iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E1421-99(2021)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) Spectrometers: Level Zero and Level One Tests

Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) Spectrometers: Level Zero and Level One Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument on any given day with the prior performance of an instrument. This practice is not necessarily meant for comparison of different instruments with each other even if the instruments are of the same type and model. This practice is not meant for comparison of the performance of one instrument operated under differing conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes two levels of tests to measure the performance of laboratory Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectrometers equipped with a standard sample holder used for transmission measurements.  
1.2 This practice is not directly applicable to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers equipped with various specialized sampling accessories such as flow cells or reflectance optics, nor to Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometers, nor to FT-IR spectrometers run in step scan mode.  
1.2.1 If the specialized sampling accessory can be removed and replaced with a standard transmission sample holder, then this practice can be used. However, the user should recognize that the performance measured may not reflect that which is achieved when the specialized accessory is in use.  
1.2.2 If the specialized sampling accessory cannot be removed, then it may be possible to employ a modified version of this practice to measure spectrometer performance. The user is referred to Guide E1866 for a discussion of how these tests may be modified.  
1.2.3 Spectrometer performance tests for FT-NIR spectrometers are described in Practice E1944.  
1.2.4 Performance tests for dispersive MIR instruments are described in Practice E932.  
1.2.5 For FT-IR spectrometers run in a step scan mode, variations on this practice and information provided by the instrument vendor should be used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Informational inch-pound units are provided in 5.4.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2021
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E13 - Molecular Spectroscopy and Separation Science
Drafting Committee
E13.03 - Infrared and Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Current Stage
Ref Project

Buy Standard

ASTM E1421-99(2021) - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) Spectrometers: Level Zero and Level One TestsASTM E1421-99(2021) - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) Spectrometers: Level Zero and Level One Tests
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM E1421-99(2021) - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) Spectrometers: Level Zero and Level One Tests
English language
12 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1421 − 99 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Practice for
Describing and Measuring Performance of Fourier
Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) Spectrometers: Level Zero
1
and Level One Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1421; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 Thispracticedescribestwolevelsofteststomeasurethe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
performance of laboratory Fourier transform mid-infrared
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
(FT-MIR) spectrometers equipped with a standard sample
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
holder used for transmission measurements.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.2 This practice is not directly applicable to Fourier trans-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
form infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers equipped with various
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
specialized sampling accessories such as flow cells or reflec-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tance optics, nor to Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
spectrometers, nor to FT-IR spectrometers run in step scan
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
mode.
1.2.1 If the specialized sampling accessory can be removed
2. Referenced Documents
and replaced with a standard transmission sample holder, then
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
this practice can be used. However, the user should recognize
E131Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
that the performance measured may not reflect that which is
E932PracticeforDescribingandMeasuringPerformanceof
achieved when the specialized accessory is in use.
Dispersive Infrared Spectrometers
1.2.2 If the specialized sampling accessory cannot be
E1866Guide for Establishing Spectrophotometer Perfor-
removed,thenitmaybepossibletoemployamodifiedversion
mance Tests
ofthispracticetomeasurespectrometerperformance.Theuser
E1944Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
is referred to Guide E1866 for a discussion of how these tests
of Laboratory Fourier Transform Near-Infrared (FT-NIR)
may be modified.
Spectrometers: Level Zero and Level One Tests
1.2.3 SpectrometerperformancetestsforFT-NIRspectrom-
eters are described in Practice E1944.
3. Terminology
1.2.4 Performance tests for dispersive MIR instruments are
described in Practice E932. 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
practice, refer to Terminology E131. All identifications of
1.2.5 For FT-IR spectrometers run in a step scan mode,
variations on this practice and information provided by the spectral regions and absorption band positions are given in
−1
wavenumbers (cm ), and spectral energy, transmittance, and
instrument vendor should be used.
absorbancearesignifiedinequationsbytheletters E, T,and A,
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
respectively. The ratio of two transmittance or absorbance
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
values, and the ratio of energy levels at two different wave-
standard.
numbers are signified by the letter R. A subscripted number
1.3.1 Exception—Informational inch-pound units are pro-
signifies a spectral position in wavenumbers (for example,
vided in 5.4.
−1
A , the absorbance at 3082 cm ).
3082
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E13 on Molecular
Spectroscopy and Separation Science and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee E13.03 on Infrared and Near Infrared Spectroscopy. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published September 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1421–99(2015) . Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E1421-99R21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1421 − 99 (2021)
3.1.1 level one (1) test, n—a simple series of measurements affects apparent transmitt
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E2911-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Relative Intensity Correction of Raman Spectrometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Generally, Raman spectra measured using grating-based dispersive or Fourier transform Raman spectrometers have not been corrected for the instrumental response (spectral responsivity of the detection system). Raman spectra obtained with different instruments may show significant variations in the measured relative peak intensities of a sample compound. This is mainly as a result of differences in their wavelength-dependent optical transmission and detector efficiencies. These variations can be particularly large when widely different laser excitation wavelengths are used, but can occur when the same laser excitation is used and spectra of the same compound are compared between instruments. This is illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows the uncorrected luminescence spectrum of SRM 2241, acquired upon four different commercially available Raman spectrometers operating with 785 nm laser excitation. Instrumental response variations can also occur on the same instrument after a component change or service work has been performed. Each spectrometer, due to its unique combination of filters, grating, collection optics and detector response, has a very unique spectral response. The spectrometer dependent spectral response will of course also affect the shape of Raman spectra acquired upon these systems. The shape of this response is not to be construed as either “good or bad” but is the result of design considerations by the spectrometer manufacturer. For instance, as shown in Fig. 1, spectral coverage can vary considerably between spectrometer systems. This is typically a deliberate tradeoff in spectrometer design, where spectral coverage is sacrificed for enhanced spectral resolution.
FIG. 1 SRM 2241 Measured on Four Commercial Raman Spectrometers Utilizing 785 nm Excitation  
4.2 Variations in spectral peak intensities can be mostly corrected through calibration of the Raman intensity (y) axis. The conventional method of calibration of the spectral response of a Raman...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is designed to enable the user to correct a Raman spectrometer for its relative spectral-intensity response function using NIST Standard Reference Materials2 in the 224X series (currently SRMs 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2246), or a calibrated irradiance source. This relative intensity correction procedure will enable the intercomparison of Raman spectra acquired from differing instruments, excitation wavelengths, and laboratories.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Because of the significant dangers associated with the use of lasers, ANSI Z136.1 or suitable regional standards should be followed in conjunction with this practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E388-04(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Wavelength Accuracy and Spectral Bandwidth of Fluorescence Spectrometers

