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ASTM E454-80(2004)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series)

Standard Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the various sizes of square opening perforated plates and screens for general industrial uses, including the separating or grading of materials according to designated nominal particle size, and lists standards for openings punched with various bar sizes and thicknesses of plate for various grades of service. This specification does not apply to perforated plate or screens with round, hexagon, slotted, or other shaped openings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the sizes of square opening perforated plate and screens for general industrial uses, including the separating or grading of materials according to designated nominal particle size, and lists standards for openings from 5 in. (125 mm) to 0.127 ( 1/8 ) in. (3.35 mm) punched with bar sizes and thicknesses of plate for various grades of service. Methods of checking industrial perforated plate and screens are included as information in the Appendix.
1.2 This specification does not apply to perforated plate or screens with round, hexagon, slotted, or other shaped openings.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2004
ICS
19.120 - Particle size analysis. Sieving
Technical Committee
E29 - Particle and Spray Characterization
Drafting Committee
E29.01 - Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E454-80(2001) - Standard Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series)
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004
Replaced By
ASTM E454-09 - Standard Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E1638-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004

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ASTM E454-80(2004) - Standard Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series)ASTM E454-80(2004) - Standard Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series)
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ASTM E454-80(2004) - Standard Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E454 – 80 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Specification for
Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening
Series)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E454; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Industrial perforated plate can be produced in many thousands of combinations of size and shape
of opening, bar size, thickness of material, and type of metal. Such variety is often confusing and, to
the vast majority of perforated plate users, unnecessary, since each usually requires only a very few
specifications.
The purpose of this specification is to simplify this problem by a condensed table of recommended
specifications covering a wide range of openings in which industrial perforated plate is made, with
several recommended bar sizes and thicknesses of plate for each opening, for use in various grades of
service.
By making selections from this standard, the user will be guided to specifications that are being
regularly produced, thus avoiding inadvertent selection of specifications that, because of little or no
demand,areunobtainable,exceptonspecialorder(usuallyquiteexpensiveunlessthequantityordered
is sufficient to justify the cost of special tooling).
Ifauserhasaspecificapplicationforindustrialperforatedplatethatcannotbesolvedbyaselection
from this standard, it is recommended that he consult his perforated plate supplier on the availability
of an acceptable alternative specification.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This specification covers the sizes of square opening
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
perforated plate and screens for general industrial uses, includ-
ing the separating or grading of materials according to desig-
2. Referenced Documents
nated nominal particle size, and lists standards for openings
1 2.1 ASTM Standards:
from 5 in. (125 mm) to 0.127 ( ⁄8 ) in. (3.35 mm) punched with
E323 Specification for Perforated-Plate Sieves for Testing
bar sizes and thicknesses of plate for various grades of service.
Purposes
Methodsofcheckingindustrialperforatedplateandscreensare
2.2 ISO Standards:
included as information in the Appendix.
ISO 2194-1972, Wire Screens and Plate Screens for Indus-
1.2 This specification does not apply to perforated plate or
trial Purposes—Nominal Sizes of Apertures.
screenswithround,hexagon,slotted,orothershapedopenings.
ISO Recommendation R388-1964, Metric Series for Basic
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Thicknesses of Sheet and Diameters of Wire.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
2.3 Other Documents:
information only.
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE29onParticle Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E 29.01 the ASTM website.
on Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E454 – 80 (2001). Available from Standardization Documents, Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D,
DOI: 10.1520/E0454-80R04. 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E454 – 80 (2004)
Mil-Std-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage 3.3 Relationship of Grades—The purpose of the several
grades is to provide combinations of opening and bar size for
3. Standard Specifications
various types of service, from medium-light to heavy. Since it
3.1 Standard specifications for industrial perforated plate
is possible to vary the bar size independently from the plate
and screens are listed in Table 1.
thickness, each of the service grades lists up to three combi-
3.2 Openings—The series of standard openings listed in
nations of bar and gage for each opening. The entire standard
Table 1 include those of the USA Standard Sieve Series,
series has been designed for a logical relationship of bar size to
Specification E323, and those of the ISO apertures for indus-
opening in each grade and between grades with the capability
trial plate screens, ISO 2194–1972, with the addition of those
of also being able to vary the plate thickness.
openings in common usage.
