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ASTM E275-08

(Practice)

Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers

Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument, as it is being used in a specific spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instruments used in developing the method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance, especially for test methods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method (for example, qualification for a given application). The tests give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may be required for a given application.
1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Oct-2008
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E13 - Molecular Spectroscopy and Separation Science
Drafting Committee
E13.01 - Ultra-Violet, Visible, and Luminescence Spectroscopy
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E275-01 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E903-20 - Standard Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of Materials Using Integrating Spheres
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM ISO/ASTM51310-22 - Standard Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM ISO/ASTM51205-17 - Standard Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry System
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM F451-21 - Standard Specification for Acrylic Bone Cement
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM ISO/ASTM51538-17 - Standard Practice for Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E512-94(2020) - Standard Practice for Combined, Simulated Space Environment Testing of Thermal Control Materials with Electromagnetic and Particulate Radiation
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM D2036-09(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Cyanides in Water
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6953-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Antioxidants and Erucamide Slip Additives in Polyethylene Using Liquid Chromatography (LC)
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM D1068-15 - Standard Test Methods for Iron in Water
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4165-06(2020)e1 - Standard Test Method for Cyanogen Chloride in Water 
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E925-09(2022) - Standard Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth does not Exceed 2 nm
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1866-97(2021) - Standard Guide for Establishing Spectrophotometer Performance Tests
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3082-15 - Standard Test Method for Boron in Water
Effective Date
15-Oct-2008

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E275 − 08
StandardPractice for
Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and
1
Visible Spectrophotometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
In developing a spectrophotometric method, it is the responsibility of the originator to describe the
instrumentation and the performance required to duplicate the precision and accuracy of the method.
It is necessary to specify this performance in terms that may be used by others in applications of the
method.
The tests and measurements described in this practice are for the purpose of determining the
experimental conditions required for a particular analytical method. In using this practice, an analyst
has either a particular analysis for which he describes requirements for instrument performance or he
expects to test the capability of an instrument to perform a particular analysis. To accomplish either
of these objectives, it is necessary that instrument performance be obtained in terms of the factors that
control the analysis. Unfortunately, it is true that not all the factors that can affect the results of an
analysis are readily measured and easily specified for the various types of spectrophotometric
equipment.
Of the many factors that control analytical results, this practice covers verification of the essential
parameters of wavelength accuracy, photometric accuracy, stray light, resolution, and characteristics
of absorption cells as the parameters of spectrophotometry that are likely to be affected by the analyst
in obtaining data. Other important factors, particularly those primarily dependent on instrument
design, are also covered in this practice.
1. Scope 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of
standard.
spectrophotometric performance, especially for test methods,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specific method (for example, qualification for a given appli-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cation).The tests give a measurement of some of the important
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the
factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may
2. Referenced Documents
be required for a given application.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spec-
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
trophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather
E168 Practices for General Techniques of Infrared Quanti-
than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse
tative Analysis
reflection.
E169 PracticesforGeneralTechniquesofUltraviolet-Visible
Quantitative Analysis
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E13 on Molecular
Spectroscopy and Separation Science and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee E13.01 on Ultra-Violet, Visible, and Luminescence Spectroscopy. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E275 – 01. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0275-08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E275 − 08
E387 TestMethodforEstimatingStrayRadiantPowerRatio scopeofthispractice.Themeasurementofstrayradiantenergy
of Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the Opaque Filter is described in Test Method E387 and resolution in Practice
Method E958.
E958 Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidth
6.2 Modern spectrophotometers are capable of more accu-
of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
racy than most analysts obtain. The problem lies in the
selection and proper use of instrumentation. In order to ensure
3. Terminology
proper instrumentation and its use in a specific spectrophoto-
3.1 Definitions:
metric method, it is
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E275–01 Designation:E275–08
Standard Practice for
Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet,
Visible, Ultraviolet and Near-InfraredVisible
1
Spectrophotometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
In developing a spectrophotometric method, it is the responsibility of the originator to describe the
instrumentation and the performance required to duplicate the precision and accuracy of the method.
It is necessary to specify this performance in terms that may be used by others in applications of the
method.
