ASTM E490-00a

Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance Tables

SCOPE
1.1 These tables define the solar constant and zero air mass solar spectral irradiance for use in thermal analysis, thermal balance testing, and other tests of spacecraft and spacecraft components and materials. Typical applications include the calculation of solar absorptance from spectral reflectance data and the specification of solar UV exposure of materials during simulated space radiation testing.
1.2 These tables are based upon data from experimental measurements made from high-altitude aircraft, spacecraft, and the earth's surface and from solar spectral irradiance models.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included for information purposes only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Oct-2000
• ICS: 27.160 - Solar energy engineering
• Technical Committee: E21 - Space Simulation and Applications of Space Technology
• Drafting Committee: E21.04 - Space Simulation Test Methods

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E490-00a(2006) - Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance Tables
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E1362-15(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Non-Primary Reference Cells
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E772-15(2021) - Standard Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E903-20 - Standard Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of Materials Using Integrating Spheres
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E1125-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a Tabular Spectrum
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Referred By: ASTM G214-23 - Standard Test Method for Integration of Digital Spectral Data for Weathering and Durability Applications
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E973-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mismatch Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and a Photovoltaic Reference Cell
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E927-19 - Standard Classification for Solar Simulators for Electrical Performance Testing of Photovoltaic Devices
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E948-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated Sunlight
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E512-94(2020) - Standard Practice for Combined, Simulated Space Environment Testing of Thermal Control Materials with Electromagnetic and Particulate Radiation
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E490 –00a
Standard
Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance
Tables
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E490; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.3 integrated irradiance, n—spectral irradiance integrated
over a specific wavelength interval from l to l , measured in
1.1 These tables define the solar constant and zero air mass 1 2
−2
W·m , Symbol:
solar spectral irradiance for use in thermal analysis, thermal
l2
balance testing, and other tests of spacecraft and spacecraft
E 5 E dl (2)
l12l2 * l
l1
components and materials. Typical applications include the
calculation of solar absorptance from spectral reflectance data
3.4 irradiance at a point on a surface (E), n—quotient of
and the specification of solar UV exposure of materials during
the radiant flux incident on an element of the surface contain-
−2
simulated space radiation testing.
ing the point, by the area of that element, measured in W·m .
1.2 These tables are based upon data from experimental
3.5 irradiance, spectral (E), n—the irradiance per unit
measurementsmadefromhigh-altitudeaircraft,spacecraft,and
wavelength interval at a specific wavelength, or as a function
−2 −1
the earth’s surface and from solar spectral irradiance models.
of wavelength measured in W·m ·µm .
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.6 solar constant, n—the total solar irradiance at normal
standard. Other units of measurement are included for infor-
incidence on a surface in free space at the earth’s mean
mation purposes only.
distance from the sun (1 AU).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.7 zero air mass (AMO), n—the absence of atmospheric
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
attenuation of the solar irradiance at one astronomical unit
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
from the sun.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.8 Additional definitions will be found in Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E349.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Solar Constant
−2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 The solar constant is 1366.1 W·m . This value is the
E349 Terminology Relating to Space Simulation
mean of daily averages from six different satellites over the
1978 to 1998 time period, all measured with absolute cavity
3. Terminology
radiometers, as reported by Fröhlich and Lean (1) . The
3.1 air mass (optical air mass) (AM), n—the ratio of the
standard deviation of this mean value is 425 ppm, with a
−2
path length or radiation through the atmosphere (l )atany
0.37% minimum-to-maximum range (1363 to 1368 W·m ).
m
given angle, Z degrees, to the sea level path length toward the
4.2 Table 1 summarizes the results in different units, and
zenith (l ).
Table 2 presents the total solar irradiance at various planetary
z
distances from the sun.
AM 5 l /l >sec Z,for Z#62° (1)
m z
Symbol: AM1 (air mass one), AM2 (air mass two)
5. Solar Spectral Irradiance (Zero Air Mass)
3.2 astronomical unit (AU), n—a unit of length defined as
5.1 The zero air mass solar spectral irradiance is based on
the mean distance between the earth and the sun, that is,
data from satellites, space shuttle missions, high-altitude air-
149597890 6 500 km.
craft, rocket soundings, ground-based solar telescopes, and
modeled spectral irradiance.
5.2 Table 3 presents the solar spectral irradiance in tabular
form for the range from 0.1195 to 1000 µm. The first column
These tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E–21 on Space
Simulation and Applications of Space Technology and are the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E21.04 on Space Simulation Test Methods.
