ASTM G65-04(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 2). The value of the practice lies in predicting the relative ranking of various materials of construction in an abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this test method to produce data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss.
Note 1—In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1 mm3 = 6.102 × 10 −5 in3.
1.3 This test method covers five recommended procedures which are appropriate for specific degrees of wear resistance or thicknesses of the test material.
1.3.1 Procedure A—This is a relatively severe test which will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance.
1.3.2 Procedure B—A short-term variation of Procedure A. It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when the volume–loss values developed by Procedure A exceeds 100 mm3.
1.3.3 Procedure C—A short-term variation of Procedure A for use on thin coatings.
1.3.4 Procedure D—This is a lighter load variation of Procedure A which is particularly useful in ranking materials of low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of a specific generic type or materials which would be very close in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.
1.3.5 Procedure E—A short-term variation of Procedure B that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or low-abrasion resistance.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: G65 − 04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel
Apparatus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG65;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3.5 Procedure E—A short-term variation of Procedure B
that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for de-
low-abrasion resistance.
termining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
intentofthistestmethodtoproducedatathatwillreproducibly
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
a specified set of conditions.
limitations prior to use.
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in
cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified.
2. Referenced Documents
Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower
2.1 ASTM Standards:
volume loss.
D2240TestMethodforRubberProperty—DurometerHard-
NOTE 1—In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the
ness
intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1
−5 3
mm =6.102×10 in . Sieves
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
1.3 This test method covers five recommended procedures
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
whichareappropriateforspecificdegreesofwearresistanceor
Lot or Process
thicknesses of the test material.
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.3.1 Procedure A—This is a relatively severe test which
ASTM Test Methods
will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in
ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance. 2.2 American Foundrymen’s Society Standards:
1.3.2 Procedure B—A short-term variation of Procedure A.
AFS Foundry Sand Handbook, 7thEdition
It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is
particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-
3. Terminology
abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when
3.1 Definitions:
thevolume–lossvaluesdevelopedbyProcedureAexceeds100
3.1.1 abrasive wear—wear due to hard particles or hard
mm .
protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface
1.3.3 Procedure C—A short-term variation of Procedure A
(Terminology G40).
for use on thin coatings.
NOTE 2—This definition covers several different wear modes or
1.3.4 Procedure D—This is a lighter load variation of
mechanisms that fall under the abrasive wear category.These modes may
ProcedureAwhichisparticularlyusefulinrankingmaterialsof
degrade a surface by scratching, cutting, deformation, or gouging (1 and
low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of 4
2).
a specific generic type or materials which would be very close
in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive the ASTM website.
Wear. Available from American Foundrymen’s Society, Golf and Wolf Roads, Des
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally Plaines, IL 60016.
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as G65–04. DOI: The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
10.1520/G0065-04R10. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G65 − 04 (2010)
4. Summary of Test Method abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test
materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive
4.1 The dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion test (Fig. 1) in-
environment may, however, be compared with test data ob-
volves the abrading of a standard test specimen with a grit of
tained from a material whose life is known in the same
controlled size and composition. The abrasive is introduced
environment.Thecomparisonwillprovideageneralindication
between the test specimen and a rotating wheel with a
of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the
chlorobutyl rubber tire or rim of a specified hardness.This test
predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
specimen is pressed against the rotating wheel at a specified
force by means of a lever arm while a controlled flow of grit
6. Apparatus and Material
abrades the test surface. The rotation of the wheel is such that
its contact face moves in the direction of the sand flow. Note 6.1 Fig. 2 shows a typical design and Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 are
that the pivot axis of the lever arm lies within a plane which is photographs of the test apparatus which may be constructed
approximatelytangenttotherubberwheelsurface,andnormal from readily available materials. Also, see Ref (3). Several
to the horizontal diameter along which the load is applied.The elements are of critical importance to ensure uniformity in test
results among laboratories. These are the type of rubber used
test duration and force applied by the lever arm is varied as
notedinProcedureAthroughE.Specimensareweighedbefore on the wheel, the type of abrasive and the shape, positioning
and after the test and the loss in mass recorded. It is necessary and the size opening of the sand nozzle, and a suitable lever
to convert the mass loss to volume loss in cubic millimetres, arm system to apply the required force.
due to the wide differences in the density of materials.