The tests and measurements described in this practice are for the purpose of determining the
experimental conditions required for a particular analytical method. In using this practice, an analyst
has either a particular analysis for which he describes requirements for instrument performance, or he
expects to test the capability of an instrument to perform a particular analysis. To accomplish either
of these objectives, it is necessary that instrument performance be obtained in terms of the factors that
control the analysis. Unfortunately, it is true that not all the factors that can affect the results of an
analysis are readily measured and easily specified for the various types of spectrophotometric
equipment.
Of the many factors that control analytical results, this practice covers selectionverification of the
setting essential parameters of analytical wavelength, selection of slit width, photometric measure-
ments, wavelength accuracy, photometric accuracy, stray light, resolution, and characteristics of
absorption cells as the parameters of spectrophotometry that are likely to be affected by the analyst in
obtaining data. Other important factors, particularly those primarily dependent on instrument design,
are notalso covered in this practice.
1. Scope
1.1This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance especially forASTM methods, and
the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method. The tests give a measurement of some of the important
parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors
in instrument performance are measured.
1.1.1This practice is not to be used ( 1) as a rigorous test of performance of instrumentation, or (2) to intercompare the
quantitative performance of instruments of different design.
1.1.2This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than
instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection.
1.1 Thispracticecoversthedescriptionofrequirementsofspectrophotometricperformance,especiallyfortestmethods,andthe
testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method (for example, qualification for a given application). The tests
give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is
specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may be required for a given
application.
1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E13 on Molecular Spectroscopy and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E13.01 on Ultraviolet and
Visible Spectroscopy.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2001. Published April 2001. Originally published as E275–65T. Last previous edition E275–93.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E13 on Molecular Spectroscopy and Separation Science and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E13.01 on Ultra-Violet, Visible, and Luminescence Spectroscopy.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 275 – 01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E275–08
instruments designed for
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E275–01 Designation:E275–08
Standard Practice for
Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet,
Visible, Ultraviolet and Near-InfraredVisible
1
Spectrophotometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
In developing a spectrophotometric method, it is the responsibility of the originator to describe the
instrumentation and the performance required to duplicate the precision and accuracy of the method.
It is necessary to specify this performance in terms that may be used by others in applications of the
method.
The tests and measurements described in this practice are for the purpose of determining the
experimental conditions required for a particular analytical method. In using this practice, an analyst
has either a particular analysis for which he describes requirements for instrument performance, or he
expects to test the capability of an instrument to perform a particular analysis. To accomplish either
of these objectives, it is necessary that instrument performance be obtained in terms of the factors that
control the analysis. Unfortunately, it is true that not all the factors that can affect the results of an
analysis are readily measured and easily specified for the various types of spectrophotometric
equipment.
Of the many factors that control analytical results, this practice covers selectionverification of the
setting essential parameters of analytical wavelength, selection of slit width, photometric measure-
ments, wavelength accuracy, photometric accuracy, stray light, resolution, and characteristics of
absorption cells as the parameters of spectrophotometry that are likely to be affected by the analyst in
obtaining data. Other important factors, particularly those primarily dependent on instrument design,
are notalso covered in this practice.
1. Scope
1.1This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance especially forASTM methods, and
the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method. The tests give a measurement of some of the important
parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors
in instrument performance are measured.
1.1.1This practice is not to be used ( 1) as a rigorous test of performance of instrumentation, or (2) to intercompare the
quantitative performance of instruments of different design.
1.1.2This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than
instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection.
1.1 Thispracticecoversthedescriptionofrequirementsofspectrophotometricperformance,especiallyfortestmethods,andthe
testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method (for example, qualification for a given application). The tests
give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is
specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may be required for a given
application.
1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E13 on Molecular Spectroscopy and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E13.01 on Ultraviolet and
Visible Spectroscopy.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2001. Published April 2001. Originally published as E275–65T. Last previous edition E275–93.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E13 on Molecular Spectroscopy and Separation Science and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E13.01 on Ultra-Violet, Visible, and Luminescence Spectroscopy.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 275 – 01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E275–08
instruments designed for
...