Current edition approved October 10, 2000. Published December 2000. Origi-
nally published as E490–73. Last previous edition E49–00. Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03. these tables.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E490
TABLE 1 The Solar Constant in Alternative Units
−2
Solar constant = 1366.1 W·m [SI unit]
−2
= 0.136 61 W·cm
−2
= 136.61 m W·cm
6 −2 -1
= 1.3661 3 10 erg·cm ·s
−2
= 126.9 W·ft
−2 −1
= 1.959 cal·cm ·min (60.03
−2 −1
cal·cm ·min )
−2 −1
= 0.0326 cal·cm ·s
−2 −1
= 433.4 Btu·ft ·h
−2 −1
= 0.1202 Btu·ft ·s
−1
= 1.956 Langleys·min
The calorie is the thermochemical calorie-gram and is defined as 4.1840
absolute joules.
The Btu is the thermochemical British thermal unit and is defined by the
relationship: 1 Btu (thermochemical)/(°F·lb) = 1 cal·g (thermochemical)/(°C·g).
The Langley, however, is defined in terms of the older thermal unit the calorie·g
−2
(mean), that is, 1 Langley = 1 cal·g (mean)·cm ; 1 cal·g (mean) = 4.190 02 J.
TABLE 2 Solar Irradiance at the Planets
−2
Solar Irradiance, W·m
Planet
Mean Perihelion Aphelion
Mercury 9116.4 14447.5 6271.1
Venus 2611.0 2646.4 2575.7
Earth 1366.1 1412.5 1321.7
Mars 588.6 715.9 491.7
Jupiter 50.5 55.7 45.9
Saturn 15.04 16.76 13.53
Uranus 3.72 4.11 3.37
Neptune 1.510 1.515 1.507
Pluto 0.878 1.571 0.560
gives the wavelength (l) in µm; the second gives the spectral fourth gives the percentage of the solar constant associated
−2 −1
irradiance (E)at l in W·m ·µm ; the third gives the total with wavelengths shorter than l (D ).
l 0-l
−2
irradiance for the range from 0 to l (E )inW·m ; and the
0-l
TABLE 3 Solar Spectral Irradiance—Standard Curve
l = wavelength, µm,
−2 −1
E = solar spectral irradiance averaged over small bandwidth centered at l,W·m ·µm ,
l
−2
E = integrated solar irradiance in the wavelength range from 0 to l,W·m , and
0−l
−2
D = percentage of solar constant (1366.1 W·m ) associated with wavelengths shorter than l.
0−l
NOTE 1—Double lines indicate change in wavelength interval of integration. Each column continues to next page.
l E E D l E E D
l 0-l 0-l l 0-l 0-l
−2
0.1195 6.185 3 10 0.0 0.0 1.306 413.6 1117.65 81.81
−4 −5
0.1205 0.5614 3.12 3 10 2.28 3 10 1.308 412.3 1118.47 81.87
−3 −4
0.1215 4.901 3.04 3 10 2.23 3 10 1.310 410.6 1119.30 81.93
–3 −4
0.1225 1.184 6.09 3 10 4.45 3 10 1.312 403.3 1120.11 81.99
−2 −3 −4
0.1235 4.770 3 10 6.70 3 10 4.91 3 10 1.314 402.2 1120.92 82.05
−2 −3 −4
0.1245 3.433 3 10 6.74 3 10 4.94 3 10 1.316 397.9 1121.72 82.11
−2 −3 −4
0.1255 2.882 3 10 6.77 3 10 4.96 3 10 1.318 401.7 1122.52 82.17
−2 −3 −4
0.1265 3.523 3 10 6.81 3 10 4.98 3 10 1.320 401.6 1123.32 82.23
