ASTM ISO/ASTM51310-22

Standard Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system provides a means of measuring absorbed dose in materials. Under the influence of ionizing radiation such as photons, chemical reactions take place in the radiochromic optical waveguide creating and/or modifying optical absorbance bands in the visible region of the spectrum. Optical response is determined at selected wavelengths using the equations in 3.1.4. Examples of appropriate wavelengths for the analysis for specific dosimetry systems are provided by their manufacturers and in Refs (1-5).  
4.2 These dosimetry systems commonly are applied in the industrial radiation processing of a variety of products, for example, the sterilization of medical devices and radiation processing of foods (4-6).
Note 1: For additional information on dosimetry systems used in radiation processing, see ICRU Report 80.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a practice for using a radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons and high energy electrons in terms of absorbed dose to water. The radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system is generally used as a routine dosimetry system.  
1.2 The optical waveguide dosimeter is classified as a Type II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities (see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628).  
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628 for an optical waveguide dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.  
1.4 This practice applies to radiochromic optical waveguide dosimeters that can be used within part or all of the specified ranges as follows:  
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is from 1 Gy to 20 000 Gy.  
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is from 0.001 Gy/s to 1000 Gy/s.  
1.4.3 The radiation photon energy range is from 1 MeV to 10 MeV.  
1.4.4 The radiation electron energy range is from 3 MeV to 25 MeV.  
1.4.5 The irradiation temperature range is from –78 °C to +60 °C.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2020
• ICS: 17.240 - Radiation measurements
• Technical Committee: E61 - Radiation Processing
• Drafting Committee: E61.02 - Dosimetry Systems

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E3083-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Processing: Dosimetry and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2017
• Refers: ASTM E925-09 - Standard Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Slit Width does not Exceed 2 nm
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2009
• Refers: ASTM E275-08 - Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM E958-93(2005) - Standard Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2005
• Refers: ASTM E925-02 - Standard Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Slit Width does not Exceed 2 nm
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2002
• Refers: ASTM E925-83(1994)e1 - Standard Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Slit Width does not Exceed 2 nm
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2002
• Refers: ASTM E275-01 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Refers: ASTM E275-93 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Refers: ASTM E958-93(1999) - Standard Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1999

Overview

ASTM ISO/ASTM51310-22: Standard Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System provides a comprehensive framework for using radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry systems to measure absorbed dose in materials exposed to ionizing radiation. Commonly employed in industrial applications such as radiation processing of products and sterilization of medical devices, these systems are valued for their accuracy and convenience in routine dose measurement.

The standard details best practices for the handling, calibration, and application of radiochromic optical waveguide dosimeters, which function by detecting chemical and optical changes in response to exposure to photons or high-energy electrons. Measurements are often referenced to absorbed dose in water, aligning with international dosimetry practices.

Key Topics

• Dosimetry System Classification: The optical waveguide dosimeter is classified as a Type II dosimeter due to its sensitivity to various influence quantities such as temperature and dose rate.
• Measurement Principles: Upon irradiation, the radiochromic waveguide undergoes chemical changes resulting in measurable optical absorbance at specific wavelengths. These changes are tracked before and after exposure to quantify the absorbed dose.
• Calibration Procedures: Accurate dosimetry relies on regular calibration using traceable references, with calibration intervals and performance checks specified to ensure ongoing system reliability.
• Handling and Storage: The standard provides guidelines to minimize error, emphasizing avoidance of ultraviolet exposure, careful physical handling, and adherence to manufacturer-recommended storage conditions.
• Influence Quantities: A thorough characterization of dosimeter batches is required, accounting for factors such as time since manufacture, environmental exposure, and irradiation conditions.
• Uncertainty Estimation: Emphasizes the importance of uncertainty analysis in reporting absorbed dose, referencing internationally recognized methods for evaluating measurement confidence.