6.2 Rubber Wheel—ThewheelshowninFig.5shallconsist
Abrasion is reported as volume loss per specified procedure.
ofasteeldiskwithanouterlayerofchlorobutylrubbermolded
toitsperiphery.Uncuredrubbershallbebondedtotherimand
5. Significance and Use (1-7)
fullycuredinasteelmold.Theoptimumhardnessofthecured
5.1 Theseverityofabrasivewearinanysystemwilldepend
rubber is Durometer A-60. A range from A58 to 62 is
upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the
acceptable. At least four hardness readings shall be taken on
magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the
therubberapproximately90°apartaroundtheperipheryofthe
frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice
wheel using a Shore A Durometer tester in accordance with
these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condi-
Test Method D2240. The gage readings shall be taken after a
tion of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion
dwelltimeof5s.Therecommendedcompositionoftherubber
(1 and 3). The value of the practice lies in predicting the
andaqualifiedmoldingsourceisnotedinTable1.(See9.9for
relative ranking of various materials of construction in an
preparation and care of the rubber wheel before and after use
abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to
and see Fig. 2 and Fig. 5.)
duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape,
6.3 Abrasive—The type of abrasive shall be a rounded
pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used
quartzgrainsandastypifiedbyAFS50/70TestSand(Fig.6).
to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific
The moisture content shall not exceed 0.5 weight%. Sand that
environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of mate-
has been subjected to dampness or to continued high relative
rials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an
humidity may take on moisture, which will affect test results.
Moisture content may be determined by measuring the weight
lossafterheatingasampletoapproximately120°C(250°F)for
1hminimum.Iftestsandcontainsmoistureinexcessof0.5%
it shall be dried by heating to 100°C (212°F) for 1 h minimum
and the moisture test repeated. In high-humidity areas sand
maybeeffectivelystoredinconstanttemperatureandhumidity
rooms or in an enclosed steel storage bin equipped with a
100-Welectricbulb.Weldingelectrodedryingovens,available
from welding equipment suppliers are also suitable. Multiple
useofthesandmayaffecttestresultsandisnotrecommended.
AFS 50/70 Test Sand is controlled to the following size range
using U.S. sieves (Specification E11).
U.S. Sieve Size Sieve Opening % Retained on Sieve
40 425 µm (0.0165 in.) none
50 300 µm (0.0117 in.) 5 max
70 212 µm (0.0083 in.) 95 min
100 150 µm (0.0059 in.) none passing
Original users of this test method fabricated their own apparatus. Machines are
available commercially from several manufacturers of abrasion testing equipment.
Available from U.S. Silica Co., P.O. Box 577, Ottawa, IL 61350. Sand from
other sources was not used in the development of this test method and may give
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Test Apparatus different results.
G65 − 04 (2010)
FIG. 2 Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Test Apparatus
FIG. 3 Wheel and Lever Arm
6.4 Sand Nozzle—Fig. 7 shows the fabricated nozzle design proper shape of sand curtain for test procedures. The nozzle
whichwasdevelopedtoproduceanaccuratesandflowrateand maybeofanyconvenientlengththatwillallowforconnection
G65 − 04 (2010)
FIG. 4 Enclosure Frame
FIG. 5 Rubber Wheel
tothesandhopperusingplastictubing.Innewnozzles,therate 6.4.2 Formed Nozzle—Nozzles formed from tubing may be
of sand flow is adjusted by grinding the orifice of the nozzle to used only when they duplicate the size and shape (rectangular
increase the width of the opening to develop a sand flow rate orifice and taper), and the sand flow characteristics (flow rate
of 300 to 400 g/min. During use, the nozzle opening must be and streamlined flow) of the fabricated nozzle. (See Fig. 7 and
positioned as close to the junction of the test specimen and the Fig. 9.)
