ASTM C146-21

Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass sand meets the compositional specification required for this raw material.  
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique used by means of a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material or other similar material of known composition having a component comparable with that of the material under test. A list of standard reference materials is given in the NIST Special Publication 260, current edition.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of glass sands. They are useful for either high-silica sands (99 % + silica (SiO2)) or for high-alumina sands containing as much as 12 to 13 % alumina (Al2O3). Generally nonclassical, these test methods are rapid and accurate. They include the determination of silica and of total R2O3 (see 11.2.4), and the separate determination of total iron as iron oxide (Fe2O3), titania (TiO2), chromium oxide (Cr2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), and ignition loss. Included are procedures for the alkaline earths and alkalies. High-alumina sands may contain as much as 5 to 6 % total alkalies and alkaline earths. It is recommended that the alkalies be determined by flame photometry and the alkaline earths by absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 These test methods, if followed in detail, will provide interlaboratory agreement of results.  
Note 1: For additional information, see Test Methods C169 and Practices E50.  
1.3 These test methods appear in the following order:    
Procedures for Referee Analysis:  
Section  
Silica (SiO2)—Double Dehydration  
10  
Total R2O3—Gravimetric  
11  
Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, Cr2O3, by Photometric Methods and
Al2O3 by Complexiometric Titration  
12 – 17  
Preparation of the Sample for Determination of Iron
Oxide, Titania, Alumina, and Zirconia  
12  
Iron Oxide (as Fe2O3) by 1,10-Phenanthroline Method  
13  
Titania (TiO2) by the Tiron Method  
14  
Alumina (Al2O3) by the CDTA Titration Method  
15  
Zirconia (ZrO2) by the Pyrocatechol Violet Method  
16  
Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) by the 1,5-Diphenylcarbo-
hydrazide Method  
17  
Procedures for Routine Analysis:  
Silica (SiO2)—Single Dehydration  
19  
Al2O3, CaO, and MgO—Atomic Absorption Spec-
trophotometry  
20–25  
Na2O and K2O—Flame Emission Spectrophotometry  
26-27  
Loss on Ignition (LOI)  
28  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-May-2021
• ICS: 81.040.10 - Raw materials and raw glass
• Technical Committee: C14 - Glass and Glass Products
• Drafting Committee: C14.02 - Chemical Properties and Analysis

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C146 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
1
Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C146; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of glass
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sands. They are useful for either high-silica sands
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
(99%+silica (SiO )) or for high-alumina sands containing as
2
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
much as 12 to 13% alumina (Al O ). Generally nonclassical,
2 3
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
these test methods are rapid and accurate. They include the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
determination of silica and of total R O (see 11.2.4), and the
2 3
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
separate determination of total iron as iron oxide (Fe O ),
2 3
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
titania (TiO ), chromium oxide (Cr O ), zirconia (ZrO ), and
2 2 3 2
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ignition loss. Included are procedures for the alkaline earths
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and alkalies. High-alumina sands may contain as much as 5 to
6% total alkalies and alkaline earths. It is recommended that
2. Referenced Documents
the alkalies be determined by flame photometry and the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
alkaline earths by absorption spectrophotometry.
C169Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime
1.2 These test methods, if followed in detail, will provide
and Borosilicate Glass
interlaboratory agreement of results.
C429Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for
NOTE 1—For additional information, see Test Methods C169 and Glass Manufacture
Practices E50.
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
1.3 These test methods appear in the following order:
Sieves
Procedures for Referee Analysis: Section
E50Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid-
Silica (SiO )—Double Dehydration 10
2
erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and
Total R O —Gravimetric 11
2 3
Related Materials
Fe O ,TiO ,ZrO ,Cr O , by Photometric Methods and 12–17
2 3 2 2 2 3
Al O by Complexiometric Titration E60Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related
2 3
Preparation of the Sample for Determination of Iron 12
Materials by Spectrophotometry
Oxide, Titania, Alumina, and Zirconia
3
2.2 NIST Document:
Iron Oxide (as Fe O ) by 1,10-Phenanthroline Method 13
2 3
Titania (TiO ) by the Tiron Method 14
2
SP260NIST Special Publication 260
Alumina (Al O ) by the CDTA Titration Method 15
2 3
Zirconia (ZrO ) by the Pyrocatechol Violet Method 16
2
3. Significance and Use
Chromium Oxide (Cr O ) by the 1,5-Diphenylcarbo- 17
2 3
hydrazide Method
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the
chemical composition of the glass sand meets the composi-
Procedures for Routine Analysis:
tional specification required for this raw material.
Silica (SiO )—Single Dehydration 19
2
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other
Al O , CaO, and MgO—Atomic Absorption Spec- 20–25
2 3
trophotometry
methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any
Na O and K O—Flame Emission Spectrophotometry 26-27
2 2
case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique
Loss on Ignition (LOI) 28
used by means of a National Institute of Standards and
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Glass and Glass Products and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
on Chemical Properties and Analysis. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2021.PublishedJuly2021.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
3
in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C146–94a(2014). DOI: Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
10.1520/C0146-21. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C146 − 94a (Reapproved 2014) C146 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
1
Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C146; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of glass sands. They are useful for either high-silica sands (99 % + silica
(SiO )) or for high-alumina sands containing as much as 12 to 13 % alumina (Al O ). Generally nonclassical, thethese test methods
2 2 3
are rapid and accurate. They include the determination of silica and of total R O (see 11.2.4), and the separate determination of
2 3
total iron as iron oxide (Fe O ), titania (TiO ), chromium oxide (Cr O ), zirconia (ZrO ), and ignition loss. Included are procedures
2 3 2 2 3 2
for the alkaline earths and alkalies. High-alumina sands may contain as much as 5 to 6 % total alkalies and alkaline earths. It is
recommended that the alkalies be determined by flame photometry and the alkaline earths by absorption spectrophotometry.
1.2 These test methods, if followed in detail, will provide interlaboratory agreement of results.
NOTE 1—For additional information, see Test Methods C169 and Practices E50.
1.3 TheThese test methods appear in the following order:
Procedures for Referee Analysis: Section
Silica (SiO )—Double Dehydration 10
2
Total R O —Gravimetric 11
2 3
Fe O , TiO , ZrO , Cr O , by Photometric Methods and 12 – 17
2 3 2 2 2 3
Al O by Complexiometric Titration
2 3
Preparation of the Sample for Determination of Iron 12
Oxide, Titania, Alumina, and Zirconia
Iron Oxide (as Fe O ) by 1,10-Phenanthroline Method 13
2 3
Titania (TiO ) by the Tiron Method 14
2
Alumina (Al O ) by the CDTA Titration Method 15
2 3
Zirconia (ZrO ) by the Pyrocatechol Violet Method 16
2
Chromium Oxide (Cr O ) by the 1,5-Diphenylcarbo- 17
2 3
hydrazide Method
Procedures for Routine Analysis:
Silica (SiO )—Single Dehydration 19
2
Al O , CaO, and MgO—Atomic Absorption Spec- 20–25
2 3
trophotometry
Na O and K O—Flame Emission Spectrophotometry 26-27
2 2
Loss on Ignition (LOI) 28
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass and Glass Products and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 on
Chemical Properties and Analysis.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014June 1, 2021. Published October 2014July 2021. Originally approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
C146 – 94a (2009).(2014). DOI: 10.1520/C0146-94AR14.10.1520/C0146-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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C146 − 21
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C169 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime and Borosilicate Glass
C429 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Considerations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials by Spectrophotometry
3
2.2 Other Documents:NIST Document:
NISTSP260 NIST Special Publication 260
3. Significance and Use
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass sand meets the composit
...