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4.1 Generally, Raman spectra measured using grating-based dispersive or Fourier transform Raman spectrometers have not been corrected for the instrumental response (spectral responsivity of the detection system). Raman spectra obtained with different instruments may show significant variations in the measured relative peak intensities of a sample compound. This is mainly as a result of differences in their wavelength-dependent optical transmission and detector efficiencies. These variations can be particularly large when widely different laser excitation wavelengths are used, but can occur when the same laser excitation is used and spectra of the same compound are compared between instruments. This is illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows the uncorrected luminescence spectrum of SRM 2241, acquired upon four different commercially available Raman spectrometers operating with 785 nm laser excitation. Instrumental response variations can also occur on the same instrument after a component change or service work has been performed. Each spectrometer, due to its unique combination of filters, grating, collection optics and detector response, has a very unique spectral response. The spectrometer dependent spectral response will of course also affect the shape of Raman spectra acquired upon these systems. The shape of this response is not to be construed as either “good or bad” but is the result of design considerations by the spectrometer manufacturer. For instance, as shown in Fig. 1, spectral coverage can vary considerably between spectrometer systems. This is typically a deliberate tradeoff in spectrometer design, where spectral coverage is sacrificed for enhanced spectral resolution.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.1 This practice covers the parameters of spectrophotometric performance that are critical for testing the adequacy of instrumentation for most routine tests and methods2 within the wavelength range of 200 nm to 700 nm and the absorbance range of 0 to 2. The recommended tests provide a measurement of the important parameters controlling results in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be inferred that all factors in instrument performance are measured.  
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5.1 Stray radiant power can be a significant source of error in spectrophotometric measurements. SRP usually increases with the passage of time; therefore, testing should be performed periodically. Moreover, the SRPR test is an excellent indicator of the overall condition of a spectrophotometer. A control-chart record of the results of routinely performed SRPR tests can be a useful indicator of need for corrective action or, at least, of the changing reliability of critical measurements.  
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ASTM E275-08(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument, as it is being used in a specific spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instruments used in developing the method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance, especially for test methods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method (for example, qualification for a given application). The tests give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may be required for a given application.  
1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1421-99(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) Spectrometers: Level Zero and Level One Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument on any given day with the prior performance of an instrument. This practice is not necessarily meant for comparison of different instruments with each other even if the instruments are of the same type and model. This practice is not meant for comparison of the performance of one instrument operated under differing conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes two levels of tests to measure the performance of laboratory Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectrometers equipped with a standard sample holder used for transmission measurements.  
1.2 This practice is not directly applicable to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers equipped with various specialized sampling accessories such as flow cells or reflectance optics, nor to Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometers, nor to FT-IR spectrometers run in step scan mode.  
1.2.1 If the specialized sampling accessory can be removed and replaced with a standard transmission sample holder, then this practice can be used. However, the user should recognize that the performance measured may not reflect that which is achieved when the specialized accessory is in use.  
1.2.2 If the specialized sampling accessory cannot be removed, then it may be possible to employ a modified version of this practice to measure spectrometer performance. The user is referred to Guide E1866 for a discussion of how these tests may be modified.  
1.2.3 Spectrometer performance tests for FT-NIR spectrometers are described in Practice E1944.  
1.2.4 Performance tests for dispersive MIR instruments are described in Practice E932.  
1.2.5 For FT-IR spectrometers run in a step scan mode, variations on this practice and information provided by the instrument vendor should be used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Informational inch-pound units are provided in 5.4.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E958-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These practices should be used by a person who develops an analytical method to ensure that the spectral bandwidths cited in the practice are actually the ones used.
Note 2: The method developer should establish the spectral bandwidths that can be used to obtain satisfactory results.  
4.2 These practices should be used to determine whether a spectral bandwidth specified in a method can be realized with a given spectrophotometer and thus whether the instrument is suitable for use in this application. If accurate absorbance measurements are to be made on compounds with sharp absorption bands (natural half band widths of less than 15 nm) the spectral bandwidth of the spectrometer used should be better than 1/8th of the natural half band width of the compound’s absorption.  