rubber wheel as the design will allow. (See Fig. 8.) 6.4.3 Sand Flow—Thenozzlemustproduceasandflowrate
6.4.1 Any convenient material of construction that is avail- of 300 to 400 g/min (0.66 to 0.88 lb/min).
able as welded or seamless pipe may be used for the construc- 6.4.4 Sand Curtain—Fig. 9 shows the proper stream-lined
tion of the fabricated nozzle. Stainless steel is preferred flow and the narrow shape of the sand curtain as it exits from
becauseofitscorrosionresistanceandeaseofwelding.Copper the sand nozzle. A turbulent sand flow as depicted in Fig. 10
and steel are also used successfully. will tend to produce low and inconsistent test results. It is
G65 − 04 (2010)
A
TABLE 1 Formula for Chlorobutyl Rubber
6.7 Specimen Holder and Lever Arm—The specimen holder
isattachedtotheleverarmtowhichweightsareadded,sothat
NOTE 1—Specific gravity of mix: 1.15. Pressure cure: 20 min at 160°C
(320°F). a force is applied along the horizontal diametral line of the
Proportions by wheel.An appropriate number of weights must be available to
Materials
Weight
applytheappropriateforce(Table2)betweenthetestspecimen
Chlorobutyl No. HT 10-66 (Enjay Chemical) 100
and the wheel. The actual weight required should not be
Agerite Staylite-S 1
calculated, but rather should be determined by direct measure-
HAF black 60
Circolight oil 5 ment by noting the load required to pull the specimen holder
Stearic acid 1
away from the wheel. A convenient weight system is a can
Zinc oxide 5
filled with sand (see Fig. 2).
Ledate 2
A
The sole source of supply known to the committee at this time is Falex
6.8 Analytical Balance—The balance used to measure the
Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you are aware of
loss in mass of the test specimen shall have a sensitivity of
alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM Headquarters. Your
0.001 g. Procedure C requires a sensitivity of 0.0001 g.
comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend.
6.9 Enclosure, Frame, and Abrasive Hopper—Fig. 3 and
Fig. 4 are photographs of a typical test apparatus.The size and
shape of the support elements, enclosure, and hopper may be
varied according to the user’s needs.
7. Specimen Preparation and Sampling
7.1 Materials—It is the intent of this test method to allow
for the abrasion testing of any material form, including
wrought metals, castings, forgings, gas or electric weld
overlays, plasma spray deposits, powder metals, metallizing,
electroplates, cermets, ceramics and so forth. The type of
material will, to some extent, determine the overall size of the
test specimen.
7.2 Typical Specimen,arectangularshape25by76mm(1.0
by 3.0 in.) and between 3.2 and 12.7 mm (0.12 and 0.50 in.)
thick.Thesizemaybevariedaccordingtotheuser’sneedwith
the restriction that the length and width be sufficient to show
the full length of the wear scar as developed by the test. The
test surface should be flat within 0.125 mm (0.005 in.)
maximum.
7.3 Wrought, Cast, and Forged Metal—Specimens may be
machined to size directly from the raw material.
7.4 Electric or Gas Weld Deposits are applied to one flat
surfaceofthetestpiece.Double-weldpassesarerecommended
topreventwelddilutionbythebasemetal.Theheatofwelding
may distort the test specimen. When this occurs, the specimen
FIG. 6 25X Magnification AFS 50/70 Test Sand Ottawa Silica Co.
may be mechanically straightened or ground, or both. In order
to develop a suitable wear scar, the surface to be abraded must
be ground flat to produce a smooth, level surface at least 63.4
intended that the sand flows in a streamlined manner and
mm (2.50 in.) long and 19.1 mm (0.75 in.) for the test. (See
passes between the specimen and rubber wheel.
7.5.) Note that the welder technique, heat input of welds, and
the flame adjustment of gas welds will have an effect on the
6.5 Motor Drive—The wheel is driven by a nominally
0.7-kW(1-hp) dc motor through a 10/1 gear box to ensure that abrasion resistance of a weld deposit.
full torque is delivered during the test. The rate of revolution
7.5 Finish—Test specimens should be
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