TABLE 1 USA Standard Specifications for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series)—(U.S. Customary Units)
Perforated Opening Medium Light Medium Medium Heavy Heavy
USA In-
Standard Gage- Open Gage- Open Gage- Open Gage- Open
dustrial Open- Bar, Open- Bar, Open- Bar, Open- Bar,
(metric), Steel, Area, Steel, Area, Steel, Area, Steel, Area,
Standard, ing, in. in. ing, in. in. ing, in. in. ing, in. in.
mm in. percent in. percent in. percent in. percent
in.
1 1 5 5 3 3
125 5 5 ⁄2 ⁄2 82.6 5 ⁄8 ⁄8 79.0 5 ⁄4 ⁄4 75.6 5 1 1 69.4
5 5 3 1 7 5 1 7
125 5 5 ⁄8 ⁄8 79.0 5 ⁄4 ⁄2 75.6 5 ⁄8 ⁄8 72.4 5 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 66.6
5 1 3 5 7 3 1
125 5 5 ⁄8 ⁄2 79.0 5 ⁄4 ⁄8 75.6 5 ⁄8 ⁄4 72.4 5 1 ⁄8 1 66.6
1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 1
... ... 4 ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄2 81.0 4 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 77.1 4 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄4 73.4 4 ⁄2 1 1 66.9
1 5 3 1 3 1 1 7 5 1 1 7
... ... 4 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 77.1 4 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄2 73.4 4 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 70.1 4 ⁄2 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 64.0
1 5 1 1 3 5 1 7 3 1 1
... ... 4 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄2 77.1 4 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄8 73.4 4 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄4 70.1 4 ⁄2 1 ⁄8 1 64.0
1 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 1
106 4 ⁄4 4 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄2 80.1 4 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 76.0 4 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄4 72.3 4 ⁄4 1 1 65.5
1 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 7 5 1 1 7
106 4 ⁄4 4 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 76.0 4 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄2 72.3 4 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 68.8 4 ⁄4 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 62.5
1 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 7 3 1 1
106 4 ⁄4 4 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄2 76.0 4 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄8 72.3 4 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄4 68.8 4 ⁄4 1 ⁄8 1 62.5
1 1 5 5 3 3
100 4 4 ⁄2 ⁄2 79.0 4 ⁄8 ⁄8 74.8 4 ⁄4 ⁄4 70.9 4 1 1 64.0
5 3 3 1 7 5 1 7
100 4 4 ⁄8 ⁄8 74.8 4 ⁄4 ⁄2 70.9 4 ⁄8 ⁄8 67.3 4 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 60.9
5 1 3 5 7 3 1
100 4 4 ⁄8 ⁄2 74.8 4 ⁄4 ⁄8 70.9 4 ⁄8 ⁄4 67.3 4 1 ⁄8 1 60.9
3 1 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 7 7
... ... 3 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄2 77.9 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 73.5 3 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄4 69.4 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 65.7
3 5 3 3 3 1 3 7 5 3 3
... ... 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 73.5 3 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄2 69.4 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 65.7 3 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 62.3
3 5 1 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 7
... ... 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄2 73.5 3 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄8 69.4 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄4 65.7 3 ⁄4 1 ⁄8 62.3
1 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 7 7
90 3 ⁄2 3 ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄2 76.6 3 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 72.0 3 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄4 67.8 3 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 64.0
1 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 7 5 1 3
90 3 ⁄2 3 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 72.0 3 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄2 67.8 3 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 64.0 3 ⁄2 1 ⁄4 60.5
1 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 7 3 1 7
90 3 ⁄2 3 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄2 72.0 3 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄8 67.8 3 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄4 64.0 3 ⁄2 1 ⁄8 60.5
1 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3
... ... 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 80.4 3 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄2 75.1 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 70.3 3 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄4 66.0
1 1 5 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 7 5
... ... 3 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄16 75.1 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 70.3 3 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄2 66.0 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 62.1
1 1 3 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 7 3
... ... 3 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄8 75.1 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄2 70.3 3 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄8 66.0 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄4 62.1