−2 −3 −4
0.1275 2.127 3 10 6.83 3 10 5.00 3 10 1.322 398.6 1124.12 82.29
−2 −3 −4
0.1285 1.727 3 10 6.85 3 10 5.02 3 10 1.324 398.1 1124.92 82.35
−2 −3 −4
0.1295 3.994 3 10 6.88 3 10 5.04 3 10 1.326 394.9 1125.71 82.40
−3 −4
0.1305 0.1206 6.96 3 10 5.10 3 10 1.328 390.8 1126.49 82.46
−2 −3 −4
0.1315 3.983 3 10 7.04 3 10 5.16 3 10 1.330 387.8 1127.27 82.52
−2 −3 −4
0.1325 4.126 3 10 7.08 3 10 5.19 3 10 1.332 386.3 1128.05 82.57
−3 −4
0.1335 0.1680 7.19 3 10 5.26 3 10 1.334 389.2 1128.82 82.63
−2 −3 −4
0.1345 4.572 3 10 7.29 3 10 5.34 3 10 1.336 386.6 1129.60 82.69
−2 −3 −4
0.1355 3.802 3 10 7.34 3 10 5.37 3 10 1.338 383.2 1130.37 82.74
−2 −3 −4
0.1365 3.094 3 10 7.37 3 10 5.40 3 10 1.340 379.0 1131.13 82.80
−2 −3 −4
0.1375 2.920 3 10 7.40 3 10 5.42 3 10 1.342 380.5 1131.89 82.86
−2 −3 −4
0.1385 3.968 3 10 7.44 3 10 5.44 3 10 1.344 379.8 1132.65 82.91
−2 −3 −4
0.1395 7.562 3 10 7.49 3 10 5.49 3 10 1.346 377.2 1133.41 82.97
−2 −3 −4
0.1405 6.075 3 10 7.56 3 10 5.54 3 10 1.348 376.6 1134.16 83.02
−2 −3 −4
0.1415 4.207 3 10 7.61 3 10 5.57 3 10 1.350 372.4 1134.91 83.08
E490
TABLE 3 Continued
l E E D l E E D
l 0-l 0-l l 0-l 0-l
–2 −3 −4
0.1425 4.683 3 10 7.66 3 10 5.61 3 10 1.352 374.2 1135.66 83.13
−2 −3 −4
0.1435 5.110 3 10 7.71 3 10 5.64 3 10 1.354 372.2 1136.40 83.19
−2 −3 −4
0.1445 5.093 3 10 7.76 3 10 5.68 3 10 1.356 367.5 1137.14 83.24
−2 −3 −4
0.1455 5.535 3 10 7.81 3 10 5.72 3 10 1.358 368.8 1137.88 83.29
−2 −3 −4
0.1465 7.087 3 10 7.87 3 10 5.76 3 10 1.360 367.3 1138.62 83.35
−2 −3 −4
0.1475 8.485 3 10 7.95 3 10 5.82 3 10 1.362 367.7 1139.35 83.40
−2 −3 −4
0.1485 8.199 3 10 8.03 3 10 5.88 3 10 1.364 365.7 1140.08 83.46
−2 −3 −4
0.1495 7.956 3 10 8.12 3 10 5.94 3 10 1.366 365.7 1140.81 83.51
−2 −3 −4
0.1505 8.697 3 10 8.20 3 10 6.00 3 10 1.368 362.8 1141.54 83.56
−2 −3 −4
0.1515 9.266 3 10 8.29 3 10 6.07 3 10 1.370 359.9 1142.27 83.62
−3 −4
0.1525 0.1163 8.39 3 10 6.14 3 10 1.372 362.1 1142.99 83.67
−3 −4
0.1535 0.1299 8.52 3 10 6.23 3 10 1.374 361.1 1143.71 83.72
−3 −4
0.1545 0.2059 8.68 3 10 6.36 3 10 1.376 356.1 1144.43 83.77
−3 −4
0.1555 0.2144 8.89 3 10 6.51 3 10 1.378 358.0 1145.14 83.83
−3 −4
0.1565 0.1847 9.09 3 10 6.66 3 10 1.380 357.9 1145.86 83.88
−3 −4
0.1575 0.1717 9.27 3 10 6.79 3 10 1.382 354.5 1146.57 83.93
−3 −4
0.1585 0.1675 9.44 3 10 6.91 3 10 1.384 354.7 1147.28 83.98
−3 −4
0.1595 0.1754 9.61 3 10 7.04 3 10 1.386 353.2 1147.99 84.03
−3 −4
0.1605 0.1934 9.80 3 10 7.17 3 10 1.388 353.0 1148.69 84.09
−2 −4
0.1615 0.2228 1.00 3 10 7.32 3 10 1.390 350.6 1149.40 84.14
−2 −4
0.1625 0.2519 1.02 3 10 7.50 3 10 1.392 351.3 1150.10 84.19
−2 −4
