ASTM A471/A471M-09
(Specification)Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels
Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels
ABSTRACT
This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:A471/A471M −09
StandardSpecification for
Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor
1
Disks and Wheels
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA471/A471M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* lines additional ordering information, manufacturing methods
and procedures, marking, certification, production analysis
1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel
variations, and additional supplementary requirements.
forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels.
3.2 The purchaser shall specify in the inquiry and order the
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
class of steel desired and test and purchase options (see 4.5.5,
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
5.2.2, 6.1, 6.3, Section 7, and 15.1).
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.3 Forging Drawing—Each forging shall be manufactured
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
in accordance with a purchaser-supplied drawing showing the
with the standard.
finished dimensions and the locations of mechanical test
specimens.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.4 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
apply only when specified in the purchaser’s order.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Materials and Manufacture
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Melting Process:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.1.1 The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of process, with additional ladle refining being optional.
Steel Forgings
4.1.2 Provisions for subsequent secondary melting of the
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
steel by the consumable electrode-electroslag or vacuum-arc
of Steel Products
remelting processes are included in Supplementary Require-
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
ment S4.
Forgings
4.2 The vacuum degassing requirements of Specification
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
A788/A788M are mandatory.
cal Analysis of Steel Products
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re- 4.3 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be taken from each
quirements ingot to secure freedom from pipe and undue segregation in the
E139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, finished forging.
and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
4.4 Forging Process—The forgings shall receive their hot
mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient
3. Ordering Information
power to work the metal throughout its section. The forgings
3.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
shall be upset by forming from a block having an axial length
the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
before upsetting of at least two times the thickness of the
forging after upsetting.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
4.4.1 The as-forged dimensions of each forging shall be
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. planned so the metal is shaped by forging as close as is
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally
practical to the dimensions shown on the purchaser’s drawing
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A471 – 08. DOI:
so as to keep subsequent machining to a minimum.
10.1520/A0471_A0471M-09.
2
4.4.2 The axial center of the forging shall be maintained in
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
common with the axial center of the ingot.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 4.5 Heat Treatment:
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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A471/A471M−09
4.5.1 Cooling Prior to Heat Treatment—After forging and 5. Chemical Composition
before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be
5.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical
allowed to cool
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A 471–08 Designation: A 471/A 471M – 09
Standard Specification for
Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor
1
Disks and Wheels
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 471/A 471M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 275/A 275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A 388/A 388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
A 788/A 788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements E30 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Steel, Cast
Iron, Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron
E 139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
3. Ordering Information
3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by SpecificationA788/A788M, the purchaser shall include with the inquiry
and order, the class of steel, alternative maximum for silicon content (see Table 1), the choice of yield strength offset (0.2 or 0.02
%), and any tests, supplementary requirements, and purchase options desired.
3.2Material supplied to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification A 788/A 788M, which outlines
additional ordering information, manufacturing methods and procedures, marking, certification, production analysis variations,
and additional supplementary requirements.
3.2 The purchaser shall specify in the inquiry and order the class of steel desired and test and purchase options (see 4.5.5, 5.2.2,
6.1, 6.3, Section 7, and 15.1).
3.3 Forging Drawing—Each forging shall be manufactured in accordance with a purchaser-supplied drawing showing the
finished dimensions and the locations of mechanical test specimens.
3.34 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall apply only when specified in the purchaser’s order.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Melting Process:
4.1.1The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process.
4.1.1 The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process, with additional ladle refining being optional.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved Oct.April 1, 2008.2009. Published October 2008.April 2009. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20062008 as
A 471 – 068.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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A 471/A 471M – 09
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Classes 1 to 6, Class 10 Classes 11 to 13, Class 14
incl incl
A
Carbon 0.28 max 0.27–0.37 0.38–0.43 0.45 max
Manganese 0.70 max 0.70–1.00 0.60–1.00 0.60–1.00
Phosphorus 0.012 max 0.012 max 0.012 max 0.012 max
Sulfur 0.015
...
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