3 3 1 1 5 5 3 3
75 3 3 ⁄8 ⁄8 79.0 3 ⁄2 ⁄2 73.5 3 ⁄8 ⁄8 68.5 3 ⁄4 ⁄4 64.0
1 5 5 3 3 1 7 5
75 3 3 ⁄2 ⁄16 73.5 3 ⁄8 ⁄8 68.5 3 ⁄4 ⁄2 64.0 3 ⁄8 ⁄8 59.9
1 3 5 1 3 5 7 3
75 3 3 ⁄2 ⁄8 73.5 3 ⁄8 ⁄2 68.5 3 ⁄4 ⁄8 64.0 3 ⁄8 ⁄4 59.9
3 3 3 3 1 1 3 5 5 3 3 3
... ... 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 77.4 2 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄2 71.6 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 66.4 2 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄4 61.7
3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 7 5
... ... 2 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄16 71.6 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 66.4 2 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄2 61.7 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 57.6
3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 7 3
... ... 2 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄8 71.6 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄2 66.4 2 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄8 61.7 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄4 57.6
1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3
63 2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 75.6 2 ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄2 69.4 2 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 64.0 2 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄4 59.2
1 1 1 5 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 7 5
63 2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄16 69.4 2 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 64.0 2 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄2 59.2 2 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 54.9
1 1 1 3 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 7 3
63 2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄8 69.4 2 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄2 64.0 2 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄8 59.2 2 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄4 54.9
1 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3
... ... 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 73.5 2 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄2 66.9 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 61.2 2 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄4 56.3
1 1 5 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 7 5
... ... 2 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄16 66.9 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 61.2 2 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄2 56.3 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 51.8
1 1 3 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 7 3
... ... 2 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄8 66.9 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄2 61.2 2 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄8 56.3 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄4 51.8
1 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5
53 2 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 76.0 2 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 72.3 2 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄2 65.5 2 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 59.7
1 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 5 3 1 3 1
53 2 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4 72.3 2 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄16 59.7 2 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 59.7 2 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄2 54.6
1 1 3 5 1 1 3 1 5 1 1 3 5
53 2 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 72.3 2 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄8 59.7 2 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄2 59.7 2 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄8 54.6
5 5 3 3 1 1 5 5
50 2 2 ⁄16 ⁄16 74.8 2 ⁄8 ⁄8 70.9 2 ⁄2 ⁄2 64.0 2 ⁄8 ⁄8 58.0
3 1 1 5 5 3 3 1
50 2 2 ⁄8 ⁄4 70.9 2 ⁄2 ⁄16 64.0 2 ⁄8 ⁄8 58.0 2 ⁄4 ⁄2 52.9
3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5
50 2 2 ⁄8 ⁄16 70.9 2 ⁄2 ⁄8 64.0 2 ⁄8 ⁄2 58.0 2 ⁄4 ⁄8 52.9
7 5 5 7 3 3 7 1 1 7 5 5
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 73.5 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 69.4 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄2 62.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 56.3
7 3 1 7 1 5 7 5 3 7 3 1
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4 69.4 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄16 62.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 56.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄2 51.0
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E454 – 80 (2004)
Perforated Opening Medium Light Medium Medium Heavy Heavy
USA In-
Standard Gage- Open Gage- Open Gage- Open Gage- Open
dustrial Open- Bar, Open- Bar, Open- Bar, Open- Bar,
(metric), Steel, Area, Steel, Area, Steel, Area, Steel, Area,
Standard, ing, in. in. ing, in. in. ing, in. in. ing, in. in.
mm in. percent in. percent in. percent in. percent
in.
