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ASTM D7918-23

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2023
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.96.07 - Integrated Testers, Instrumentation Techniques for In-Service Lubricants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7918-17a - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2023

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ASTM D7918-23 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and PreparationASTM D7918-23 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation
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REDLINE ASTM D7918-23 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and PreparationREDLINE ASTM D7918-23 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation
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REDLINE ASTM D7918-23 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7918 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear,
Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating
1
Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7918; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evalua-
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
tion of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxida-
Grease
tive condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear,
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
consistency, contamination, and oxidation.
D6595 Test Method for Determination of Wear Metals and
Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oils or Used Hydraulic
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Fluids by Rotating Disc Electrode Atomic Emission Spec-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
trometry
only.
D7527 Test Method for Measurement of Antioxidant Con-
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units
tent in Lubricating Greases by Linear Sweep Voltammetry
of references were developed by the developers of the test
D7546 Test Method for Determination of Moisture in New
equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.
and In-Service Lubricating Oils and Additives by Relative
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Humidity Sensor
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D7718 Practice for Obtaining In-Service Samples of Lubri-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cating Grease
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D7843 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricant Gener-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ated Insoluble Color Bodies in In-Service Turbine Oils
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
using Membrane Patch Colorimetry
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ASTM Test Methods
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.96.07 on Integrated Testers, Instrumentation Techniques for
2
In-Service Lubricants. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D7918 – 17a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7918-23. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7918 − 23
3.1.1 active grease sampling device, n—device designed to pressed as a percent when compared to the average of three
take an active sample of a lubricating grease from a bearing, unique test conditions of the unused lubricating grease base-
gear, or drive shaft located in a grease lubricated component. line.
D7718
3.2.2 die extrusion tester, n—a device that measures the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The Grease Thief (trademarked) Type
consistency of in-service lubricating greases and compares the
3
2 is a tool which meets this description and can be used to
measurement to the values obtained from a baseline sample of
obtain an active grease sample from a lubricated component. A
lubricating grease.
full description and dimensions of this device can be found in
3.2.3 ferrous debris level, n—the total amount of ferrous
Annex A2.
me
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7918 − 17a D7918 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear,
Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating
1
Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7918; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative
condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency,
contamination, and oxidation.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment
and necessary to report the results of the test.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and
Lubricants
D6595 Test Method for Determination of Wear Metals and Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oils or Used Hydraulic Fluids by
Rotating Disc Electrode Atomic Emission Spectrometry
D7527 Test Method for Measurement of Antioxidant Content in Lubricating Greases by Linear Sweep Voltammetry
D7546 Test Method for Determination of Moisture in New and In-Service Lubricating Oils and Additives by Relative Humidity
Sensor
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.96.07 on Integrated Testers, Instrumentation Techniques for In-Service Lubricants.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2017Oct. 1, 2023. Published December 2017November 2023. Originally approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as
D7918 – 17.D7918 – 17a. DOI: 10.1520/D7918-17A.10.1520/D7918-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7918 − 23
D7718 Practice for Obtaining In-Service Samples of Lubricating Grease
D7843 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricant Generated Insoluble Color Bodies in In-Service Turbine Oils using
Membrane Patch Colorimetry
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 active grease sampling device, n—device designed to take an active sample of a lubricating grease from a bearing, gear, or
drive shaft located in a grease lubricated component. D7718
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
3
The Grease Thief (trademarked) Type 2 is a tool which meets this description and can be used to obtain an active grease sample
from a lubricated component. A full description and dimensions of this device can be found in Annex A2.
3.1.2 active sampling, v—to use a sampling device to actively gather an in-service lubricating grease sample from a
grease-lubricated component. D7718
3.1.3 calibration, n—the determination of the values of the significant
...

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ASTM D942-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Lubricating Greases by the Oxygen Pressure Vessel Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method measures the net change in pressure resulting from consumption of oxygen by oxidation and gain in pressure due to formation of volatile oxidation by-products. This test method may be used for quality control to indicate batch-to-batch uniformity. It predicts neither the stability of greases under dynamic service conditions, nor the stability of greases stored in containers for long periods, nor the stability of films of greases on bearings and motor-parts. It should not be used to estimate the relative oxidation resistance of different grease types.
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1.1 This test method determines resistance of lubricating greases to oxidation when stored statically in an oxygen atmosphere in a sealed system at an elevated temperature under conditions of test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
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1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.  
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) .2 This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.  
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
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5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
1.2 Effective sealing action requires that the physical properties of elastomers used for any seal have a high level of resistance to the liquid or oil in which they are immersed. When such a high level of resistance exists, the elastomer is said to be compatible with the liquid or oil.
Note 1: The user of this test method should be proficient in the use of Test Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersion in liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compatibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in the execution of the operations of this test method.  
1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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ASTM
ASTM D8074-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in DD13 Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to evaluate the liner scuffing and ring distress performance of engine oils in turbocharged and intercooled four-cycle diesel engines equipped with EGR, uncoated top rings, and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Results are obtained from used oil analysis, operational data, and component measurements before and after test.  
5.2 The test method may be used for engine oil specification acceptance when all details of the procedure are followed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for evaluating diesel engine oils for performance characteristics, including adhesive wear between an uncoated piston ring and cylinder liner. This test method is commonly referred to as the DD13 Scuffing Test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Where there is no direct SI equivalent, such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, and single source supply equipment specifications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A2 for specific safety precautions.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8114-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Effects of Automotive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in Sequence VIE Spark Ignition