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. The method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. Atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm are used in the method. The difference between the apparent wavelength and the known wavelength for a series of atomic emission lines is used as a test for wavelength accuracy. The apparent width of some of these lines is used as a test for spectral bandwidth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. This test method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. This test method uses atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1840-96(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Raman Shift Standards for Spectrometer Calibration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Wavenumber calibration is an important part of Raman analysis. The calibration of a Raman spectrometer is performed or checked frequently in the course of normal operation and even more often when working at high resolution. To date, the most common source of wavenumber values is either emission lines from low-pressure discharge lamps (for example, mercury, argon, or neon) or from the non-lasing plasma lines of the laser. There are several good compilations of these well-established values (1-8).3 The disadvantages of using emission lines are that it can be difficult to align lamps properly in the sample position and the laser wavelength must be known accurately. With argon, krypton, and other ion lasers commonly used for Raman the latter is not a problem because lasing wavelengths are well known. With the advent of diode lasers and other wavelength-tunable lasers, it is now often the case that the exact laser wavelength is not known and may be difficult or time-consuming to determine. In these situations it is more convenient to use samples of known relative wavenumber shift for calibration. Unfortunately, accurate wavenumber shifts have been established for only a few chemicals. This guide provides the Raman spectroscopist with average shift values determined in seven laboratories for seven pure compounds and one liquid mixture.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers Raman shift values for common liquid and solid chemicals that can be used for wavenumber calibration of Raman spectrometers. The guide does not include procedures for calibrating Raman instruments. Instead, this guide provides reliable Raman shift values that can be used as a complement to low-pressure arc lamp emission lines which have been established with a high degree of accuracy and precision.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Some of the chemicals specified in this guide may be hazardous. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to consult material safety data sheets and other pertinent information to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to their use.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E387-04(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power Ratio of Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the Opaque Filter Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stray radiant power can be a significant source of error in spectrophotometric measurements. SRP usually increases with the passage of time; therefore, testing should be performed periodically. Moreover, the SRPR test is an excellent indicator of the overall condition of a spectrophotometer. A control-chart record of the results of routinely performed SRPR tests can be a useful indicator of need for corrective action or, at least, of the changing reliability of critical measurements.  
5.2 This test method provides a means of determining the stray radiant power ratio of a spectrophotometer at selected wavelengths in a spectral range, as determined by the SRP filter used, thereby revealing those wavelength regions where significant photometric errors might occur. It does not provide a means of calculating corrections to indicated absorbance (or transmittance) values. The test method must be used with care and understanding, as erroneous results can occur, especially with respect to some modern grating instruments that incorporate moderately narrow bandpass SRP-blocking filters. This test method does not provide a basis for comparing the performance of different spectrophotometers.
Note 8: Kaye (3) discusses correction methods of measured transmittances (absorbances) that sometimes can be used if sufficient information on the properties and performance of the instrument can be acquired. See also A1.2.5.  
5.3 This test method describes the performance of a spectrophotometer in terms of the specific test parameters used. When an analytical sample is measured, absorption by the sample of radiation outside of the nominal bandpass at the analytical wavelength can cause a photometric error, underestimating the transmittance or overestimating the absorbance, and correspondingly underestimating the SRPR.  
5.4 The SRPR indicated by this test method using SRP filters is almost always an underestimation of the true value (see 1.3). A value cited in a manufacturer’s li...
SCOPE
1.1 Stray radiant power (SRP) can be a significant source of error in spectrophotometric measurements, and the danger that such error exists is enhanced because its presence often is not suspected (1-4).2 This test method affords an estimate of the relative radiant power, that is, the Stray Radiant Power Ratio (SRPR), at wavelengths remote from those of the nominal bandpass transmitted through the monochromator of an absorption spectrophotometer. Test-filter materials are described that discriminate between the desired wavelengths and those that contribute most to SRP for conventional commercial spectrophotometers used in the ultraviolet, the visible, the near infrared, and the mid-infrared ranges. These procedures apply to instruments of conventional design, with usual sources, detectors, including array detectors, and optical arrangements. The vacuum ultraviolet and the far infrared present special problems that are not discussed herein.
Note 1: Research (3) has shown that particular care must be exercised in testing grating spectrophotometers that use moderately narrow bandpass SRP-blocking filters. Accurate calibration of the wavelength scale is critical when testing such instruments. Refer to Practice E275.  
1.2 These procedures are neither all-inclusive nor infallible. Because of the nature of readily available filter materials, with a few exceptions, the procedures are insensitive to SRP of very short wavelengths in the ultraviolet, or of lower frequencies in the infrared. Sharp cutoff longpass filters are available for testing for shorter wavelength SRP in the visible and the near infrared, and sharp cutoff shortpass filters are available for testing at longer visible wavelengths. The procedures are not necessarily valid for “spike” SRP nor for “nearby SRP.” (See Annexes for general discussion and definitions of these terms.) However, they are adequate in most cases and for typical applications. They do cover...