7 3 5 7 1 3 7 5 1 7 3 5
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 69.4 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄8 62.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄2 56.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄8 51.0
3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 5 5
45 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄16 72.0 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 67.8 1 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄2 60.5 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 54.3
3 3 3 1 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 1
45 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄4 67.8 1 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄16 60.5 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 49.0 1 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄2 49.0
3 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5
45 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄16 67.8 1 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄8 60.5 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄2 49.0 1 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄8 49.0
5 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 1
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄4 75.1 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 70.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 66.0 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄2 58.5
5 5 3 5 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 3
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 70.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4 66.0 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄16 58.5 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 52.1
5 5 1 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 5 1
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄4 70.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 66.0 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄8 58.5 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄2 52.1
1 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 1 1
37.5 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄4 73.5 1 ⁄2 ⁄16 ⁄16 68.5 1 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 64.0 1 ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄2 56.3
1 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 5 3
37.5 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄2 ⁄16 ⁄16 68.5 1 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄4 64.0 1 ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄16 56.3 1 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄8 49.8
1 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 1 3 1 5 1
37.5 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄2 ⁄16 ⁄4 68.5 1 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄16 64.0 1 ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄8 56.3 1 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄2 49.8
3 1 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 1
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄4 71.6 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 66.4 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 61.7 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄2 53.8
3 5 3 3 3 1 3 1 5 3 5 3
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 66.4 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4 61.7 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄16 53.8 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 47.3
3 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 1
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄4 66.4 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 61.7 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄8 53.8 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄2 47.3
1 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 1 1
31.5 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄4 69.4 1 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄16 64.0 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 59.2 1 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄2 51.0
1 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 5 3
31.5 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄16 64.0 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄4 59.2 1 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄16 51.0 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 44.4
1 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 1 3 1 5 1
31.5 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄4 64.0 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄16 59.2 1 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄8 51.0 1 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄2 44.4
3 3 3 3 1 1 3 5 5 3 3 3
... ... 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 74.6 1 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄4 68.2 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 62.7 1 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄8 57.8
3 1 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 1 5
... ... 1 ⁄16 ⁄4 8 68.2 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 62.7 1 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄4 57.8 1 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄16 49.5
3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 3
... ... 1 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄16 68.2 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄4 62.7 1 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄16 57.8 1 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄8 49.5
1 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 73.5 1 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄4 66.9 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 61.2 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 56.3
1 1 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 1 5
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄4 8 66.9 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 61.2 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4 56.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄16 47.9
1 1 3 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 1 3
... ... 1 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄16 66.9 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄4 61.2 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 56.3 1 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄8 47.9
1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 3 3
26.5 1 ⁄16 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 72.2 1 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄4 65.5 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 59.7 1 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄8 54.6
1 1 1 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 1 5
26.5 1 ⁄16 1 ⁄16 ⁄4 8 65.5 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 59.7 1 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄4 54.6 1 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄16 46.2
1 1 1 3 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 1 3
26.5 1 ⁄16 1 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄16 65.5 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄4 59.7 1 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄16 54.6 1 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄8 46.2
3 3 1 1 5 5 3 3
25 1 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 70.9 1 ⁄4 ⁄4 64.0 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 58.0 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 52.9
1 5 3 3 1 1 5
25 1 1 ⁄4 8 64.0 1 ⁄16 ⁄16 58.0 1 ⁄8 ⁄4 52.9 1 ⁄2 ⁄16 44.4
1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3
