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ASTM D7140/D7140M-13(2017)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method to Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier Materials

Standard Test Method to Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the level of heat transfer through the thermal barrier textile material within a specific period of time.  
5.2 This test method is used to evaluate thermal barriers and determine if they are able to withstand impingement by an open flame.  
5.2.1 This test method is used to evaluate heat transfer when thermal barrier textile materials are used in conjunction with materials that demonstrate any of the following behaviors when exposed to high heat:  
break open
charring
dripping
embrittlement  
ignition
melting
shrinkage  
5.3 This test method cannot be used in place of the full scale test method TB603 or 16 CFR 1633.
Note 1: This test method is intended to be used to evaluate thermal barrier textile material, used as the thermal barrier component for mattresses that are tested to comply with California Technical Bulletin 603 (TB603) or with 16 CFR 1633, two standards which are technically identical. Data obtained by using this method is intended to provide information as to whether it would be helpful to proceed with the full scale testing.  
5.3.1 This test method can be used as part of a supplier quality assurance program.  
5.4 This test method is not intended to be used in evaluating heat transfer of thermal barrier textile materials used in protective clothing.  
5.5 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since information on interlaboratory precision is incomplete. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier shall agree to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials and establish their own interlaboratory precision and bias, and also agree on acceptability limits.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of heat transfer of textile materials which are used as thermal barriers when exposed to a calibrated convective and radiant energy heat source for 60 s.  
1.1.1 This standard is used to determine if the heat transfer is sufficient to ignite flammable materials which are contiguous to the textile thermal barriers.  
1.2 This standard is used as a means to differentiate textile materials.  
1.3 This test method is not intended to measure the insulation properties of materials used in protective clothing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jul-2017
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.52 - Flammability
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7140/D7140M-13(2017) - Standard Test Method to Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier MaterialsASTM D7140/D7140M-13(2017) - Standard Test Method to Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7140/D7140M − 13 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method to
Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7140/D7140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of heat transfer
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of textile materials which are used as thermal barriers when
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
exposed to a calibrated convective and radiant energy heat
D4391 Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of
source for 60 s.
Textiles
1.1.1 This standard is used to determine if the heat transfer
2.2 Other Standards:
is sufficient to ignite flammable materials which are contiguous
State of California, Technical Bulletin 603 Requirements
to the textile thermal barriers.
and Test Procedures for Resistance of a Mattress/
3
1.2 This standard is used as a means to differentiate textile Boxspring Set to a Large Open Flame, January, 2004
materials.
Code of Federal Regulations – Title 16 – Consumer Product
Safety Commission Part 1633, Standard for the Flamma-
1.3 This test method is not intended to measure the insula-
4
bility of Mattress Sets
tion properties of materials used in protective clothing.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3. Terminology
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: break
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
open, charring, dripping, embrittlement, exposure energy to
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
thermal end point, heat flux, ignition, melting, shrinkage.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard.
3.1.1 For all terminology relating to D13.52, Flammability,
refer to Terminology D4391.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the
responseofmaterials,products,orassembliestoheatandflame
3.2 For all terminology related to Textiles see Terminology
under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
D123.
all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 A textile thermal barrier that is used to prevent transfer
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of heat to flammable materials which are contiguous to this
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
barrier are exposed to a controlled radiant and convective heat
priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-
source for 60 s.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 The heat transfer is measured using a data collection
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
system.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.3 Performance of thermal barrier textile material is deter-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mined by the amount of heat transferred through the specimen.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.52 on Flammability. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published August 2017. Originally Available from the State of California.
4
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7140 – 13. DOI: Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 4330 East
10.1520/D7140_D7140M-13R17. West Hwy., Bethesda, MD 20814, http://www.cpsc.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7140/D7140M − 13 (2017)
5. Significance and Use 6. Apparatus
5.1 This test method measures the level of heat transfer
6.1 Arrange components as shown in Fig. 1.
through the thermal barrier textile material within a specific
6.1.1 Details of the calorimeter construction are shown in
period of time.
Fig. 2.
5.2 This test method is used to evaluate thermal barriers an
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7140/D7140M − 13 D7140/D7140M − 13 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method to
Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7140/D7140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of heat transfer of textile materials which are used as thermal barriers when exposed
to a calibrated convective and radiant energy heat source for 60 s.
1.1.1 This standard is used to determine if the heat transfer is sufficient to ignite flammable materials which are contiguous to
the textile thermal barriers.
1.2 This standard is used as a means to differentiate textile materials.
1.3 This test method is not intended to measure the insulation properties of materials used in protective clothing.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D4391 Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
2.2 Other Standards:
State of California, Technical Bulletin 603 Requirements and Test Procedures for Resistance of a Mattress/Boxspring Set to a
3
Large Open Flame, January, 2004
Code of Federal Regulations – Title 16 – Consumer Product Safety Commission Part 1633, Standard for the Flammability of
4
Mattress Sets
3. Terminology
3.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: break open, charring, dripping, embrittlement, exposure energy to thermal
end point, heat flux, ignition, melting, shrinkage.
3.1.1 For all terminology relating to D13.52, Flammability, refer to Terminology D4391.
1
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.52 on Flammability.
Current edition approved March 15, 2013July 15, 2017. Published April 2013August 2017. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052013 as
D7140 – 05.D7140 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D7140_D7140M-13.10.1520/D7140_D7140M-13R17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from the State of California.
4
Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 4330 East West Hwy., Bethesda, MD 20814, http://www.cpsc.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7140/D7140M − 13 (2017)
3.2 For all terminology related to Textiles see Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A textile thermal barrier that is used to prevent transfer of heat to flammable materials which are contiguous to this barrier
are exposed to a controlled radiant and convective heat source for 60 s.
4.2 The heat transfer is measured using a data collection system.
4.3 Performance of thermal barrier textile material is determined by the amount of heat transferre
...

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5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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