
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
suitable acid medium.
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
3.1.2 passivation, n—rendering of a stainless steel surface
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
into a lower state of chemical reactivity.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Passivated surfaces are characterized
2. Referenced Documents
by the absence of free iron, as defined by Practice A380.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
A380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of
3.2.1 Definitions of terms in this specification can be found
Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems
in Terminology B374 and ISO 2080.
A967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for
Stainless Steel Parts
4. Ordering Information
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
B322 Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to Electroplating
4.1 When ordering articles to be electropolished in confor-
B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
mance with this standard, the purchaser shall state the follow-
ing:
4.1.1 Alloy Designation—When ordering articles passivated
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on
in accordance with this specification, the purchaser shall state,
Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
in addition to theASTM designation number, the date of issue,
B08.07 on Conversion Coatings.
the alloy designation number, and the testing method(s) by
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally
which the article will be evaluated (see 5.3).
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as B912–02. DOI:
10.1520/B0912-02R08E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
B912−02 (2008)
difficulties. The use of other mineral acids, such as sulfuric or hydrochlo-
4.1.2 Appearance—The purchaser shall specify the appear-
ric acids, is not recommended as the passive film may be compromised.
ance required, for example, bright or dull. Unless otherwise
Neutralization procedures such as immersion in alkaline solutions should
specified by the purchaser, a bright luster shall be acceptable.
not be used as they can have a tendency to “set” the residual film and
Alternatively, samples showing the required finish, or range of
detract from appearance and performance.
finish, shall be supplied or approved by the purchaser. When
5.2.4 Final Rinsing—Rinsing subsequent to passivation is
required, the basis material may be subjected, before electrop-
necessarytoremovealltracesofacidifiedwaterthatmayaffect
olishing, to such mechanical polishing as may be required to
the appearance and performance of the passive part. Deionized
yield the desired final surface characteristics.
or distilled water may be used to avoid water spots.
4.1.3 Contact Marks—Visible contact marks may occur.
5.3 Passivation Testing:
The location of electrical contact marks shall be agreed upon
5.3.1 Passivation by electropolishing shall be evaluated by
between purchaser and supplier.
one or more of the following test methods (see Section 6 for
4.1.4 Metal Removal—Some metal is removed from the
test procedures):
surface of the article during electropolishing, typically 5 to 10
5.3.1.1 Water immersion test,
µm. As much as 50 µm may be removed for additional
5.3.1.2 Humidity test,
smoothing.The ordering document shall include the maximum
5.3.1.3 Salt spray test,
amount of metal to be removed.
5.3.1.4 Copper sulfate test, and
4.1.5 Any requirement for certification—See Section 9.
5.3.1.5 Modified “ferroxyl” test for free iron.
4.1.6 Any requirement for packaging—See Section 10.
6. Test Procedures
5. Product Requirements
6.1 Water Immersion Test (Specification A967)—The ar-
5.1 Visual Defects—When specified, the significant surfaces
ticle(s) shall be alternately immersed in distilled water for 1 h,
of the article to be passivated by electropolishing shall be free
then allowed to dry for 1 h for twelve wet-dry cycles (24 h
of clearly visible defects such as pits, roughness, striations, or
total). Failure is indicated by the presence of red rust or
discoloration when examined with 20/20 eyesight at a distance
staining as a result of the presence of free iron on the surface.
of approximately 0.5 m.
6.2 Humidity Test (Practice A380, Specification A967)—
NOTE 2—Defects in the surface of the basis material such as scratches,
The article(s) shall be subjected to 100 % humidity at 38 6
porosity, inclusions, and so forth, may adversely affect the appearance and
2°C in a suitable humidity cabinet for a period of 24 h. Failure
performance of the article. Visible examination shall include wearing
correctional glasses if the inspector normally wears them. is indicated by the presence of red rust or staining as a result of
the presence of free iron on the surface.
5.2 Process:
5.2.1 Surface Preparation—Preparatory procedures and
6.3 Salt Spray (Fog) Testing (Practice B117 (ISO 9227))—
cleaning of the basis material may be necessary; see Practices
The article(s) shall be subjected to the prescribed test for a
A380 and B322.
minimum of 2 h in an accredited cabinet. Failure is indicated
5.2.2 Electropolishing—Following the preparatory opera-
by the presence of red rust or staining as a result of the
tions, the articles are introduced into the electropolishing
presence of free iron on the surface.
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
e1
Designation:B912–00 Designation: B 912 – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Specification for
Passivation of Stainless Steels Using Electropolishing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 912; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—The units statement in subsection 1.2 was corrected editorially in April 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the passivation of stainless steel alloys in the 200 (UNS2XXXX), 300 (UNS3XXXX), and 400
(UNS4XXXX) series, and the precipitation-hardened alloys, using electropolishing procedures.