25 1 1 ⁄4 ⁄16 64.0 1 ⁄16 ⁄4 58.0 1 ⁄8 ⁄16 52.9 1 ⁄2 ⁄8 44.4
15 3 3 15 1 1 15 5 5 15 3 3
... ... ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 69.4 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄4 62.3 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 56.2 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄8 51.0
15 1 15 5 3 15 3 1 15 1 3
... ... ⁄16 ⁄4 8 62.3 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 56.2 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄4 51.0 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄16 42.5
15 1 3 15 5 1 15 3 5 15 1 3
... ... ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄16 62.3 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄4 56.2 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄16 51.0 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄8 42.5
7 7 3 3 7 1 1 7 5 5 7 3 3
22.4 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 67.8 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄4 60.5 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 54.3 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 49.0
7 7 1 7 5 3 7 3 1 7 1 5
22.4 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4 8 60.5 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 54.3 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4 49.0 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄16 40.5
7 7 1 3 7 5 1 7 3 5 7 1 3
22.4 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄16 60.5 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄4 54.3 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 49.0 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄8 40.5
13 3 3 13 1 1 13 5 5 13 3 3
... ... ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 66.0 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄4 58.5 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 52.2 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄8 46.8
13 1 13 5 3 13 3 1 13 1 5
... ... ⁄16 ⁄4 8 58.5 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 52.2 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄4 46.8 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄16 38.3
13 1 3 13 5 1 13 3 5 13 1 3
... ... ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄16 58.5 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄4 52.2 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄16 46.8 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄8 38.3
3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 5 5 3 3 3
19 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄16 64.0 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄4 56.3 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄16 49.8 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄8 44.4
3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 1 5
19 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄4 8 56.3 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄16 49.8 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄4 44.4 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄16 36.0
3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 3
19 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄4 ⁄16 56.3 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄4 49.8 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄16 44.4 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄8 36.0
11 3 3 11 1 1 11 5 5 11 3 3
... ... ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 61.7 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄4 53.8 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 47.2 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄8 41.9
11 1 11 5 3 11 3 1 11 1 5
... ... ⁄16 ⁄4 8 53.8 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 47.2 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄4 41.9 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄16 33.5
11 1 3 11 5 1 11 3 5 11 1 3
... ... ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄16 53.8 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄4 47.2 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄16 41.9 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄8 33.5
5 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 5 5
16 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄32 8 64.0 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 59.2 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄4 51.0 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 44.4
5 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 1
16 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 10 59.2 ⁄8 ⁄4 8 51.0 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄16 44.4 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4 39.1
5 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 1 5 3 5
16 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 8 59.2 ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄16 51.0 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄4 44.4 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄16 39.1
9 5 9 3 3 9 1 1 9 5 5
... ... ⁄16 ⁄32 8 61.2 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 56.2 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄4 47.9 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 41.3
9 3 9 1 9 5 3 9 3 1
... ... ⁄16 ⁄16 10 56.2 ⁄16 ⁄4 8 47.9 ⁄16 ⁄16 ⁄16 41.3 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄4
...

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ASTM E1617-09(2024)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characterization Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 When evaluating the particle size information, if the procedures of the data processing are not available, the user of the data must make assumptions concerning the reported data in the event of analytical inconsistencies. In order for different data sets to be compared it is crucial that the parties report the analytical techniques and methods or procedures for evaluating, calculating, compiling or otherwise processing the data to be reported.  
3.2 Particle size characterization information can be reported in three levels of detail in order to satisfy user's needs.  
3.2.1 Level 1 applies when only basic information about the material is required, and shall be provided with each shipment. This level represents the minimum information that shall be reported. Level 1 information may be sufficient in such cases as identifying a certain grade of a material or when detailed knowledge of analytical methodology is not needed.  
3.2.2 Level 2 presumes the need for knowledge of methodology on the user's part and allows the user to make a more informed judgment about the information provided in Level 1.  
3.2.3 Level 3 provides detailed written procedures to allow duplication of the measurement.  
3.2.4 Information provided through Levels 2 and 3 will allow users to perform comparative material evaluations among several suppliers, set specifications or define a purchase agreement, perform inter-laboratory studies and most importantly resolve disputes among suppliers and users.  
3.3 Reported particle size measurement is a function of both the actual particle dimension and shape factor as well as the particular physical or chemical properties of the particle being measured. Caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. Sample acquisition, handling and preparation can also affect the reported particle size results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers reporting particle size measurement data.  
1.2 This practice applies to particle size measurement methods, devices, detail levels, and data formats for dry powders, and wet suspensions of solids, gels, or emulsion droplets. This practice does not pertain to liquid particles.  
