ASTM D2462-90(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D 2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D 2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
This test method is the preferred method for all suitable samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions discussed in 5.3 and 5.4.
This test method is free from the interferences caused by different conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affect the results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisture may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however, the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from published data.
This test method is free from the interference caused by nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is erroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, the extent of the error depending upon the amount and chara...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis used in the calculation and report must always be stated.
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.
Note 1—The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D 1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D 2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D 2525.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8.
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Designation: D2462 − 90 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method for
Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2462; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheamount
D2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture
ofmoisturepresentingreasewool,scouredwool,cardedwool,
D2654 Test Method for Moisture in Textiles (Withdrawn
garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and
1998)
rovings, by distillation with toluene.
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture
E123 SpecificationforApparatusforDeterminationofWater
regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis
by Distillation
used in the calculation and report must always be stated.
3. Terminology
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to
3.1 Definitions:
contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is
3.1.1 grease wool, n.—wooltakenfromthelivingsheepand
suspected that such matter is present, the method should be
which has not been commercially scoured.
used with caution.
3.1.2 moisture content, n.—the amount of moisture in a
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for
materialdeterminedunderprescribedconditionsandexpressed
toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this
as a percentage of the mass of the moist material, that is, the
standard.
original mass comprising the oven-dried substance plus any
NOTE 1—The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is
moisture present.
covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The term “mass” is the correct desig-
Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of
nation for the property commonly designated as “weight.” A
moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.
slight amount of residual moisture may not be removed from a
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specimen subjected to oven drying because of the relative
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
humidity of the ambient air. The amount of moisture retained
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
by a specimen may be estimated from published data. There
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
may also be a slight additional loss in mass caused by the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
evaporation of volatile material other than water, the amount
hazard statements, see Section 8.
depending on the characteristics of any added oils or emul-
sions.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3 moisture-free, adj.—the condition of a material that
2.1 ASTM Standards:
has been exposed in an atmosphere of desiccated air until there
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
is no further significant change in its mass (see Discussion
D1060 PracticeforCoreSamplingofRawWoolinPackages
under 3.1.2)
for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Heating the material and the desiccated
Present
air to temperatures as high as 110°C increases the rate of
D1576 Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying
moisture loss but does not change the final equilibrium mass of
the moisture-free material.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
3.1.4 moisture regain, n.—the amount of moisture in a
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.
materialdeterminedunderprescribedconditionsandexpressed
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D2462 – 90 (2001).
as a percentage of the mass of the moisture-free material (see
DOI: 10.1520/D2462-90R08.
moisture content).
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2462 − 90 (2008)
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In this test method, the material is 4. Summary of Test Method
considered to be oven-dried after drying as described in
4.1 Asample or specimen of wool or material made of wool
Section 10.
is weighed, then stabilized in the laboratory atmosphere in
3.1.5 oven-dried, adj.—the condition of a material that has which the specimen is prepared, and reweighed.Any resulting
been heated under prescribed conditions of temperature and change in mass is used to calculate the original moisture
humidity until there is no further significant change in its mass contentofthesampleorspecimenfromtheresultsobservedon
(see 3.1.2). the stabilized specimen.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—An oven-dried material will retain a
4.2 The specimen is immersed in water-saturated toluene
small amount of moisutre which is dependent on the tempera-
which is then heated, the distilled water vapor and solvent
tureandrelativehumidityoftheatmosphereincontactwiththe
vapor are condensed and collected in a graduated trap, wherein
materialduringthedryingprocess.Anoven-driedmaterialwill
the water separates and settles to the bottom. After cooling in
only be moisture-free when the air supplied to the drying oven
a water bath to achieve a specified temperature, the volume of
has been previously desiccated.
water collected in the trap is read from the graduated trap and
converted to its equivalent weight.
3.1.6 pulled wool, n.—wool taken from the pelt of a
slaughtered sheep and which has not been commercially
4.3 Results are calculated as percent moisture content or
scoured. (syn. slipe wool, skin wool).
percent moisture regain using the appropriate equation.
3.1.7 raw wool, n.—wool or hair of the sheep in the grease,
5. Significance and Use
pulled, or scoured state. (See also scoured wool.)
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is
3.1.8 recycled wool, n.—as defined in the Wool Products
considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial
Labeling Act as amended in 1980, “the resulting fiber when
shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory pre-
wool has been woven or felted into a wool product which,
cision are acceptable.
without ever having been utilized in any way by the ultimate
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
consumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state, or
reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for
the resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wool has been
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
spun, woven, knitted, or felted into a wool product which, after
the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if
having been used in any way by the ultimate consumer,
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
subsequently has been made into a fibrous state.”
