ASTM E2412-23a
(Practice)Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry
Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) .2 This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of t...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2412 − 23a
Standard Practice for
Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants by Trend
Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
1
Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for
illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring
representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.
additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degra-
dation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic
used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored
check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can
include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil.
be used to assist in the determination of general machinery
Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are moni-
health through measurement of properties observable in the
tored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this moni-
mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others
toring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the
as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is
machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Mea-
typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For
surement and data interpretation parameters are presented to
example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal
allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare
levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as
results by employing the same techniques.
presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant
physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number,
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution
total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitor-
response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements.
ing in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of
While calibration to generate physical concentration units may
general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of
be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases.
lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive pack-
Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action
age formulations.
on a machine being monitored is recommended or required)
can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance.
standard.
These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or
minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
also be based on a rate of change of the response measured
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
(1). This practice describes distributions but does not preclude responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
NOTE 1—It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D02.96.03 on FTIR Testing Practices and Techniques Related to In-Service
Lubricants.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as E2412 – 23.
DOI:10.1520/E2412-23A.
2
The boldface numb
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2412 − 23 E2412 − 23a
Standard Practice for
Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants by Trend
Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
1
Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in
machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water,
soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of
degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault
conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR
spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While
calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or
alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined
through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with
correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison
2
to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1). This practice describes
distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
NOTE 1—It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should
be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing
or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be
used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared
spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in
conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type
of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example,
viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in
the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance
or additive package formulations.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.96.03 on FTIR Testing Practices and Techniques Related to In-Service Lubricants.
Current edition approved May 1, 2023Nov. 1, 2023. Published May 2023November 2023. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20182023 as
E2412 – 10 (2018).E2412 – 23. DOI:10.1520/E2412-23.DOI:10.1520/E2412-23A.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2412 − 23a
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the res
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