Applications

Implementation of ASTM ISO/ASTM51310-22 is critical in the following fields:

• Industrial Radiation Processing: Monitors absorbed dose in products such as food and pharmaceuticals to ensure compliance with safety and efficacy requirements.
• Medical Device Sterilization: Enables precise dose validation during the sterilization process, supporting regulatory compliance and patient safety.
• Routine Dosimetry: Used in both research and manufacturing environments to provide consistent, traceable dose measurement during routine operations.
• Quality Control and Assurance: Supports quality management systems by ensuring traceable and repeatable dosimetry practices, as required by international regulations.

Key operational ranges covered by the standard include:

• Absorbed dose: 1 Gy to 20,000 Gy
• Dose rate: 0.001 Gy/s to 1000 Gy/s
• Photon energies: 1 MeV to 10 MeV
• Electron energies: 3 MeV to 25 MeV
• Temperature: −78 °C to +60 °C

Related Standards

This standard should be used in conjunction with other internationally recognized dosimetry standards and quality assurance practices, including:

• ISO/ASTM 52628: Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
• ISO/ASTM 51261: Guide for Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing
• ISO/ASTM 51707: Guide for Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty in Dosimetry for Radiation Processing
• ASTM E170: Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
• ICRU Reports: Guidance on dosimetry principles and best practices

Adherence to these standards ensures robust, accurate, and internationally accepted measurement protocols for high-dose radiation applications.