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E925-09(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth does not Exceed 2 nm

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the performance of an instrument to the manufacturer's supplied performance specifications and to verify its suitability for continued routine use. It also provides generation of calibration monitoring data on a periodic basis, forming a base from which any changes in the performance of the instrument will be evident.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the parameters of spectrophotometric performance that are critical for testing the adequacy of instrumentation for most routine tests and methods2 within the wavelength range of 200 nm to 700 nm and the absorbance range of 0 to 2. The recommended tests provide a measurement of the important parameters controlling results in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be inferred that all factors in instrument performance are measured.  
1.2 This practice may be used as a significant test of the performance of instruments for which the spectral bandwidth does not exceed 2 nm and for which the manufacturer's specifications for wavelength and absorbance accuracy do not exceed the performance tolerances employed here. This practice employs an illustrative tolerance of ±1 % relative for the error of the absorbance scale over the range of 0.2 to 2.0, and of ±1.0 nm for the error of the wavelength scale. A suggested maximum stray radiant power ratio of 4 × 10-4 yields E275 to extensively evaluate the performance of an instrument.  
1.3 This practice should be performed on a periodic basis, the frequency of which depends on the physical environment within which the instrumentation is used. Thus, units handled roughly or used under adverse conditions (exposed to dust, chemical vapors, vibrations, or combinations thereof) should be tested more frequently than those not exposed to such conditions. This practice should also be performed after any significant repairs are made on a unit, such as those involving the optics, detector, or radiant energy source.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E275-08(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument, as it is being used in a specific spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instruments used in developing the method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance, especially for test methods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method (for example, qualification for a given application). The tests give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may be required for a given application.  
1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E578-07(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linearity of Fluorescence Measuring Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The range of concentration of a fluorescing substance in solution over which the fluorescence varies linearly with the concentration is the range most useful for quantitative analysis. This range is affected by properties of the solution under analysis and by features of the measuring system. This test method provides a means of testing the performance of a fluorescence measuring system and of determining the concentration range over which the system is suitable for making a given quantitative analysis.  
3.2 This test method is not meant for comparing the performance of different fluorescence measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the limits of the linearity of response with fluorescence intensity of fluorescence-measuring systems under operating conditions. Particular attention is given to slit widths, filters, and sample containers. This test method can be used to test the overall linearity under a wide variety of instrumental and sampling conditions. The results obtained apply only to the tested combination of slit width and filters, and the size, type and illumination of the sample cuvette, all of which must be stated in the report. The sources of nonlinearity may be the measuring electronics, excessive absorption of either the exciting or emitted radiation, or both, and the sample handling technique, particularly at low concentrations.  
1.2 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing continuous and low-energy excitation sources (for example, an excitation source of 450 W electrical input or less). There is no assurance that extremely intense illumination will not cause photodecomposition of the compounds suggested in this test method.2 For this reason it is recommended that this test method not be indiscriminately employed with high-intensity light sources. It is not a test method to determine the linearity of response of other materials. If this test method is extended to employ other chemical substances, the principles within can be applied, but new material parameters, such as the concentration range of linearity, must be established. The user should be aware of the possibility that these other substances may undergo decomposition, or adsorption onto containers.  
1.3 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing a single detector, that is, a photomultiplier tube or a single photodiode. It has not been demonstrated if this method is effective for photo-array instruments such as those using a CCD or a diode array detector.  
1.4 This test method is applicable to 10 mm pathlength cuvette formats and instruments covering a wavelength range within 190 nm to 900 nm. The use of other sample formats has not been established with this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E840-95(2021)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Using Flame Photometric Detectors in Gas Chromatography