NOTE 1—Surface passivation occurs simultaneously with electropolishing under proper operating conditions. The quality of passivation will depend
on the type of stainless steel, the formulation of the electropolishing solution, and the conditions of operation. Free iron on the surface of the stainless
steel is removed resulting in improved corrosion resistance. Surface smoothing obtained by electropolishing will also improve corrosion resistance.
Electropolishing will also remove heat tint and oxide scale.
1.2
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This specification may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This specification does not purport to
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Descaling Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems
A 967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts
B 117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
B 322Practice Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to Electroplating
B 374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
B 602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 2080 Electroplating and Related Processes—Vocabulary
ISO 4519 Electrodeposited Metallic Coatings and Related Finishes—Sampling Procedures for Inspection by Attributes
ISO 9227 Corrosion Tests in Artificial Atmospheres—Salt Spray Tests
ISO/DIS 15730MetallicISO 15730 Metallic and Other Inorganic Coatings—Electropolishing as a Means of Smoothing and
Passivating Stainless Steels,
ISO/DIS 16348Metallic and Other Inorganic Coatings—Definitions and Conventions Concerning Appearance
3. Terminology
3.1Definition of terms in this specification can be found in Terminology B374 and ISO 2080.
3.2Definitions:
3.2.1
3.1 Definitions:
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B.08.07 on
Chromate Conversion Coatings.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2000. Published January 2001.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.07 on
Conversion Coatings.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as B 912–02.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 01.03.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
e1
B 912 – 02 (2008)
3.1.1 electropolishing, n—electrochemical process in which the article(s) to be passivated are treated anodically in a suitable
acid medium.
3.1.2 passivation, n—The rendering —rendering of a stainless steel surface into a lower state of chemical reactivity.
3.2.1.13.1.2.1 Discussion—Passivated surfaces are characterized by the absence of free iron, as defined by Practice A 380.
3.2.2electropolishing, n—the electrochemical process in which the article(s) to be passivated are treated anodically in a suitable
acid medium.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 Definitions of terms in this specification can be found in Terminology B 374 and ISO 2080.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 When ordering articles to be electropolished in conformance with this standard, the purchaser shall state the following:
4.1.1 Alloy Designation—When ordering articles passivated in accordance with this specification, the purchaser shall state, in
addition to theASTM designation number, the date of issue, the alloy designation number, and the testing method(s) by which the
article will be evaluated (see 5.3).
4.1.2 Appearance—The purchaser shall specify the appearance required, for example, bright or dull. Unless otherwise specified
by the purchaser, a bright luster shall be acceptable. Alternatively, samples showing the required finish, or range of finish, shall
be supplied or approved by the purchaser. When required, the basis material may be subjected, before electropolishing, to such
mechanical polishing as may be required to yield the desired final surface characteristics.
4.1.3 Contact Marks—Visible contact marks may occur. The location of electrical contact marks shall be agreed upon between
purchaser and supplier.
4.1.4 Metal Removal—Some metal is removed from the surface of the article during electropolishing, typically 5 to 10 µm.As
much as 50 µm may be removed for additional smoothing. The ordering document shall include the maximum amount of metal
to be removed.
4.1.5 Any requirement for certification—See Section 9.
4.1.6 Any requirement for packaging—See Section 10.
5. Product Requirements
5.1 Visual Defects—When specified, the significant surfaces of the article to be passivated by electropolishing shall be free of
clearly visible defects such as pits, roughness, striations, or discoloration when examined with 20/20 eyesight at a distance of
approximately 0.5 m.
NOTE 2—Defects in the surface of the basis material such as scratches, porosity, inclusions, and so forth, may adversely affect the appearance and
performance of the article. Visible examination shall include wearing correctional glasses if the inspector normally wears them.
5.2 Process:
5.2.1 Surface Preparation—Preparatory procedures and cleaning of the basis material may be necessary; see Practices A 380
and B322.B 322.
5.2.2 Electropolishing—Following the preparatory operations, the articles are introduced into the electropolishing solution for
a period of time at the current density and temperature required to produce the passive surface and required surface finish, if any.
NOTE 3—A typical electropolishing solution and operating conditions suitable for many stainless steel alloys is shown in Appendix X1. Proprietary
electropolishing solutions are available offering special features such as low sludging, better bright throwing power, longer life, or better performance
with specific stainless steel alloys.
NOTE 4—Intricatelyshapedarticlesmaynotreceivethesamedegreeofpassivationinrecessedareaasaresultoflow-currentdensities.Increasingtime
or overall current density, or both, or the use of auxiliary cathodes, may be used to improve electropolishing in these areas and to pass subsequent
passivation tests.
5.2.3 Post Dip—Articles withdrawn from the electropolishing solution will have a residual film that may adversely affect the
appearance or performance of the product. The preferred method of removing this film is by rinsing the articles in a
room-temperature solution of 10 to 30 % v/v nitric acid (specific gravity 1.42, 70 % w/w).
5.2.3.1 Where local conditions prevent the use of nitric acid (nitrates) for film removal, other options may be use
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.