4.3 These practices allow the user of a spectrophotometer to estimate the actual spectral bandwidth of the instrument under a given set of conditions and to compare the result to the spectral bandwidth calculated from data given in the manufacturer's literature or indicated by the instrument.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for estimating the spectral bandwidth of a spectrophotometer in the wavelength region of 185 nm to 820 nm.  
1.2 These practices are applicable to all modern spectrophotometer designs utilizing computer control and data handling. This includes conventional optical designs, where the sample is irradiated by monochromatic light, and ‘reverse’ optic designs coupled to photodiode arrays, where the light is separated by a polychromator after passing through the sample. For spectrophotometers that utilize servo-operated slits and maintain a constant period and a constant signal-to-noise ratio as the wavelength is automatically scanned, and/or utilize fixed slits and maintain a constant servo loop gain by automatically varying gain or dynode voltage, refer to the procedure described in Annex A1. This procedure is identical to that described in earlier versions of this practice.  
1.3 This practice does not cover the measurement of limiting spectral bandwidth, defined as the minimum spectral bandwidth achievable under optimum experimental conditions.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1982-98(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP/FT-IR) Monitoring of Gases and Vapors in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An OP/FT-IR monitor can, in principle, measure the concentrations of all IR-active gases and vapors in the atmosphere. Detailed descriptions of OP/FT-IR systems and the fundamental aspects of their operation are given in Practice E1685 and the FT-IR Open-Path Monitoring Guidance Document. A method for processing OP/FT-IR data to obtain the concentrations of gases over a long, open path is given in Compendium Method TO-16. Applications of OP/FT-IR systems include monitoring for gases and vapors in ambient air, along the perimeter of an industrial facility, at hazardous waste sites and landfills, in response to accidental chemical spills or releases, and in workplace environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for using active open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP/FT-IR) monitors to measure the concentrations of gases and vapors in air. Procedures for choosing the instrumental parameters, initially operating the instrument, addressing logistical concerns, making ancillary measurements, selecting the monitoring path, acquiring data, analyzing the data, and performing quality control on the data are given. Because the logistics and data quality objectives of each OP/FT-IR monitoring program will be unique, standardized procedures for measuring the concentrations of specific gases are not explicitly set forth in this practice. Instead, general procedures that are applicable to all IR-active gases and vapors are described. These procedures can be used to develop standard operating procedures for specific OP/FT-IR monitoring applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E578-07(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linearity of Fluorescence Measuring Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The range of concentration of a fluorescing substance in solution over which the fluorescence varies linearly with the concentration is the range most useful for quantitative analysis. This range is affected by properties of the solution under analysis and by features of the measuring system. This test method provides a means of testing the performance of a fluorescence measuring system and of determining the concentration range over which the system is suitable for making a given quantitative analysis.  
3.2 This test method is not meant for comparing the performance of different fluorescence measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the limits of the linearity of response with fluorescence intensity of fluorescence-measuring systems under operating conditions. Particular attention is given to slit widths, filters, and sample containers. This test method can be used to test the overall linearity under a wide variety of instrumental and sampling conditions. The results obtained apply only to the tested combination of slit width and filters, and the size, type and illumination of the sample cuvette, all of which must be stated in the report. The sources of nonlinearity may be the measuring electronics, excessive absorption of either the exciting or emitted radiation, or both, and the sample handling technique, particularly at low concentrations.  
1.2 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing continuous and low-energy excitation sources (for example, an excitation source of 450 W electrical input or less). There is no assurance that extremely intense illumination will not cause photodecomposition of the compounds suggested in this test method.2 For this reason it is recommended that this test method not be indiscriminately employed with high-intensity light sources. It is not a test method to determine the linearity of response of other materials. If this test method is extended to employ other chemical substances, the principles within can be applied, but new material parameters, such as the concentration range of linearity, must be established. The user should be aware of the possibility that these other substances may undergo decomposition, or adsorption onto containers.  
1.3 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing a single detector, that is, a photomultiplier tube or a single photodiode. It has not been demonstrated if this method is effective for photo-array instruments such as those using a CCD or a diode array detector.  
1.4 This test method is applicable to 10 mm pathlength cuvette formats and instruments covering a wavelength range within 190 nm to 900 nm. The use of other sample formats has not been established with this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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