---

Keywords: radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry, absorbed dose measurement, routine dosimetry, industrial radiation processing, medical device sterilization, calibration, measurement uncertainty, Type II dosimeter, ISO/ASTM dosimetry standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E)
Standard Practice for
Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry
System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This is a practice for using a radiochromic optical
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
waveguide dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
materials irradiated by photons and high energy electrons in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
terms of absorbed dose to water. The radiochromic optical
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
waveguide dosimetry system is generally used as a routine
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
dosimetry system.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 The optical waveguide dosimeter is classified as a Type
II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence
2. Referenced documents
quantities (see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
E275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
E925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-
compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628 for an
Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth
optical waveguide dosimetry system. It is intended to be read
does not Exceed 2 nm
in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
E958 Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of
1.4 This practice applies to radiochromic optical waveguide
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
dosimeters that can be used within part or all of the specified
E3083 Terminology Relating to Radiation Processing: Do-
ranges as follows:
simetry and Applications
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is from 1 Gy to 20 000 Gy.
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is from 0.001 Gy/s to 1000
51261 Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
Gy/s.
tems for Radiation Processing
1.4.3 The radiation photon energy range is from 1 MeV to
51707 Guide for Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty in
10 MeV.
Dosimetry for Radiation Processing
1.4.4 The radiation electron energy range is from 3 MeV to
52628 Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
25 MeV.
52701 Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
1.4.5 The irradiation temperature range is from –78 °C to
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro-
+60 °C.
cessing
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
surements (ICRU) Reports:
standard.
ICRU Report 80 Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Processing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ICRU Report 85a Fundamental Quantities and Units for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Ionizing Radiation
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3. For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
Current edition approved December 10, 2021. Published April 2022. Originally www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For
ε1
published as ASTM E 1310–89. Last previous ASTM edition E 1310–98 . ASTM Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
E 1310–94 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
15559:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E) is a Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and
revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 51310:04(2012)(E). Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E)
2.4 ISO Standard: dergo an ionizing radiation–induced change in photometric
12749-4 Nuclear energy – Vocabulary - Part 4: Dosimetry absorbance which can be related to absorbed dose to water (1,
for radiation processing 2).
3.1.7 reference wavelength, λ —wavelength selected for
2.5 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
ref
comparison with the analysis wavelength. This wavelength is
Reports:
chosen to minimize effects associated with optical coupling
JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995 , with minor corrections
and other geometric variations in the dosimeter.
Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expres-
sion of Uncertainty in Measurement
3.2 Definitions or other terms used in this standard that
JCGM 200:2012, VIM , International Vocabulary of Metrol-
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found
ogy — Basis and General Concepts and Associated
in ISO/ASTM Practice 52628. Other terms that pertain to
Terms
radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found in ASTM
Terminology E3083 and ISO 12749-4. Where appropriate,
3. Terminology
definitions in these standards have been derived from, and are
consistent with definitions in ICRU 85a, and general metro-
3.1 Definitions:
logical definitions given in the VIM.
3.1.1 analysis wavelength—wavelength used in a spectro-
photometric instrument for the measurement of optical absor-
4. Significance and use
bance or reflectance.
4.1 The radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system
3.1.2 dosimeter batch—quantity of dosimeters made from a
provides a means of measuring absorbed dose in materials.
specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated
Under the influence of ionizing radiation such as photons,
in a single production run under controlled, consistent condi-
chemical reactions take place in the radiochromic optical
tions and having a unique identification code.
