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ASTM C146-94a(2004)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand

Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass sand meets the compositional specification required for this raw material.
These test methods do not preclude the use of other methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique used by means of a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material or other similar material of known composition having a component comparable with that of the material under test. A list of standard reference materials is given in the NIST Special Publication 260, current edition.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of glass sands. They are useful for either high-silica sands (99% + silica (SiO )) or for high-alumina sands containing as much as 12 to 13% alumina (Al O ). Generally nonclassical, the test methods are rapid and accurate. They include the determination of silica and of total R O  (see 11.2.4), and the separate determination of total iron as iron oxide (Fe O ), titania (TiO ), chromium oxide (Cr O ), zirconia (ZrO ), and ignition loss. Included are procedures for the alkaline earths and alkalies. High-alumina sands may contain as much as 5 to 6% total alkalies and alkaline earths. It is recommended that the alkalies be determined by flame photometry and the alkaline earths by absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 These test methods, if followed in detail, will provide interlaboratory agreement of results.  Note 1-For additional information, see Test Methods C169 and Practices E50.
1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:  Procedures for Referee Analysis: Section Silica (SiO2)--Double Dehydration 10 Total R2O3--Gravimetric 11 Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, Cr2O3, by Photometric Methods and 12-17 Al2O3 by Complexiometric Titration Preparation of the Sample for Determination of Iron 12 Oxide, Titania, Alumina, and Zirconia Iron oxide (as Fe2O3) by 1,10-Phenanthroline Method 13 Titania (TiO2) by the Tiron Method 14 Alumina (Al2O3) by the CDTA Titration Method 15 Zirconia (ZrO2) by the Pyrocatechol Violet Method 16 Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) by the 1,5-Diphenylcarbo- 17 hydrazide Method Procedures for Routine Analysis: Silica (SiO2)--Single Dehydration 19 Al2O3, CaO, and MgO--Atomic Absorption Spectro- 20-25 photometry Na2O and K2O--Flame Emission Spectrophotometry 26-27 Loss on Ignition (LOI) 28
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2004
ICS
81.040.10 - Raw materials and raw glass
Technical Committee
C14 - Glass and Glass Products
Drafting Committee
C14.02 - Chemical Properties and Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C146-94a(1999) - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004
Replaced By
ASTM C146-94a(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM C169-16(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime and Borosilicate Glass
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004

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ASTM C146-94a(2004) - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:C146–94a (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C146; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Na O and K O—Flame Emission Spectrophotometry 26-27
2 2
Loss on Ignition (LOI) 28
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of glass
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sands. They are useful for either high-silica sands
(99%+silica (SiO )) or for high-alumina sands containing as safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
much as 12 to 13% alumina (Al O ). Generally nonclassical,
2 3
the test methods are rapid and accurate. They include the priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
determination of silica and of total R O (see 11.2.4), and the
2 3
separate determination of total iron as iron oxide (Fe O ),
2 3
2. Referenced Documents
titania (TiO ), chromium oxide (Cr O ), zirconia (ZrO ), and
2 2 3 2
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ignition loss. Included are procedures for the alkaline earths
C169 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime
and alkalies. High-alumina sands may contain as much as 5 to
and Borosilicate Glass
6% total alkalies and alkaline earths. It is recommended that
C429 Test Method for SieveAnalysis of Raw Materials for
the alkalies be determined by flame photometry and the
Glass Manufacture
alkaline earths by absorption spectrophotometry.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.2 These test methods, if followed in detail, will provide
E11 SpecificationforWovenWireTestSieveClothandTest
interlaboratory agreement of results.
Sieves
NOTE 1—For additional information, see Test Methods C169 and
E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid-
Practices E50.
erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and
1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:
Related Materials
Procedures for Referee Analysis: Section
E60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related
Materials by Molecular Absorption Spectrometry
Silica (SiO )—Double Dehydration 10
2
2.2 Other Documents:
Total R O —Gravimetric 11
2 3
3
Fe O ,TiO ,ZrO ,Cr O , by Photometric Methods and 12-17
2 3 2 2 2 3
NIST Special Publication 260
Al O by Complexiometric Titration
2 3
Preparation of the Sample for Determination of Iron 12
3. Significance and Use
Oxide, Titania, Alumina, and Zirconia
Iron Oxide (as Fe O ) by 1,10-Phenanthroline Method 13
2 3
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the
Titania (TiO ) by the Tiron Method 14
2
chemical composition of the glass sand meets the composi-
Alumina (Al O ) by the CDTA Titration Method 15
2 3
Zirconia (ZrO ) by the Pyrocatechol Violet Method 16 tional specification required for this raw material.
2
Chromium Oxide (Cr O ) by the 1,5-Diphenylcarbo- 17
2 3
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other
hydrazide Method
methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any
Procedures for Routine Analysis: case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique
used by means of a National Institute of Standards and
Silica (SiO )—Single Dehydration 19
2
Technology(NIST)standardreferencematerialorothersimilar
Al O , CaO, and MgO—Atomic Absorption Spec- 20–25
2 3
trophotometry
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Glass and Glass Products and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
on Chemical Properties and Analysis. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally Standard samples available from the National Institute of Standards and
approved in 1939 . Last previous edition apporved in 1999 as C146–94a(1999). Technology are listed in U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NIST, Special Publication 260
DOI: 10.1520/C0146-94AR04. (current edition), Washington, DC 20234.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C146–94a (2004)
material of known composition having a component compa- 8. Preparation of Sample
rable with that of the material under test. A list of standard
8.1 General Considerations—The acquisition and prepara-
reference
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass meets the compositional specification required for the finished glass product.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Knoop indentation hardness of glass and the verification of Knoop indentation hardness testing machines using standard glasses.  
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4.1 This test method provides data useful for (1) estimating stress release, (2) the development of proper annealing schedules, and (3) estimating setting points for seals. Accordingly, its usage is widespread throughout manufacturing, research, and development. It can be utilized for specification acceptance.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the annealing point and the strain point of a glass by measuring the viscous elongation rate of a fiber of the glass under prescribed condition.  
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1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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