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
3.1.8.1 Discussion—In the amended Act of 1980, the term
the bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of
“recycled wool” replaced the terms “reprocessed wool” and
test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are
“reused wool.”
from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens
3.1.9 scoured wool, n.—wool from which the bulk of
should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
impurities has been removed by an aqueous or solvent washing
testing.Theaverageresultsfromthetwolaboratoriesshouldbe
process.
compared using Student’s t-Test for unpaired data and an
3.1.9.1 Discussion—Although it is no longer in its original
acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before
raw state, scoured wool is generally accepted as raw wool.
the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be
found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must
3.1.10 virgin wool, n.—as defined in the Wool Products
agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
Labeling Act, “the terms `virgin’ or `new’ as descriptive of a
wool product, or any fiber or part thereof, shall not be used
5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable
when the product or part so described is not composed wholly
samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free
ofneworvirginfiberwhichhasneverbeenreclaimedfromany
from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions dis-
spun, woven, knitted, felted, braided, bonded, or otherwise
cussed in 5.3 and 5.4.
manufactured or used product.”
5.3 Thistestmethodisfreefromtheinterferencescausedby
3.1.11 wool, n.—thefibrouscoveringofsheep, Ovisspecies. differentconditionsofambientatmospheresuchasmightaffect
3.1.11.1 Discussion—For the purposes of this method, the theresultsofoven-drying.Aslightamountofresidualmoisture
may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying
word wool is used in the generic sense, and includes both wool
as defined in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 as well because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however,
the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from
as recycled wool as defined in the amended Act of 1980.
published data.
3.1.12 wool, n. —as defined in the Wool Products Labeling
5.4 This test method is free from the interference caused by
Act of 1939, “the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb, or
hair of theAngora goat or Cashmere goat (and may include the nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is
erroneouslymeasuredasmoisturebyoven-dryingmethods,the
so called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca,
llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any
woven or felted wool product.
Toner, R. K., Bowen, C. F., and Whitwell, J. C., “Equilibrium Moisture
3.1.13 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
Relations for Textile Fibers,” Textile Research Journal, 17, January 1947, 17—18.
method, refer to Terminology D123.
D2462 − 90 (2008)
extent of the error depending upon the amount and character- 7. Reagent
istics of any added oils or finishes.
7.1 Toluene, Water-Saturated, prepared from toluene having
5.5 This test method is relatively cumbersome, time a boiling range such that all distills within a range of 2°C
consuming, and costly compared to oven-drying, and is not including 110.6°C. Prepare a sufficient quantity of water-
recommended for routine process control, in-plant evaluations, saturated solution of toluene for the testing program immedi-
or for other purposes where a high degree of accuracy is not ately at hand as follows: To each 1000 cm (mL) of toluene,
necessary. The cost of operation can be reduced somewhat by add 50 to 100 cm (mL) of distilled water. Shake for about 5
redistilling the used toluene, which is then suitable for reuse min and allow to settle. Decant the toluene to a flask and attach
without further treatment. a reflux condenser with a graduated water trap. Reflux for 1 h
or until water no longer accumulates in the trap. Assume the
5.6 Unlike an oven-drying method, any moisture gained or
toluene in the flask to be water-saturated and store in glass-
lost by a specimen after its mass has been determined will
stoppered bottles until used.
appear as a direct error in the final result. Since one of the
principal uses of the method is to determine the average 7.2 Potassium Dichromate Cleaning Solution—Prepare this
moisturepresentinlargelotsofwoolorwoolproductsexposed solution by mixing 35 cm (mL) of a saturated (at room
to variable atmospheric conditions, numerous laboratory temperature) potassium dichromate solution with 1000 cm
samplesandtestspecimensarecommon.Toavoiderrorsofthe (mL) of concentrated sulfuric acid.
type mentioned above, this procedure includes provisions for
stabilizing the sample(s) in the laboratory atmosphere so that, 8. Hazards
during the time necessary for selecting, weighing, and trans-
8.1 Toluene is flammable and slightly toxic. It should be
ferring the specimens to flasks, gain or loss of moisture which
used in a well-ventilated area, for example, under a hood, to
cannot be accounted for will be minimized. A further advan-
prevent accumulation of vapors.
tage of the stabilizing process is realized in cases where the
interest is solely in the average moisture content of the sample,
9. Sampling
and the actual moisture content within the sample is highly
9.1 LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,take
variable. By stabilizing the sample before selecting the
at random the number of shipping containers directed in
specimens, equal precision can be achieved with fewer speci-
applicable material specification or other agreement between
mens.
the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use
Practice D2525 for bales of fiber and containers of top or sliver
6. Apparatus
or to use Practice D2258 for beams or cases of yarn. Consider
6.1 Flask, Erlenmeyer, wide-mouth, 1000 cm (mL) capac-
5 shipping containers to be the primary sampling unit.
ity (takes a No. 11 stopper).
3 NOTE 4—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
6.2 Distilling Receiver, Dean & Stark, 10 cm (mL)
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
3 6
capacity, graduated in 0.1 cm (mL).
shipping containers, between laboratory sampling units within a shipping
container, and test specimens within a laboratory sampling unit to produce
NOTE 2—The tolerance on the accuracy of the graduations specified in
3 a sample plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk,
Specification E123 for this apparatus is 6 0.1 cm . If greater accuracy is
acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
required for a test result, the graduated trap(s) used should be calibrated.
NOTE 3—Illustrations of acceptable forms of the glass apparatus
9.2 Use extreme care to prevent gain or loss of moisture
required by this method appear in Specification E123.
during the sampling operation and in the transfer of material to
6.3 Condenser, Liebig, sealed, with 500-mm jacket.
the sampling container. Wei
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