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system. The different principles of flame photometric detectors, and detector construction are presented in details. The detector sensitivity, minimum detectability, dynamic range, power law of sulphur response, linear range-phosphorus mode, unipower response range, noise and drift, and specificity are presented in details. The photomultiplier dark current is the magnitude of the FPD output signal measured with the FPD flame off. Flame background current is the difference in FPD output signal with the flame on and with the flame off in the absence of phosphorus or sulfur compounds in the flame.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.  
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to an FPD that employs a hydrogen-air flame burner, an optical filter for selective spectral viewing of light emitted by the flame, and a photomultiplier tube for measuring the intensity of light emitted.  
1.3 This practice describes the most frequent use of the FPD which is as an element-specific detector for compounds containing sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P) atoms. However, nomenclature described in this practice are also applicable to uses of the FPD other than sulfur or phosphorus specific detection.  
1.4 This practice is intended to describe the operation and performance of the FPD itself independently of the chromatographic column. However, the performance of the detector is described in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic system components.  
1.5 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for use of an FPD.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 4, Hazards.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E958-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These practices should be used by a person who develops an analytical method to ensure that the spectral bandwidths cited in the practice are actually the ones used.
Note 2: The method developer should establish the spectral bandwidths that can be used to obtain satisfactory results.  
4.2 These practices should be used to determine whether a spectral bandwidth specified in a method can be realized with a given spectrophotometer and thus whether the instrument is suitable for use in this application. If accurate absorbance measurements are to be made on compounds with sharp absorption bands (natural half band widths of less than 15 nm) the spectral bandwidth of the spectrometer used should be better than 1/8th of the natural half band width of the compound’s absorption.  
4.3 These practices allow the user of a spectrophotometer to estimate the actual spectral bandwidth of the instrument under a given set of conditions and to compare the result to the spectral bandwidth calculated from data given in the manufacturer's literature or indicated by the instrument.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for estimating the spectral bandwidth of a spectrophotometer in the wavelength region of 185 nm to 820 nm.  
1.2 These practices are applicable to all modern spectrophotometer designs utilizing computer control and data handling. This includes conventional optical designs, where the sample is irradiated by monochromatic light, and ‘reverse’ optic designs coupled to photodiode arrays, where the light is separated by a polychromator after passing through the sample. For spectrophotometers that utilize servo-operated slits and maintain a constant period and a constant signal-to-noise ratio as the wavelength is automatically scanned, and/or utilize fixed slits and maintain a constant servo loop gain by automatically varying gain or dynode voltage, refer to the procedure described in Annex A1. This procedure is identical to that described in earlier versions of this practice.  
1.3 This practice does not cover the measurement of limiting spectral bandwidth, defined as the minimum spectral bandwidth achievable under optimum experimental conditions.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E685-93(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Testing Fixed-Wavelength Photometric Detectors Used in Liquid Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector’s capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.  
4.2 Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the testing of the performance of a photometric detector (PD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more fixed wavelengths in the range 210 nm to 800 nm. Measurements are made at 254 nm, if possible, and are optional at other wavelengths.  
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).  
1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).2  
1.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10 and 11) in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs (1-7).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off