waveguidecreatingand/ormodifyingopticalabsorbancebands
3.1.3 dosimeter response (indication)—reproducible, quan-
in the visible region of the spectrum. Optical response is
tifiablechangeproducedinthedosimeterbyionizingradiation.
determined at selected wavelengths using the equations in
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The dosimeter response value 3.1.4.Examplesofappropriatewavelengthsfortheanalysisfor
specificdosimetrysystemsareprovidedbytheirmanufacturers
(indication), obtained from one or more measurements, is used
in the estimation of absorbed dose. and in Refs (1-5).
3.1.3.2 Discussion—For optical waveguide dosimeters, the
4.2 These dosimetry systems commonly are applied in the
dosimeter response value (indication) is the net response
industrial radiation processing of a variety of products, for
obtained from measurements of the optical absorbance.
example, the sterilization of medical devices and radiation
3.1.4 net response, ∆R—radiation–induced change in the
processing of foods (4-6).
relationship of measured absorbance at a specific wavelength
NOTE 1—For additional information on dosimetry systems used in
determined by subtracting the pre-irradiation response, R ,
radiation processing, see ICRU Report 80.
from the post–irradiation response, R:
5. Overview
∆R 5 R 2 R (1)
5.1 Radiochromic optical waveguide dosimeters may be
with:
manufactured by various methods. For example, consisting of
a solution held in a fluorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP) tube
R 5 A ⁄A
λ λref
by means of glass beads inserted in the ends of the tube. In
R 5 @Aλ ⁄ A # (2)
0 λref 0
addition to sealing the solution in the tube the beads act as
where:
lenses for light during the analysis of the dosimeter’s response.
A = optical absorbance at the analysis wavelength,λ, and
λ
5.2 The FEP tube has a lower index of refraction than the
A = optical absorbance at a reference wavelength, λ .
λref ref
radiation-sensitive solution, creating an optical waveguide.
3.1.5 optical waveguide—device that contains an optical
Light entering through one end will tend to move through the
material at a high index of refraction relative to the material
solution to the other end, reflecting off the wall of the tube.
enclosing the optical material.
5.3 The response is measured as a ratio of the absorbance at
3.1.6 radiochromic optical waveguide dosimeter—specially
the wavelength of interest to the absorbance at a reference
prepared optical waveguide containing ingredients that un-
wavelength that is minimally affected by the radiation-induced
changes of the solution inside the tube.
6. Influence quantities
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
6.1 Factors other than absorbed dose which influence the
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
dosimeter response are referred to as influence quantities and
Document produced by Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
are discussed in the following sections. Examples of such
Metrology (JCGM WG1). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
www.bipm.org).
Document produced by Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
Metrology (JCGM WG2). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http:// The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this
www.bipm.org). practice.
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E)
factors are temperature and dose rate. An in-situ calibration 6.3.6 Radiation Energy—the dosimeter response is depen-
may help to account for the influence quantities and reduce dent upon the radiation energy and the dosimeters shall be
their associated uncertainty along with batch to batch varia- irradiated for calibration under the conditions of use.
tions. (See ISO/ASTM Guide 52701.)
6.4 Post-Irradiation Conditions:
6.4.1 Time—the time between irradiation and dosimeter
6.2 Pre-Irradiation Conditions:
reading shall be standardized and should conform to the
6.2.1 Time Since Manufacture—The initial absorbance and
manufacturer’s recommendations.
response variation tends to increase with time and may affect
the shelf-life. Storing the dosimeters in a refrigerator (about
NOTE 4—Some types of dosimeters may fade or may continue color
development after irradiation. This effect may depend on post-irradiation
4 °C) helps minimize these effects. See manufacturer’s recom-
storage conditions such as temperature. In order to determine if this is
mendations. It is recommended that users carry out perfor-
significant in a given application, measure the absorbance at the selected
mance verification of pre-irradiation absorbance and post-
wavelength(s) over the period of anticipated analysis and over the range
irradiation response stability over the useful life of the
of expected storage conditions. If the net response measured varies
dosimeter batch. Regular verification of the calibration may be significantly with post-irradiation storage time, apply correction factors
for such time-dependent variations taking into account the calibration
required. (See 7.3).
curve for that batch of dosimeters in order to minimize dosimetric errors
6.2.2 Exposure to Light—Dosimeters are sensitive to ultra-
during routine application. For a given set of irradiation conditions, this
violet light and should be protected by protective packaging or
procedure needs to be performed only once for a given batch of
dosimeters.
a holder if available; dosimeters without protective packaging
or holder might be affected. The manufacturer should be
6.4.2 Exposure to Light—Dosimetersshouldbepackagedso
consulted for specific recommendations for dosimeter ship-