0.1635 0.2841 1.05 3 10 7.69 3 10 1.394 348.8 1150.80 84.24
−2 −4
0.1645 0.2973 1.08 3 10 7.91 3 10 1.396 348.7 1151.50 84.29
−2 −4
0.1655 0.4302 1.12 3 10 8.17 3 10 1.398 349.2 1152.19 84.34
−2 −4
0.1665 0.3989 1.16 3 10 8.48 3 10 1.400 342.7 1152.89 84.39
−2 −4
0.1675 0.3875 1.20 3 10 8.76 3 10 1.402 343.9 1153.57 84.44
−2 −4
0.1685 0.4556 1.24 3 10 9.07 3 10 1.404 342.8 1154.26 84.49
−2 −4
0.1695 0.5877 1.29 3 10 9.46 3 10 1.406 343.1 1154.95 84.54
−2 −4
0.1705 0.6616 1.35 3 10 9.91 3 10 1.408 342.7 1155.63 84.59
−2 −3
0.1715 0.6880 1.42 3 10 1.04 3 10 1.410 341.8 1156.32 84.64
−2 −3
0.1725 0.7252 1.49 3 10 1.09 3 10 1.412 334.8 1156.99 84.69
−2 −3
0.1735 0.7645 1.57 3 10 1.15 3 10 1.414 337.7 1157.67 84.74
−2 −3
0.1745 0.9067 1.65 3 10 1.21 3 10 1.416 338.5 1158.34 84.79
−2 −3
0.1755 1.079 1.75 3 10 1.28 3 10 1.418 338.6 1159.02 84.84
−2 −3
0.1765 1.220 1.86 3 10 1.36 3 10 1.420 335.7 1159.69 84.89
−2 −3
0.1775 1.403 2.00 3 10 1.46 3 10 1.422 331.5 1160.36 84.94
−2 −3
0.1785 1.538 2.14 3 10 1.57 3 10 1.424 331.1 1161.02 84.99
−2 −3
0.1795 1.576 2.30 3 10 1.68 3 10 1.426 328.1 1161.68 85.04
−2 −3
0.1805 1.831 2.47 3 10 1.81 3 10 1.428 328.5 1162.34 85.08
−2 −3
0.1815 2.233 2.67 3 10 1.96 3 10 1.430 325.7 1162.99 85.13
−2 −3
0.1825 2.243 2.90 3 10 2.12 3 10 1.432 330.0 1163.65 85.18
−2 −3
0.1835 2.244 312 3 10 2.28 3 10 1.434 328.4 1164.31 85.23
−2 −3
0.1845 2.066 3.34 3 10 2.44 3 10 1.436 328.5 1164.96 85.28
−2 −3
0.1855 2.311 3.55 3 10 2.60 3 10 1.438 328.3 1165.62 85.32
−2 −3
0.1865 2.700 3.81 3 10 2.79 3 10 1.440 318.8 1166.27 85.37
−2 −3
0.1875 3.009 4.09 3 10 2.99 3 10 1.442 318.6 1166.91 85.42
−2 −3
0.1885 3.291 4.41 3 10 3.22 3 10 1.444 319.7 1167.54 85.47
−2 −3
0.1895 3.569 4.75 3 10 3.48 3 10 1.446 321.6 1168.19 85.51
−2 −3
0.1905 3.764 5.12 3 10 3.74 3 10 1.448 321.6 1168.83 85.56
−2 −3
0.1915 4.165 5.51 3 10 4.03 3 10 1.450 318.7 1169.47 85.61
−2 −3
0.1925 4.113 5.93 3 10 4.34 3 10 1.452 315.4 1170.10 85.65
−2 −3
0.1935 3.808 6.32 3 10 4.63 3 10 1.454 314.3 1170.73 85.70
−2 −3
0.1945 5.210 6.77 3 10 4.96 3 10 1.456 313.1 1171.36 85.74
−2 −3
0.1955 5.427 7.30 3 10 5.35 3 10 1.458 316.7 1171.99 85.79
−2 −3
0.1965 6.008 7.88 3 10 5.77 3 10 1.460 315.6 1172.62 85.84
−2 −3
0.1975 6.191 8.49 3 10 6.21 3 10 1.462 312.1 1173.25 85.88
−2 −3
0.1985 6.187 9.10 3 10 6.66 3 10 1.464 310.5 1173.87 85.93
−2 −3
0.1995 6.664 9.75 3 10 7.14 3 10 1.466 310.8 1174.49 85.97
−3
0.2005 7.326 0.104 7.65 3 10 1.468 311.4 1175.12 86.02
−3
0.2015 8.023 0.112 8.21 3 10 1.470 310.2 1175.74 86.07
−3
0.2025 8.261 0.120 8.81 3 10 1.472 307.3 1176.35 86.11
−3
0.2035 9.217 0.129 9.44 3 10 1.474 303.4 1176.96 86.16