Note 1: For information on reporting liquid particle measurement data, refer to Practice E799.  
1.3 This practice does not concern particle concentration information.  
1.4 This practice uses SI (Système International) units as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports particle size information, including percentiles, indices, and distributions as tabulations and graphs using alternate units. In this case, present both reported and equivalent SI units in the final written report. Refer to Practice E380 for proper usage of SI units.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2589-23a(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Nonsieving Methods of Powder Characterization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Interpretation and use of data generated by particle characterization methods is highly dependent on the definitions of terms describing that data. It is extremely important that those terms be defined in precisely the same way both when comparing data from different characterization techniques and even when correlating data from the same technique.  
3.2 It is likewise important that users of particle characterization methods and the data generated therefrom understand the principles of the methods, so that differences and similarities in the data can be interpreted in relation to those principles. That understanding can help to avoid disagreements when data from different characterization methods are compared.  
3.3 The definitions contained in this terminology will aid in the interpretation of particle characterization data with respect to the method(s) used to produce that data.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers the definitions of terms used in the description and procedures of analysis of particulate materials not ordinarily analyzed using test sieves. The terms relate directly to the equipment used in analysis, the physical forms of the materials to be analyzed, and selected descriptive data reduction and analysis formats.  
1.2 Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterization believes that it is essential to include terms and definitions explicit to the committee’s scope, regardless of whether the terms appear in existing ASTM standards. Terms that are in common usage and appear in common-language dictionaries are generally not included, unless they have specific meanings in the context of particle characterization different from the common-language definitions.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1638-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology includes all those terms used in all of the standards under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee E29.01. Terms are defined that are related to the manufacture of standard test sieves and screening media, as well as terms related to the methods, analysis, procedures, and equipment for sizing and separating particles.  
1.2 Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterization feels that it is essential to include terms and definitions explicit to the scope, regardless of whether the terms appear in existing ASTM standards. Terms that are in common usage and appear in common-language dictionaries are generally not included.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3340-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Development of Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analysis Methods for Powder Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The technique of laser diffraction for particle size distribution analysis is extensively used in industry and academia both for on-line control and laboratory needs. Guidance is obviously useful in this regard.  
5.2 This guide can be used to develop methods of particle size analysis where well-established analysis procedures do not already exist. See Guide B821 for similar guidance and useful procedures for wet dispersion of metal powders and related compounds.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide sets out the general approach to the particle size distribution measurement of powders, suspensions, or slurries using an appropriate wet or dry methodology by the laser diffraction technique. It is recommended for use in measurements of broad particle size distributions.  
1.2 The guide provides guidelines to the parameters that should be specified and a generalized guideline to reasonable and acceptable tolerances for points in the volume-based distribution curve such as x10 (Dv10), x50 (Dv50), x90 (Dv90), and D[4, 3] (volume moment mean). It is noted that ISO prefers the term x for particle size as opposed to other usage of d or D (implying diameter).  
1.3 This guide provides guidance on the verification of instrument performance in conjunction with the internal quality control (QC) audit functions of the instrument owner. Results should be reported in the format indicated by Practice E1617 and ISO 13320.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2427-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Acceptance by Performance Testing for Test Sieves

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used by producers, users, and general interest parties for research and development or production quality control work, and is useful for the comparison of test sieves.  
4.2 Because the reference material’s particle size distribution will affect the acceptance tolerance, the user should determine an acceptance tolerance based on their specific reference material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a performance test for acceptance of test sieves.  
1.2 This test method compares the performance of an E11 test sieve against an inspection or calibration test sieve using a known quantity of reference material such that the long-term stability of test sieves can be measured.  