they are not affected by exposure to ultraviolet light; for
ment and storage.
example, a dosimeter may be wrapped in or inserted into an
6.2.3 Temperature—Exposure to temperatures outside the opaque material.
manufacturer’s recommended range should be minimized to
NOTE 5—Appropriate written information regarding the magnitude and
reduce the potential for adverse effects on dosimeter response.
effect(s) upon the measurement made by the dosimetry system may be
obtained from the scientific literature (3-5), (8-12), dosimeter
6.3 Conditions During Irradiation:
manufacturer, distributor, irradiation facility operator, or a qualified
6.3.1 Irradiation Temperature—The dosimeter response is testing organization.
affected by temperature and shall be characterized by the user.
6.4.3 Temperature—Exposure to temperatures outside the
It is recommended to calibrate the dosimetry system under the
manufacturer’s recommended range should be avoided to
conditions of use (in-situ calibration) in order to mitigate the
reduce the potential for adverse effects on the dosimeter
effect of temperature on dosimeter response. (7).
response.
6.3.2 Exposure to Light—Dosimetersshouldbepackagedso
6.5 Response Measurement Conditions:
they are not affected by exposure to ultraviolet light; for
6.5.1 Exposure to Light—Exposure to light may affect the
example, a dosimeter may be wrapped in or inserted into an
response of the dosimeter. Users should follow manufacturer’s
opaque material.
recommended practices.
6.3.3 Dose Fractionation—The dosimeter response may be
6.5.2 Temperature—Exposure to temperatures outside the
affected by incremental exposures and should be characterized.
manufacturer’s recommended range should be avoided to
6.3.4 Absorbed Dose Rate—the dosimeter response is af-
reduce the potential for adverse effects on the dosimeter
fected by the absorbed dose rate and shall be characterized.
response.
6.5.3 Handling—Handle dosimeters by the middle of the
6.3.4.1 Discussion—The shape (slope) of the calibration
curve associated with some radiochromic optical waveguide tubing of the Optical Waveguide, not by the ends.
dosimeters may be affected by the absorbed dose rate for a
gi
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
ISO/ASTM 51310:2004 (Reapproved 2012)(E)
ISO/ASTM 51310 − 2022(E)
Standard Practice for
Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry
System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for handling, testing, and is a practice for using a radiochromic optical waveguide
dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons and high energy electrons in terms of absorbed dose
in water.to water. The radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system is generally used as a routine dosimetry system.
1.2 The optical waveguide dosimeter is classified as a Type II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities
(see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628).
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation
processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628 for an optical waveguide
dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
1.4 This practice applies to radiochromic optical waveguide dosimeters that can be used within part or all of the specified ranges
as follows:
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is from 1 Gy to 10 000 Gy for photons.20 000 Gy.
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is from 0.001 Gy/s to 1000 Gy/s.
1.4.3 The radiation photon energy range for photons is from 0.1 1 MeV to 10 MeV.
1.4.4 The radiation electron energy range is from 3 MeV to 25 MeV.
1.4.5 The irradiation temperature range is from –78 °C to +60°C.+60 °C.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This guidepractice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Current edition approved March 21, 2012. December 10, 2021. Published November 2012April 2022. Originally published as ASTM E 1310–89. Last previous ASTM
ε1
edition E 1310–98 . ASTM E 1310–94 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO 15559:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM
51310:2004(2012)(E) replaces ISO 15559 and 51310:2022(E) is a reapprovalrevision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 51310:2004(E). 51310:04(2012)(E).
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E)
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
E668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose in
Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices
E925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth does not
Exceed 2 nm
E958 Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
E1026E3083 Practice for Using the Fricke Dosimetry SystemTerminology Relating to Radiation Processing: Dosimetry and
Applications
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
51261 GuidePractice for Selection and Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing
51707 Guide for Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty in Dosimetry for Radiation Processing
5140052628 Practice for Characterization and Performance of a High-Dose Radiation Dosimetry Calibration LaboratoryDo-
simetry in Radiation Processing
5170752701 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for Performance Characterization of Dosimeters and Dosimetry
Systems for Use in Radiation Processing
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) Reports:
ICRU Report 1480 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays and Gamma Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50 MeV
Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Processing