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method—The data obtained from the use of this test method provide a comparative index of the fuel-saving capabilities of automotive engine oils under repeatable laboratory conditions. A BL has been established for this test to provide a standard against which all other oils can be compared. The BL oil is an SAE 20W-30 grade fully formulated lubricant. The test procedure was not designed to give a precise estimate of the difference between two test oils without adequate replication. The test method was developed to compare the test oil to the BL oil. Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil performance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision of Specification D4485.  
5.2 Use—The Sequence VIE test method is useful for engine oil fuel economy specification acceptance. It is used in specifications and classifications of engine lubricating oils, such as the following:  
5.2.1 Specification D4485.  
5.2.2 API 1509.  
5.2.3 SAE Classification J304.  
5.2.4 SAE Classification J1423.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for the measurement of the effects of automotive engine oils on the fuel economy of passenger cars and light-duty trucks with gross vehicle weight 3856 kg or less. The tests are conducted using a specified spark-ignition engine with a displacement of 3.6 L (General Motors)4 on a dynamometer test stand. It applies to multi-viscosity oils used in these applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, and single source supply equipment specifications. Additionally, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) is measured in kilogram per kilowatt hour.  
1.3 This test method is arranged as follows:    
Subject  
Section  
Introduction  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
General  
6.1  
Test Engine Configuration  
6.2  
Laboratory Ambient Conditions  
6.3  
Engine Speed and Torque Control  
6.4  
Dynamometer  
6.4.1  
Dynamometer Torque  
6.4.2  
Engine Cooling System  
6.5  
External Oil System  
6.6  
Fuel System  
6.7  
Fuel Flow Measurement  
6.7.2  
Fuel Temperature and Pressure Control to the Fuel Flow Meter  
6.7.3  
Fuel Temperature and Pressure Control to Engine Fuel Rail  
6.7.4  
Fuel Supply Pumps  
6.7.5  
Fuel Filtering  
6.7.6  
Engine Intake Air Supply  
6.8  
Intake Air Humidity  
6.8.1  
Intake Air Filtration  
6.8.2  
Intake Air Pressure Relief  
6.8.3  
Temperature Measurement  
6.9  
Thermocouple Location  
6.9.5  
AFR Determination  
6.10  
Exhaust and Exhaust Back Pressure Systems  
6.11  
Exhaust Manifolds  
6.11.1  
Laboratory Exhaust System  
6.11.2  
Exhaust Back Pressure  
6.11.3  
Pressure Measurement and Pressure Sensor Locations  
6.12  
Engine Oil  
6.12.2  
Fuel to Fuel Flow Meter  
6.12.3  
Fuel to Engine Fuel Rail  
6.12.4  
Exhaust Back Pressure  
6.12.5  
Intake Air  
6.12.6  
Intake Manifold Vacuum/Absolute Pressure  
6.12.7  
Coolant Flow Differential Pressure  
6.12.8  
Crankcase Pressure  
6.12.9  
Engine Hardware and Related Apparatus  
6.13  
Test Engine Configuration  
6.13.1  
ECU (Power Control Module)  
6.13.2  
Thermostat Block-Off Adapter Plate  
6.13.3  
Wiring Harness  
6.13.4  
Thermostat Block-Off Plate  
6.13.5  
Oil Filter Adapter Plate  
6.13.6  
Modified Throttle Body Assembly  
6.13.7  
Fuel Rail  
6.13.8  
Miscellaneous Apparatus Related to Engine Operation  
6.14  
Reagents and Materials  
7  
Engine Oil  
7.1  
Test Fuel  
7.2  
Engine Coolant  
7.3  
Cleaning Materials...

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ASTM
ASTM D8350-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IVB Spark-Ignition Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to evaluate automotive lubricant’s effect on controlling valve-train wear and overall engine wear for overhead camshaft engines with direct acting bucket lifters.  
5.2 Average intake lifter volume loss is used as a measure of an oil’s ability to prevent valve-train wear.  
5.3 End-of-test oil iron concentration is used as a measure of an oil’s ability to prevent overall engine wear.
Note 2: This test method may be used for engine oil specifications such as API SP, and ILSAC GF- 6A, and GF-6B.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the ability of an engine crankcase oil to control valve-train wear in spark-ignition engines at low operating temperature conditions. This test method is designed to simulate extended engine cyclic vehicle operation. The Sequence IVB Test Method uses a Toyota 2NR-FE water cooled, 4 cycle, in-line cylinder, 1.5 L engine. The primary result is bucket lifter wear. Secondary results include cam lobe nose wear and measurement of iron (Fe) wear metal concentration in the used engine oil. Other determinations such as fuel dilution of the crankcase oil, non-ferrous wear metal concentrations, total fuel consumption, and total oil consumption, can be useful in the assessment of the validity of the test results.2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as pipe fittings, tubing, NPT screw threads/diameters, or single source equipment specified.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided throughout this document as necessary in each particular section.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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