1.3 This is a test method for checking the accuracy and long-term reliability of test sieves. Since it is not possible to adjust the measuring capability of a test sieve, the test method is designed to offer a verification procedure based on sieving performance by comparison to a standard reference. This test method is not proposed as an alternative to the inspection methods in accordance with Specification E11 or the procedures in MNL 32.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The additional values given are included for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E11-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves

ABSTRACT
Standard ASTM E11 was completely revised with the -09 revision, and further in subsequent years to apply tolerances in conformance with truncated Gaussian normal distribution statistics. It covers the requirements for the sieve cloth itself, and for the design and construction of test sieves that use sieve cloth as a particle sizing medium to classify materials. This specification incorporates a maximum standard deviation value (where applicable) for the sieve cloth and for the Test Sieves. The maximum standard deviation values in Table 1 have been corrected by a K factor so as to increase the confidence level of the sieve cloth and the Test Sieve. Three (3) different inspection confidence levels are applied for Compliance, Inspection and Calibration Test Sieves; with Calibration Test Sieves having at least twice as many openings measured as Inspection Sieves. Similar to previous ASTM E11 revisions the specification covers the Test Sieve and its construction; standard frame sizes, non-standard frames, dimensional information, characteristics of the sieve frame, materials of construction for the sieve frame, attachment of the sieve cloth to the sieve frame, and specifies how test sieves should be labeled. Lastly, the specification Annex discusses in detail the proper procedure for inspection of the sieve cloth and the test sieve, to ensure that it complies with the requirements as shown in Table 1 of the specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This document specifies the technical requirements for; the woven wire test sieve cloth (sieve cloth) used in test sieves, the construction of test sieves, standard and non-standard test sieve frame sizes, and test procedures used to inspect sieve cloth and the test sieves. This specification applies to test sieves manufactured with sieve cloth having a nominal aperture size ranging from 125 millimetres (mm) down to 20 micrometres (μm).  
1.2 Additional reference information can be found in Specifications E161, E323, E2016, and in Test Methods C430 and E2427.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units shall be considered standard for the dimensions of the sieve cloth openings and the wire diameters used in the sieve cloth. The values stated in inch-pound units shall be considered standard with regard to the sieve frames, pans, and covers.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1458-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Calibration Verification of Laser Diffraction Particle Sizing Instruments Using Photomask Reticles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method permits a user to compare the performance of an instrument to the tolerance limit specifications stated by a manufacturer and to verify that an instrument is suitable for continued routine use. It also provides for generation of calibration data on a periodic basis, forming a database from which any changes in the performance of the instrument will be evident.  
4.2 This test method for the calibration verification of laser diffraction particle sizing instruments is suitable for acceptance testing of laser diffraction instruments so long as current estimates of the bias (see Section 11) and the between-laboratory precision of the test method (see Section 10) are acceptably small relative to typical laser diffraction instrument accuracy specifications; see Practice D3244.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure necessary to permit a user to easily verify that a laser diffraction particle sizing instrument is operating within tolerance limit specifications, for example, such that the instrument accuracy is as stated by the manufacturer. The recommended calibration verification method provides a decisive indication of the overall performance of the instrument at the calibration point or points, but it is specifically not to be inferred that all factors in instrument performance are verified. In effect, use of this test method will verify the instrument performance for applications involving spherical particles of known refractive index where the near-forward light scattering properties are accurately modeled by the instrument data processing and data reduction software. The precision and bias limits presented herein are, therefore, estimates of the instrument performance under ideal conditions. Nonideal factors that could be present in actual applications and that could significantly increase the bias errors of laser diffraction instruments include vignetting4 (that is, where light scattered at large angles by particles far away from the receiving lens does not pass through the receiving lens and therefore does not reach the detector plane), the presence of nonspherical particles, the presence of particles of unknown refractive index, and multiple scattering.  
1.2 This test method shall be used as a significant test of the instrument performance. While the procedure is not designed for extensive calibration adjustment of an instrument, it shall be used to verify quantitative performance on an ongoing basis, to compare one instrument performance with that of another, and to provide error limits for instruments tested.  
1.3 This test method provides an indirect measurement of some of the important parameters controlling the results in particle sizing by laser diffraction. A determination of all parameters affecting instrument performance would come under a calibration adjustment procedure.  
