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ASTM D2427-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of C2 through C5 Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography

Standard Test Method for Determination of C<inf>2</inf> through C<inf>5</inf> Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In hydrocarbon type analyses of gasolines, highly volatile fuels can need to be stabilized by depentanization (Test Method D 2001) prior to analysis. A knowledge of the composition of light hydrocarbons in the overhead from the depentanization process is useful in converting analyses of the depentanized fraction to a total sample basis.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the two (C2) through five(C5-) carbon paraffins and mono-olefins in gasolines. The concentrations by volume or mass (weight) of the following components are generally reported:
1.1.1 Ethylene plus ethane
1.1.2 Propane
1.1.3 Propylene
1.1.4 Isobutane
1.1.5 n-Butane
1.1.6 Butene-1 plus isobutylene
1.1.7 trans-Butene-2
1.1.8 cis-Butene-2
1.1.9 Isopentane
1.1.10 3-Methylbutene-1
1.1.11 n-Pentane
1.1.12 Pentene-1
1.1.13 2-Methylbutene-1
1.1.14 trans-Pentene-2
1.1.15 cis-Pentene-2
1.1.16 2-Methylbutene-2
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of cyclic olefins, diolefins, or acetylenes. These are usually minor components in finished gasolines.
1.3 Samples to be analyzed should not contain significant amounts of material boiling lower than ethylene.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Alternative units, in common usage, are also provided to improve the clarity and aid the user of this test method.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2006
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0L - Gas Chromatography Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2427-92(2001) - Standard Test Method for Determination of C<sub>2</sub> through C<sub>5</sub> Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D2427-06(2011) - Standard Test Method for Determination of C<sub>2</sub> through C<sub>5</sub> Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-May-2011
Referred By
ASTM D6201-19a - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4626-95(2019) - Standard Practice for Calculation of Gas Chromatographic Response Factors
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006

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ASTM D2427-06 - Standard Test Method for Determination of C<inf>2</inf> through C<inf>5</inf> Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas ChromatographyASTM D2427-06 - Standard Test Method for Determination of C<inf>2</inf> through C<inf>5</inf> Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
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ASTM D2427-06 - Standard Test Method for Determination of C<inf>2</inf> through C<inf>5</inf> Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2427–06
Standard Test Method for
Determination of C through C Hydrocarbons in Gasolines
2 5
1
by Gas Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the two 2.1 ASTM Standards:
(C ) through five(C -) carbon paraffins and mono-olefins in D2001 Test Method for Depentanization of Gasoline and
2 5
gasolines. The concentrations by volume or mass (weight) of Naphthas
the following components are generally reported:
3. Summary of Test Method
1.1.1 Ethylene plus ethane
3.1 The sample is injected into a gas-liquid partition col-
1.1.2 Propane
1.1.3 Propylene umn. The components are separated as they pass through the
column with an inert carrier gas and their presence in the
1.1.4 Isobutane
1.1.5 n-Butane effluent is detected and recorded as a chromatogram. Materials
containing components having more than five carbon atoms
1.1.6 Butene-1 plus isobutylene
1.1.7 trans-Butene-2 can either be backflushed from the system without measure-
ment, or recorded as a broad peak by reversing the direction of
1.1.8 cis-Butene-2
1.1.9 Isopentane the carrier gas through the column at such time as to regroup
the higher-boiling portion (C and heavier) of the sample. If
1.1.10 3-Methylbutene-1
6
1.1.11 n-Pentane backflushing is used, the concentration of C through C
2 5
hydrocarbons may be related to the whole sample by adding a
1.1.12 Pentene-1
1.1.13 2-Methylbutene-1 known quantity of low-boiling internal standard to the sample
prior to analysis.Alternatively, a known amount of sample can
1.1.14 trans-Pentene-2
be charged and compared to a standard sample run under the
1.1.15 cis-Pentene-2
1.1.16 2-Methylbutene-2 same conditions. Sample composition is determined from the
chromatogram by comparing peak areas with those obtained
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of
cyclic olefins, diolefins, or acetylenes. These are usually minor using known amounts of calibration standards or a synthetic
blend.
components in finished gasolines.
1.3 Samples to be analyzed should not contain significant
4. Significance and Use
amounts of material boiling lower than ethylene.
4.1 In hydrocarbon type analyses of gasolines, highly vola-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
tile fuels can need to be stabilized by depentanization (Test
standard. Alternative units, in common usage, are also pro-
Method D2001) prior to analysis. A knowledge of the compo-
vided to improve the clarity and aid the user of this test
sition of light hydrocarbons in the overhead from the depen-
method.
tanization process is useful in converting analyses of the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
depentanized fraction to a total sample basis.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Chromatograph—Any chromatograph having a thermo-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
stated oven and a detection system of adequate sensitivity may
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D2427–92 (2001). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D2427-06. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2427–06
be used. The detection system must have sufficient sensitivity 7. Preparation of Apparatus
to produce a recorder deflection of at least 5 mm for 0.1 liquid
7.1 Column Preparation—The method used to prepare the
volume percent of pentene-1 in the sample or synthetic blend
column is not critical as long as the finished column produces
being analyzed.
the desired separation. Preparation of the packing is not
difficult once the support, partitioning liquid, and loading level
NOTE 1—If the sensitivity of a given syst
...

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the acidity in aviation turbine fuel in the range from 0.000 mg/g to 0.100 mg/g KOH.  
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5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
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1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
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5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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