ICRU Report 17 Radiation Dosimetry: X–Rays Generated at Potentials of 5 to 150 kV
ICRU Report 34 The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation
ICRU Report 6085a Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation
2.4 ISO Standard:
12749-4 Nuclear energy – Vocabulary - Part 4: Dosimetry for radiation processing
2.5 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM) Reports:
JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995 , with minor corrections Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty
in Measurement
JCGM 200:2012, VIM , International Vocabulary of Metrology — Basis and General Concepts and Associated Terms
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 analysis wavelength—wavelength used in a spectrophotometric instrument for the measurement of optical absorbance or
reflectance.
3.1.2 calibration curve—graphical representation of the dosimetry system’s response function.
3.1.2 dosimeter batch—quantity of dosimeters made from a specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated in a
single production run under controlled, consistent conditions and having a unique identification code.
3.1.4 dosimetry system—system used for determining absorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instruments and their
associated reference standards, and procedures for the system’s use.
For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book
of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Document produced by Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM WG1). Available free of charge at the BIPM website
(http://www.bipm.org).
Document produced by Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM WG2). Available free of charge at the BIPM website
(http://www.bipm.org).
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E)
3.1.3 measurement quality assurance plan—dosimeter response (indication)—documented program for the measurement process
that ensures on a continuing basis that the overall uncertainty meets the requirements of the specific application. This plan requires
traceability to, and consistency with, nationally or internationally recognized standards.reproducible, quantifiable change produced
in the dosimeter by ionizing radiation.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
The dosimeter response value (indication), obtained from one or more measurements, is used in the estimation of absorbed dose.
3.1.3.2 Discussion—
For optical waveguide dosimeters, the dosimeter response value (indication) is the net response obtained from measurements of
the optical absorbance.
3.1.4 net response, ΔR—radiation–induced change in the relationship of measured absorbance at a specific wavelength determined
by subtracting the pre–irradiationpre-irradiation response, R , from the post–irradiation response, R:
ΔR 5 R 2 R (1)
with:
A
λ
R 5
A
λref
Aλ
R (2)
0 5 0
F G
A
λref
R 5 A ⁄A
λ λref
R 5 @Aλ ⁄ A # (2)
0 λref 0
and where:
A = optical absorbance at the analysis wavelength, λ, and
λ
A = optical absorbance at a reference wavelength, λ .
λref ref
3.1.5 optical waveguide—device that contains an optical pathmaterial at a high index of refraction relative to the material
enclosing the optical path.material.
3.1.6 radiochromic optical waveguide—waveguide dosimeter—specially prepared optical waveguide containing ingredients that
undergo an ionizing radiation–induced change in photometric absorbance. This change in absorbance absorbance which can be
related to absorbed dose into water (1, 2).
3.1.7 reference wavelength, λ —wavelength selected for comparison with the analysis wavelength. This wavelength is chosen to
ref
minimize effects associated with optical coupling and other geometric variations in the dosimeter.
3.1.10 response function—mathematical representation of the relationship between dosimeter response and absorbed dose for a
given dosimetry system.
3.2 Definitions or other terms used in this standard that pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found in
ISO/ASTM Practice 52628. Other terms that pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found in ASTM Terminology
E170E3083. Definitions and ISO 12749-4. Where appropriate, definitions in E170 are compatible with ICRU 60; that document,
therefore, may be used as an alternative reference.these standards have been derived from, and are consistent with definitions in
ICRU 85a, and general metrological definitions given in the VIM.
4. Significance and use
4.1 The radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system provides a means of measuring absorbed dose in materials. Under the
influence of ionizing radiation such as photons, chemical reactions take place in the radiochromic optical waveguide creating
and/or modifying optical absorbance bands in the visible region of the spectrum. Optical response is determined at selected
wavelengths using the equations in 3.1.63.1.4. Examples of appropriate wavelengths for the analysis for specific dosimetry systems
are provided by their manufacturers and in Refs (1-5).
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this practice.
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ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E)
4.2 In the application of a specific dosimetry system, absorbed dose is determined by use of a calibration curve traceable to
national or international standards.
4.3 The absorbed dose determined is usually specified in water. Absorbed dose in other materials may be determined by applying
the conversion factors discussed in ISO/ASTM Guide 51261.
NOTE 1—For a comprehensive discussion of various dosimetry methods applicable to the radiation types and energies discussed in this practice, see ICRU