1.4 This test method shall be performed on a periodic and regular basis, the frequency of which depends on the physical environment in which the instrumentation is used. Thus, units handled roughly or used under adverse conditions (for example, exposed to dust, chemical vapors, vibration, or combinations thereof) shall undergo a calibration verification more frequently than those not exposed to such conditions. This procedure shall be performed after any significant repairs are made on an instrument, such as those involving the optics, detector, or electronics.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally rec...

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ASTM E2814-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Filter Cloth

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the special grade of industrial woven wire cloth, referred to as filter cloth (also known as, Dutch weave or Hollander weave), for general filtration including the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases), based on a desired particle size retention. Filter cloth can be made of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving, and is woven with a greater number of wires in one direction than the other, and utilizing two different wire diameters. E2814 introduces standard terms and definitions, observes common technical considerations that a user should be aware of, and presents alternative acceptance criteria based on a desired pore size, or micron retention filtration rating.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the special grade of industrial woven wire cloth, referred to as filter cloth, for general filtration including the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases), based on a desired particle size retention. Filter cloth can be made of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3338-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Size and Shape of Solid Particles, Liquid Droplets, and Gas Bubbles, Dynamically Conveyed, Using a Dynamic Imaging Analyzer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to inform those who have need for particle analysis data of their product or process, how imaging technology, in the form of a DIA, can be employed to provide the required information for a wide range of processes and material types. It expands on dynamic imaging information provided in Guide E2651 which is a broad view of particle analysis methods.  
4.2 This guide can be used to assess the suitability of the technology to particular applications as well as any limitations that may be encountered. It is also intended to help the user make an informed decision on how to best use the technology to make the measurement(s) most important in providing data that best describes the process or product.  
4.3 Determining particle shape of materials such as proppants, catalysts, additive manufacturing powders, and many more materials, is critical to their performance. Imaging technology can provide a consistent assessment of shape factors based on objective criteria and a statistically significant number of particles analyzed. Human visual methods generally compare a small number of particles to a standard leaving room for subjective interpretation.  
4.4 Determining particle count, size and shape are important in assessing contamination of fluids such as fuels, lubricating oils, water, injectables, and other liquids where particle contamination can affect their performance. Particle shape can point to the type and source of these particles which can help analysts improve process control.  
4.5 Shape information is also advantageous in categorizing particles detected so as to not skew particle analysis results. For instance, if a flowing mixture of solid particles in liquid also contains gas bubbles or water droplets, it is important to be able to identify the bubbles and droplets and not count them as solid particles.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for determining particle size and shape using Dynamic Imaging Analyzers (DIA) in multiple application points including in-line, at-line and stand alone, lab based or portable, configurations. This guide focuses on concepts and strategies for applying imaging techniques to process applications in a way that improves the knowledge of the particles contained in dynamic flows, dry and wet, which can lead to more improved control of manufacturing processes.  
1.2 Analyzers may be configured for open, dry or wet analysis, or enclosed, dry or wet analysis, as appropriate for analysis of the process or test specimen. Particles in liquid borne flows can be analyzed at least up to 1000 µm and dry particle flows can be analyzed up to several cm if equipment is appropriate for the size. Limitations will be discussed in Section 6.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E454-12(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the various sizes of square opening perforated plates and screens for general industrial uses, including the separating or grading of materials according to designated nominal particle size, and lists standards for openings punched with various bar sizes and thicknesses of plate for various grades of service. This specification does not apply to perforated plate or screens with round, hexagon, slotted, or other shaped openings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the sizes of square opening perforated plate and screens for general industrial uses, including the separating or grading of materials according to designated nominal particle size, and lists standards for openings from 5 in. (125 mm) to 0.127 (1/8 ) in. (3.35 mm) punched with bar sizes and thicknesses of plate for various grades of service. Methods of checking industrial perforated plate and screens are included as information in Annex A3.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to perforated plate or screens with round, hexagon, slotted, or other shaped openings.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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