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ASTM E1311-14(2018)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems

Standard Practice for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice gives a measure of a thermal imaging system's effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.  
5.2 MDTD values provide estimates of detection capability that may be used to compare one system with another. (Lower MDTD values indicate better detection capability.)  
5.3 Due to the partially subjective nature of the procedure, repeatability and reproducibility are apt to be poor and MDTD differences less than 0.2 °C are considered to be insignificant.
Note 2: Values obtained under idealized laboratory conditions may or may not correlate directly with service performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of a compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of the angle subtended by the target.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2018
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.10 - Specialized NDT Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1311 − 14 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal
1
Imaging Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1311; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2.1 Discussion—The size of the field of view is custom-
arily expressed in units of degrees.
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the minimum
detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of a 3.1.3 See also Terminology E1316.
compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of
4. Summary of Practice
the angle subtended by the target.
4.1 A standard circular target is used in conjunction with a
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
differentialblackbodythatcanestablishoneblackbodyisother-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
mal temperature for the target and another blackbody isother-
standard.
mal temperature for the background by which the target is
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
framed. The target, at an undisclosed orientation, is imaged
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
onto the monochrome video monitor of a thermal imaging
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
system whence the image may be viewed by an observer. The
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
temperature difference between the target and the background,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
initially zero, is increased incrementally until the observer, in a
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
limited duration, can just distinguish the target. This critical
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
temperature difference is the MDTD.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- NOTE 1—Observers must have good eyesight and be familiar with
viewing thermal imagery.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.2 The temperature distributions of each target and its
background are measured remotely at the critical temperature
2. Referenced Documents
difference that defines the MDTD.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.3 The background temperature and the angular subtense
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
for each target are specified together with the measured value
3. Terminology of MDTD. The (fixed) field of view included by the back-
ground is also specified.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 differential blackbody—an apparatus for establishing 4.4 The probability of detection is specified together with
two parallel isothermal planar zones of different temperatures,
the reported value of MDTD.
and with effective emissivities of 1.0.
5. Significance and Use
3.1.2 field of view (FOV)—the shape and angular dimen-
5.1 This practice gives a measure of a thermal imaging
sions of the cone or the pyramid that define the object space
system’s effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large
imaged by the system; for example, rectangular, 4-deg wide by
background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material
3-deg high.
defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
5.2 MDTD values provide estimates of detection capability
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on
that may be used to compare one system with another. (Lower
Specialized NDT Methods.
MDTD values indicate better detection capability.)
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1311 – 14. DOI:
5.3 Due to the partially subjective nature of the procedure,
10.1520/E1311-14R18.
2
repeatability and reproducibility are apt to be poor and MDTD
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
differences less than 0.2 °C are considered to be insignificant.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. NOTE 2—Values obtained under idealized laboratory conditions may or
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1311 − 14 (2018)
may not correlate directly with service performance.
7.4 Adjust the monochrom
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1311 − 14 E1311 − 14 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal
1
Imaging Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1311; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of a compound
observer-thermal imaging system as a function of the angle subtended by the target.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 differential blackbody—an apparatus for establishing two parallel isothermal planar zones of different temperatures, and
with effective emissivities of 1.0.
3.1.2 field of view (FOV)—the shape and angular dimensions of the cone or the pyramid that define the object space imaged
by the system; for example, rectangular, 4-deg wide by 3-deg high.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
The size of the field of view is customarily expressed in units of degrees.
3.1.3 See also Terminology E1316.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 A standard circular target is used in conjunction with a differential blackbody that can establish one blackbody isothermal
temperature for the target and another blackbody isothermal temperature for the background by which the target is framed. The
target, at an undisclosed orientation, is imaged onto the monochrome video monitor of a thermal imaging system whence the image
may be viewed by an observer. The temperature difference between the target and the background, initially zero, is increased
incrementally until the observer, in a limited duration, can just distinguish the target. This critical temperature difference is the
MDTD.
NOTE 1—Observers must have good eyesight and be familiar with viewing thermal imagery.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Specialized NDT
Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2018. Published October 2014December 2018. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20102014
as E1311 - 89 (2010).E1311 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/E1311-14.10.1520/E1311-14R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1311 − 14 (2018)
4.2 The temperature distributions of each target and its background are measured remotely at the critical temperature difference
that defines the MDTD.
4.3 The background temperature and the angular subtense for each target are specified together with the measured value of
MDTD. The (fixed) field of view included by the background is also specified.
4.4 The probability of detection is specified together with the reported value of MDTD.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This practice gives a measure of a thermal imaging system’s effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large
background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.
5.2 MDTD values provide estimates of detection capability that may b
...