Reports 14, 17, and 34.
4.2 These dosimetry systems commonly are applied in the industrial radiation processing of a variety of products, for example,
the sterilization of medical devices and radiation processing of foods (4-6).
NOTE 1—For additional information on dosimetry systems used in radiation processing, see ICRU Report 80.
5. Apparatus
5.1 The following shall be used to determine absorbed dose with radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry systems:
5.1.1 Dosimeters—A batch or portion of a batch of radiochromic optical waveguide dosimeters.
5.1.2 Spectrophotometer or Photometer—An instrument, either a spectrophotometer equipped with a special dosimeter holder and
associated coupling optics (see Ref 7 for an example), or a modified photometer (see Fig. 1 for a block diagram of an instrument
that uses a reference wavelength), having documentation covering analysis wavelengths, accuracy of wavelength selection,
absorbance determination, spectral bandwidth, and stray light rejection.
5.1.3 Holder, to position the dosimeter reproducibly in the measuring light beam.
5. Performance check of instrumentation Overview
5.1 Check and document the performance of the photometer or spectrophotometer (see ASTM Practices Radiochromic optical
waveguide dosimeters may be manufactured by various methods. For example, consisting of a solution held in a fluorinated
ethylenepropylene (FEP) tube by means of glass beads inserted in the ends of the tube. In addition E275, E925, E958, and E1026).
Use reference standards traceable to national or international standards, unless the photometer’s or spectrophotometer’s design
precludes such use.to sealing the solution in the tube the beads act as lenses for light during the analysis of the dosimeter’s
response.
6.1.1 When using a photometer, check and document the accuracy of the absorbance scale at intervals not to exceed one month
during periods of use, or whenever there are indications of poor performance.
6.1.2 When using a spectrophotometer, check and document the precision and bias of the wavelength scale and absorbance scale
at or near the selected analysis wavelength(s) at intervals not to exceed one month during periods of use, or whenever there are
indications of poor performance.
6.1.3 Document the comparison of information obtained in 6.1.1 or 6.1.2 with the original instrument specification to verify
adequate performance.
5.2 The FEP tube has a lower index of refraction than the radiation-sensitive solution, creating an optical waveguide. Light
entering through one end will tend to move through the solution to the other end, reflecting off the wall of the tube.
5.3 The response is measured as a ratio of the absorbance at the wavelength of interest to the absorbance at a reference wavelength
that is minimally affected by the radiation-induced changes of the solution inside the tube.
7. Calibration of the dosimetry system
7.1 Prior to use, the dosimetry system (consisting of a specific batch of dosimeters and specific measurement instruments) shall
be calibrated in accordance with the user’s documented procedure that specifies details of the calibration process and quality
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E)
assurance requirements. This calibration process shall be repeated at regular intervals to ensure that the accuracy of the absorbed
dose measurement is maintained within required limits. Calibration methods are described in ISO/ASTM Guide 51261.
7.2 Calibration of Dosimeters—Irradiation is a critical component of the calibration of the dosimetry system. Calibration shall be
performed in one of three ways by irradiating the dosimeters at:
7.2.1 an accredited calibration laboratory that provides an absorbed dose (or an absorbed-dose rate) having measurement
traceability to nationally or internationally recognized standards, or
7.2.2 an in-house calibration facility that provides an absorbed dose (or an absorbed-dose rate) having measurement traceability
to nationally or internationally recognized standards, or
7.2.3 a production or research irradiation facility together with reference or transfer standard dosimeters that have measurement
traceability to nationally or internationally recognized standards.
7.3 When the optical waveguide dosimeter is used as a transfer standard dosimeter, the calibration irradiation may be performed
only as stated in 7.2.1, or in 7.2.2 at a facility that meets the requirements in ISO/ASTM Practice 51400.
7.4 Measurement Instrument Calibration and Performance Verification—For the calibration of the instruments, and for the
verification of instrument performance between calibrations, see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261 and/or instrument-specific operating
manuals.
8. Procedure
8.1 Examination and Storage Procedure:
8.1.1 Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation may cause the dosimeter to change color. Perform tests to ensure that the handling
and reading environment does not cause measurable color development. If needed, place UV filters over fluorescent lights or
windows to reduce color development.
NOTE 2—Dosimeters may be stored in UV–opaque material to further avoid the effects noted in 8.1.1.
8.1.2 Handle the dosimeter along the sides, never at the ends. Handling should be kept to a minimum.
8.1.3 Visually inspect the dosimeters for imperfections (for example, loss of end fittings). Discard any dosimeters that show
imperfections.
8.1.4 Identify the dosimeters with an appropriate code that can be related to the manufacturer, type, and batch.