−2
0.2045 10.25 0.139 1.02 3 10 1.476 304.8 1177.57 86.20
−2
0.2055 10.54 0.149 1.09 3 10 1.478 304.4 1178.18 86.24
−2
0.2065 11.08 0.160 1.17 3 10 1.480 306.8 1178.79 86.29
−2
0.2075 12.65 0.172 1.26 3 10 1.482 304.4 1179.40 86.33
−2
0.2085 15.05 0.186 1.36 3 10 1.484 303.9 1180.01 86.38
−2
0.2095 21.38 0.204 1.49 3 10 1.486 303.3 1180.62 86.42
−2
0.2105 27.92 0.229 1.67 3 10 1.488 285.5 1181.21 86.47
−2
0.2115 33.54 0.259 1.90 3 10 1.490 301.5 1181.80 86.51
−2
0.2125 31.30 0.292 2.14 3 10 1.492 301.8 1182.40 86.55
−2
0.2135 33.15 0.324 2.37 3 10 1.494 303.3 1183.00 86.60
−2
0.2145 40.03 0.360 2.64 3 10 1.496 297.2 1183.60 86.64
−2
0.2155 36.15 0.399 2.92 3 10 1.498 299.4 1184.20 86.68
E490
TABLE 3 Continued
l E E D l E E D
l 0-l 0-l l 0-l 0-l
−2
0.2165 32.27 0.433 3.17 3 10 1.500 301.1 1184.80 86.73
−2
0.2175 35.29 0.467 3.42 3 10 1.502 292.4 1185.40 86.77
−2
0.2185 44.37 0.506 3.71 3 10 1.504 279.9 1185.97 86.81
−2
0.2195 46.92 0.552 4.04 3 10 1.506 284.8 1186.53 86.86
−2
0.2205 47.33 0.599 4.39 3 10 1.508 291.9 1187.11 86.90
−2
0.2215 39.58 0.643 4.70 3 10 1.510 294.7 1187.70 86.94
−2
0.2225 49.65 0.687 5.03 3 10 1.512 291.3 1188.28 86.98
−2
0.2235 63.01 0.744 5.44 3 10 1.514 288.3 1188.86 87.03
−2
0.2245 58.97 0.805 5.89 3 10 1.516 288.2 1189.44 87.07
−2
0.2255 52.29 0.860 6.30 3 10 1.518 288.4 1190.01 87.11
−2
0.2265 39.40 0.906 6.63 3 10 1.520 286.6 1190.59 87.15
−2
0.2275 39.92 0.946 6.92 3 10 1.522 282.4 1191.16 87.19
−2
0.2285 51.95 0.992 7.26 3 10 1.524 283.5 1191.72 87.24
−2
0.2295 47.71 1.04 7.62 3 10 1.526 284.6 1192.29 87.28
−2
0.2305 52.12 1.09 7.99 3 10 1.528 284.6 1192.86 87.32
−2
0.2315 50.97 1.14 8.37 3 10 1.530 276.5 1193.42 87.36
−2
0.2325 53.26 1.20 8.75 3 10 1.532 282.3 1193.98 87.40
−2
0.2335 44.74 1.24 9.11 3 10 1.534 278.4 1194.54 87.44
−2
0.2345 38.97 1.29 9.41 3 10 1.536 280.6 1195.10 87.48
−2
0.2355 51.42 1.33 9.74 3 10 1.538 277.3 1195.66 87.52
0.2365 48.59 1.38 0.101 1.540 273.0 1196.21 87.56
0.2375 48.44 1.43 0.105 1.542 275.3 1196.76 87.60
0.2385 41.96 1.47 0.108 1.544 277.8 1197.31 87.64
0.2395 44.12 1.52 0.111 1.546 277.2 1197.87 87.69
0.2405 39.56 1.56 0.114 1.548 271.1 1198.41 87.73
0.2415 51.48 1.61 0.118 1.550 271.3 1198.96 87.76
0.2425 70.60 1.67 0.122 1.552 273.1 1199.50 87.80
0.2435 66.53 1.73 0.127 1.554 267.6 1200.04 87.84
0.2445 60.97 1.80 0.132 1.556 267.1 1200.58 87.88
0.2455 49.39 1.85 0.136 1.558 268.9 1201.11 87.92
0.2465 50.40 1.90 0.139 1.560 268.3 1201.65 87.96
0.2475 55.50 1.96 0.143 1.562 269.7 1202.19 88.00
0.2485 45.65 2.01 0.147 1.564 266.9 1202.73 88.04
0.2495 56.38 2.06 0.151 1.566 265.4 1203.26 88.08
0.
...