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Standard Practice for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice gives a measure of a thermal imaging system's effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.  
5.2 MDTD values provide estimates of detection capability that may be used to compare one system with another. (Lower MDTD values indicate better detection capability.)  
5.3 Due to the partially subjective nature of the procedure, repeatability and reproducibility are apt to be poor and MDTD differences less than 0.2 °C are considered to be insignificant.
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1.1 This practice covers the determination of the minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of a compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of the angle subtended by the target.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice gives an objective measure of the temperature sensitivity of a thermal imaging system (relative to a standard reference filter) exclusive of a monitor, with emphasis on the detector(s) and preamplifier.
Note 1: Test values obtained under idealized laboratory conditions may or may not correlate directly with service performance.  
5.2 This practice affords a convenient means for periodically monitoring the performance of a given thermal imaging system.  
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Standard Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxygen consumption principle, used for the measurements described here, is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amount of oxygen required for combustion (1).7 Approximately 13.1 MJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Test specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a prescribed external heating source.  
4.1.1 This technique is not appropriate for use on its own when the combustible fuel is an oxidizer or an explosive agent, which release oxygen. Further analysis is required in such cases (see Appendix X2).  
4.2 The heat release is determined by the measurement of the oxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the combustion product stream, in a full scale environment.  
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5.1 This standard provides a description of test methods used in other ASTM specifications to establish certain acceptable methods for characterizing thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable. These test methods define how those characteristics shall be determined.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This document lists methods for testing Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable, but does not require that any of these tests be performed nor does it state criteria for acceptance. The acceptance criteria are given in other ASTM standard specifications that impose this testing for those thermocouples and cable. Examples from ASTM thermocouple specifications for acceptance criteria are given for many of the tests. These tabulated values are not necessarily those that would be required to meet these tests, but are included as examples only.  
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5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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Standard Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers

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5.1 Thermomechanical analyzers are employed in their various modes of operation (penetration, expansion, flexure, etc.) to characterize a wide range of materials. In most cases, the value to be assigned in thermomechanical measurements is the temperature of the transition (or event) under study. Therefore, the temperature axis (abscissa) of all TMA thermal curves must be accurately calibrated either by direct reading of a temperature sensor or by adjusting the programmer temperature to match the actual temperature over the temperature range of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the temperature calibration of thermomechanical analyzers from −50 °C to 1500 °C. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7 and Note 12.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1350-18(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Testing Sheathed Thermocouples, Thermocouple Assemblies, and Connecting Wires Prior to, and After Installation or Service

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test procedures confirm and document that the thermocouple assembly was not damaged prior to or during the installation process and that the extension wires are properly connected.  
5.2 The test procedures should be used when thermocouple assemblies are first installed in their working environment.  
5.3 In the event of subsequent thermocouple failure, these procedures will provide benchmark data to verify failure and may help to identify the cause of failure.  
5.4 The usefulness and purpose of the applicable tests will be found within each category.  
5.5 These tests are not meant to ensure that the thermocouple assembly will measure temperatures accurately. Such assurance is derived from proper thermocouple and instrumentation selection and proper placement in the location at which the temperature is to be measured. For further information, the reader is directed to MNL 12, Manual on the Use of the Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement2 which is an excellent reference document on metal sheathed thermocouple uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for users to test metal sheathed thermocouple assemblies, including the extension wires just prior to and after installation or some period of service.  
1.2 The tests are intended to ensure that the thermocouple assemblies have not been damaged during storage or installation, to ensure that the extension wires have been attached to connectors and terminals with the correct polarity, and to provide benchmark data for later reference when testing to assess possible damage of the thermocouple assembly after operation. Some of these tests may not be appropriate for thermocouples that have been exposed to temperatures higher than the recommended limits for the particular type.  
1.3 The tests described herein include methods to measure the following characteristics of installed sheathed thermocouple assemblies and to provide benchmark data for determining if the thermocouple assembly has been subsequently damaged in operation:  
1.3.1 Loop Resistance:  
1.3.1.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.1.2 Combined extension wires and thermoelements.  
1.3.2 Insulation Resistance:  
1.3.2.1 Insulation, thermocouple assembly,
1.3.2.2 Insulation, thermocouple assembly and extension wires.  
1.3.3 Seebeck Voltage:  
1.3.3.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.3.2 Combined extension wires and thermocouple assembly.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E585/E585M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Compacted Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base Metal Thermocouple Cable

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the required material, processing and testing requirements, and also the optional supplementary testing and quality assurance and verification choices for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed, base metal thermocouple cables with at least two thermoelements. The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation. The required tests to which the thermocouple cables shall undergo for quality verification are dimensions, insulation resistance at room temperature, calibration, electrical continuity, insulation density, sheath integrity, and EMF versus temperature values.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), base metal thermocouple cable,2 with at least two thermoelements.3  
1.2 This specification describes the required material, processing and testing requirements, optional supplementary testing, quality assurance, and verification choices.  
1.3 The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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