ASTM D4583-21

Standard Practice for Carbon Black—Calculation of Process Indexes From an Analysis of Process Control Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice will provide the following: (1) a statistical summary of individual production run data plotted on a control chart; (2) a statistical summary of data from multiple production runs; (3) a procedure to relate the average and variation of these data groups to specification limits, and (4) indexes for comparing different manufacturing units for projecting future capabilities or as historical reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers (1) a statistical procedure for analyzing the test data generated in the statistical process control of a carbon black manufacturing process; (2) a format for reporting process capability determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run, and (3) a format for reporting process performance determined from the analysis of control chart data of an individual production run.  
1.2 This practice specifically applies to the analysis of pelleted carbon black samples taken during the manufacturing process prior to storage. This practice does not apply to shipment samples taken from hopper cars or other containers or packages.  
1.3 This practice is specifically designed to be used for those test methods given in Classification D1765 which specify target values. However, these techniques are applicable to other test methods on carbon black.  
1.4 This practice describes the calculation for two methods of determining capability factors from an analysis of process control data.  
1.4.1 Process capability (Cp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data with the use of an estimated standard deviation (^σ) from the mean value of the moving range (R) chart. The calculation of the process capability (Cp and  Cpk) indexes can be used as historical information or to predict future performance of the process, but are only valid when the process is in a state of statistical control.  
1.4.2 Process performance (Pp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data using sample standard deviation(s). The calculation of the process performance (Pp and Ppk) indexes are used for a historical reference of a process' performance and does not require a state of statistical control.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2021
• ICS: 83.040.20 - Rubber compounding ingredients
• Technical Committee: D24 - Carbon Black
• Drafting Committee: D24.61 - Carbon Black Sampling and Statistical Analysis

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4583 − 21
Standard Practice for
Carbon Black—Calculation of Process Indexes From an
1
Analysis of Process Control Data
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4583; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This practice covers (1) a statistical procedure for
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
analyzing the test data generated in the statistical process
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
control of a carbon black manufacturing process; (2) a format
for reporting process capability determined from the analysis
2. Referenced Documents
of control chart data of an individual production run, and (3)a
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
format for reporting process performance determined from the
D1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in
analysis of control chart data of an individual production run.
Rubber Products
1.2 This practice specifically applies to the analysis of
pelleted carbon black samples taken during the manufacturing
3. Terminology
process prior to storage. This practice does not apply to
,4
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
shipmentsamplestakenfromhoppercarsorothercontainersor
3.1.1 common cause, n—descriptor of inherent random
packages.
variation in a system or process; the magnitude of the variation
1.3 This practice is specifically designed to be used for
is within nominally accepted statistical limits.
those test methods given in Classification D1765 which specify
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Common causes may be unidentifiable
targetvalues.However,thesetechniquesareapplicabletoother
or may have known origins that are not easily controllable or
test methods on carbon black.
cost effective to eliminate.
1.4 This practice describes the calculation for two methods
3.1.2 state of statistical control, n—process condition when
of determining capability factors from an analysis of process
only common causes are operating on the process.
control data.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In the strict sense, a process being in a
1.4.1 Process capability (Cp) is a measurement of variation
state of statistical control implies that successive values of the
calculated from the process control chart data with the use of
characteristic have the statistical character of a sequence of
an estimated standard deviation (σˆ) from the mean value of the
observations drawn independently from a common distribu-
moving range (R) chart. The calculation of the process capa-
tion.
bility (Cp and Cpk) indexes can be used as historical informa-
¯
3.1.3 average moving range ~R!—the arithmetic mean of n
tion or to predict future performance of the process, but are
¯
moving ranges, R5 R/n.
(
only valid when the process is in a state of statistical control.
1.4.2 Process performance (Pp) is a measurement of varia- 3.1.4 Cpk index—an index that indicates how well the
tion calculated from the process control chart data using
common cause process variability is actually contained within
sample standard deviation(s). The calculation of the process the specifications. (See 6.4.)
performance (Pp and Ppk) indexes are used for a historical
3.1.5 moving range (R)—the absolute difference between
reference of a process’ performance and does not require a
consecutive, individual test values.
state of statistical control.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
2
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon the ASTM website.
3
Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.61 on Carbon Black Manual on Presentation of Data and Control ChartAnalysis, STP15D,ASTM
Sampling and Statistical Analysis. International, 1976.
4
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published May 2021. Originally Ford Motor Company Manual on “Process Capability and Continuing Process
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D4583 – 95 (2019). Control,” Publication No. 80-01-251. Available in packs of five from Ford Motor
DOI: 10.1520/D4583-21. Company, Statistical Methods Publications
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4583 − 95 (Reapproved 2019) D4583 − 21
Standard Practice for
Carbon Black—Calculation of Process Indexes From an
1
Analysis of Process Control Data
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4583; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers (1) a statistical procedure for analyzing the test data generated in the statistical process control of a carbon
black manufacturing process; (2) a format for reporting process capability determined from the analysis of control chart data of
an individual production run, and (3) a format for reporting process performance determined from the analysis of control chart data
of an individual production run.
1.2 This practice specifically applies to the analysis of pelleted carbon black samples taken during the manufacturing process prior
to storage. This practice does not apply to shipment samples taken from hopper cars or other containers or packages.
1.3 This practice is specifically designed to be used for those test methods given in Classification D1765 which specify target
values. However, these techniques are applicable to other test methods on carbon black.
1.4 This practice describes the calculation for two methods of determining capability factors from an analysis of process control
data.
1.4.1 Process capability (Cp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data with the use of an
estimated standard deviation (σˆ) from the mean value of the moving range (R) chart. The calculation of the process capability (Cp
and Cpk) indexes can be used as historical information or to predict future performance of the process, but are only valid when
the process is in a state of statistical control.
1.4.2 Process performance (Pp) is a measurement of variation calculated from the process control chart data using sample standard
deviation(s). The calculation of the process performance (Pp and Ppk) indexes are used for a historical reference of a process’
performance and does not require a state of statistical control.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.61 on Carbon Black Sampling
and Statistical Analysis.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019May 1, 2021. Published December 2019May 2021. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20152019 as
D4583 – 95 (2015).(2019). DOI: 10.1520/D4583-95R19.10.1520/D4583-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D4583 − 21
D1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products
3. Terminology
, 4
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 common cause, n—descriptor of inherent random variation in a system or process; the magnitude of the variation is within
nominally accepted statistical limits.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Common causes may be unidentifiable or may have known origins that are not easily controllable or cost effective to eliminate.
3.1.2 state of statistical control, n—process condition when only common causes are operating on the process.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
In the strict sense, a process being in a state of statistical control implies that successive values of the characteristic have the
statistical character of a sequence of observations drawn independently from a common distribution.
¯ ¯
3.1.3 average moving range ~R!—the arithmetic mean of n moving ranges, R5 R/n.
(
3.1.4 Cpk index—an index that indicates how well the common cause process variability is actually contained within the
spec
...