8.1.5 Store the dosimeters in accordance with the manufacturer’s written recommendations.
8.2 Irradiation Procedure:
8.2.1 Determine the pre-irradiation response, R , for each dosimeter at the selected analysis wavelength(s). This may be done for
each dosimeter or by use of an average R determined by reading several dosimeters and documenting the uncertainty, provided
this practice meets the precision requirements for the application.
8.2.2 Where necessary, package the dosimeters in a UV-opaque material.
8.2.3 Mark the packaged dosimeters appropriately for identification.
8.2.4 Irradiate the dosimeters.
NOTE 3—The dosimeters may be irradiated in the product undergoing processing or in a medium of similar composition, or water, of appropriate
dimensions so as to approximate electron equilibrium conditions. Such equilibrium conditions may not exist within dosimeters placed throughout the
product under actual processing conditions. This particularly is the case near interfaces of different materials. Irradiation under nonequilibrium conditions,
such as on the surface of a product package, is often used to monitor the absorbed dose delivered to the product and may be related to the absorbed dose
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ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E)
within the product by correction factors under certain conditions.
8.3 Analysis Procedure:
8.3.1 Avoid any exposure to stray ultraviolet radiation that may induce coloration of the dosimeter (see 8.1.1).
8.3.2 Determine the post-irradiation response, R, at the selected analysis wavelength(s) used for calibration of the dosimetry
system.
8.3.3 Calculate the net response, Δ R, as follows:
ΔR 5 R 2 R (3)
8.3.4 Determine the absorbed dose from the calibration curve or response function.
6. Characterization of each batch of dosimeters Influence quantities
6.1 Factors other than absorbed dose which influence the dosimeter response are referred to as influence quantities and are
discussed in the following sections. Examples of such factors are temperature and dose rate. An in-situ calibration may help to
account for the influence quantities and reduce their associated uncertainty along with batch to batch variations. (See ISO/ASTM
Guide 52701.)
6.2 Reproducibility of Net Response: Pre-Irradiation Conditions:
6.2.1 Time Since Manufacture—Determine the reproducibility of net response for each batch of dosimeters by analyzing the data
from the sets of dosimeters irradiated during the calibration process at each doseThe initial absorbance and response variation tends
to increase with time and may affect the shelf-life. Storing the dosimeters in a refrigerator (about 4 °C) helps minimize these
effects. See manufacturer’s recommendations. It is recommended that users carry out performance verification of pre-irradiation
absorbance and post-irradiation response stability over the useful life of the dosimeter batch. Regular verification of the calibration
may be required. (See 7.3value.).
6.2.2 Exposure to Light—Use the sample standard deviation (Dosimeters are sensitive S ) determined during calibration to
n-1
calculate the coefficient of variation (to ultraviolet light and should be protectedCV) for each dose value as follows: by protective
packaging or a holder if available; dosimeters without protective packaging or holder might be affected. The manufacturer should
be consulted for specific recommendations for dosimeter shipment
S
n21
CV 5 100 3 (4)
F G
ΔR
and storage.
6.2.3 Temperature—Document these coefficients of variation and note any that are unusually large.Exposure to temperatures
outside the manufacturer’s recommended range should be minimized to reduce the potential for adverse effects on dosimeter
response.
NOTE 4—In general, if the value of the coefficient of variation is greater than 62 %, then a re-determination of the data should be considered or, in the
extreme, the batch should be rejected.
6.3 Effect of Absorbed Dose Rate: Conditions During Irradiation:
6.3.1 Irradiation Temperature—The dosimeter response is affected by temperature and shall be characterized by the user. It is
recommended to calibrate the dosimetry system under the conditions of use (in-situ calibration) in order to mitigate the effect of
temperature on dosimeter response. (7).
6.3.2 Exposure to Light—Dosimeters should be packaged so they are not affected by exposure to ultraviolet light; for example,
a dosimeter may be wrapped in or inserted into an opaque material.
6.3.3 Dose Fractionation—The dosimeter response may be affected by incremental exposures and should be characterized.
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51310:2022(E)
6.3.4 Absorbed Dose Rate—The shape (slope) of the calibration curve associated with some radiochromic optical waveguide
dosimeters may be the dosimeter response is affected by the absorbed dose rate for a given application. If an application requires
an absorbed dose rate that is significantly different from the absorbed dose rate used in calibrating the dosimetry system, significant
error may be introduced into the determination of absorbed dose.and shall be characterized.
NOTE 5—Appropriate documented information regarding the magnitude and effect(s) due to absorbed dose rate may be obtained from the scientific
literature (8, 9), dosimeter manufacturer, distributor, irradiation facility operator, or a qualified testing organization.
6.3.4.1 Discussion—The shape (slope) of the calibration curve associated with some radiochromic optical waveguide dosimeters
may be affected by the absorbed dose rate for a
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