ASTM F590-22

Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Gun Projectiles and Propellants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This consumer safety specification establishes the dimensions and tolerances and supporting test methods for non-powder gun projectiles and propellants to ensure compatibility between the projectiles and propellants and the non-powder guns for which they are designed.  
5.2 This consumer safety specification identifies non-powder gun projectiles and propellants and establishes product identification requirements. The product identification requirements are intended to guide users of non-powder guns in selecting the correct projectile or propellant for use in various guns, and attempts to prevent hazards associated with incorrect use of projectiles and propellants.
SCOPE
1.1 This consumer safety specification covers projectiles and propellants manufactured for use with non-powder guns intended for target shooting, educational, and recreational purposes and is to be used in conjunction with Consumer Safety Specification F589. Non-powder guns are commonly identified as BB guns, air guns, or pellet guns.  
1.2 The projectiles and propellants covered by this consumer safety specification are BB cal, .177 cal (4.5 mm), .22 cal (5.5 mm), and .25 cal (6.4 mm) air gun shot of various materials; .177 cal (4.5 mm), 5 mm, .22 cal (5.5 mm), .25 cal (6.4 mm) pellets and .177 cal (4.5 mm), 5 mm, .22 cal (5.5 mm), and .25 cal (6.4 mm) darts and propellants identified as 8 and 12-g type CO2 cylinders with both small and standard-sized necks as well as refillable CO2 or compressed air cylinders and reservoirs.  
1.3 This consumer safety specification does not cover propellants such as dichlorodifluoromethane or projectiles that are propelled by a combustible release of energy; non-powder gun projectiles used with products identified as blow guns, sling shots, cork guns, toy guns, or archery cross bows and other such devices; projectiles designed for adult use in obsolete non-powder guns, custom-made non-powder guns, and non-powder guns designed for and used by law enforcement, scientific, veterinary or military use; paint ball markers, ammunition for airsoft/softair guns and shot used with shotguns in the firearm classification. Test methods for refilling cylinders do not purport to address all of the safety issues, if any, associated with the safe handling and transfilling of small cylinders. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations, such as but not limited to DOT, CGA and OSHA, prior to use.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2022
• ICS: 95.060 - Weapons
• Technical Committee: F15 - Consumer Products
• Drafting Committee: F15.06 - Safety Standards for Non-Powder Gun Products

Relations

• Refers: ASTM F589-16 - Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2016
• Refers: ASTM F2030-11(2016) - Standard Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk Assemblies
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Refers: ASTM F589-12 - Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Refers: ASTM F2030-11 - Standard Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk Assemblies
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2011
• Refers: ASTM F2030-08 - Standard Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk Assemblies
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2008
• Refers: ASTM F589-06 - Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2006
• Refers: ASTM F2030-00 - Standard Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk Assemblies
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2000
• Refers: ASTM F589-00 - Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2000

Overview

ASTM F590-22: Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Gun Projectiles and Propellants sets out requirements to improve safety and compatibility for projectiles and propellants used in non-powder guns such as BB guns, air guns, and pellet guns. These products are widely used for target shooting, educational activities, and recreational purposes. This safety specification addresses dimensions, tolerances, product identification, and testing methods to ensure that non-powder gun projectiles and propellants are safe, properly labeled, and compatible with corresponding firearms.

Key Topics

• Scope of Coverage:

  • Applies to BB, .177 cal (4.5 mm), .22 cal (5.5 mm), .25 cal (6.4 mm) air gun shot and pellets, and .177 cal (4.5 mm), 5 mm, .22 cal (5.5 mm), .25 cal (6.4 mm) darts.
  • Includes CO₂ propellant cylinders (8g and 12g types), both refillable and non-refillable, as well as compressed air reservoirs.
  • Does not include propellants propelled by combustible release, products used in blow guns, slingshots, cork guns, toy guns, archery crossbows, paintball, airsoft, or ammunition for law enforcement, scientific, veterinary, or military applications.

• Compatibility and Safety Requirements:

  • Establishes precise dimensions and tolerances for projectiles and propellants to ensure safe usage and interchangeable compatibility with non-powder guns.
  • Includes testing protocols for measurements such as spherical diameter, shot-start force, and length, as well as rupture and temperature tests for CO₂ cylinders.

• Identification and Marking:

  • Mandates clear labeling of projectile type, caliber, material, and protective finish on packaging.
  • CO₂ cylinders must be stamped with regulatory compliance marks (DOT or TC), pressure ratings, and serial numbers.
  • Packaging must include explicit safety warnings for projectiles and propellants.

• Safety and Handling Procedures:

  • Details requirements for safe handling, inspection, and filling of refillable CO₂ cylinders, including procedures for trans-filling, visual checks, and recognizing cylinders not suitable for use.
  • Emphasizes user responsibility for compliance with DOT, CGA, and OSHA regulations.

Applications

ASTM F590-22 is essential for stakeholders in the design, manufacturing, and distribution of non-powder gun products, including:

• Manufacturers:

  • Ensures standardized production of air gun shot, pellets, darts, and CO₂ cylinders, supporting product quality and safety.
  • Provides guidance on critical dimensions, tolerances, and quality control procedures.

• Retailers and Distributors:

  • Facilitates accurate product identification and compliance with consumer safety labeling laws.
  • Reduces the risk of product misapplication or improper matching between guns, projectiles, and propellants.

• End Users (Consumers):

  • Helps users select the correct ammunition and CO₂ canisters, minimizing hazards associated with mismatched products.
  • Provides safety and usage instructions, promoting responsible handling and reducing the risk of injury.

• Regulatory Bodies:

  • Supports enforcement of safety standards and compatibility requirements for consumer products in the shooting sports industry.

Related Standards

• ASTM F589: Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns - Used in conjunction with F590-22 for complete regulatory guidance on non-powder gun systems.
• ASTM F2030: Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk Assemblies - Covers additional requirements for pressure relief devices for cylinders.
• DOT (Department of Transportation) and TC (Transport Canada): Regulations for marking, re-testing, and handling pressure vessels (CO₂ cylinders).
• CGA (Compressed Gas Association): Guidance on the safe handling and filling of gas cylinders.
• OSHA: Occupational health and safety standards applicable to handling compressed gases.

ASTM F590-22 is recognized internationally and developed in compliance with WTO Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) principles, affirming its relevance and acceptance as a global benchmark for non-powder gun safety.

By following the ASTM F590-22 standard, manufacturers, distributors, and end-users can enhance product safety and ensure interoperability in the growing market for non-powder gun projectiles and propellants.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F590 −22
Standard Consumer Safety Specification for
Non-Powder Gun Projectiles and Propellants
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF590;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
1.1 This consumer safety specification covers projectiles
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
and propellants manufactured for use with non-powder guns
regulatory limitations prior to use.
intended for target shooting, educational, and recreational
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
purposes and is to be used in conjunction with Consumer
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Safety Specification F589. Non-powder guns are commonly
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
identified as BB guns, air guns, or pellet guns.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2 The projectiles and propellants covered by this con-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
sumer safety specification are BB cal, .177 cal (4.5 mm),
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
.22 cal (5.5 mm), and .25 cal (6.4 mm) air gun shot of various
materials; .177 cal (4.5 mm), 5 mm, .22 cal (5.5 mm), .25 cal
2. Referenced Documents
(6.4 mm) pellets and .177 cal (4.5 mm), 5 mm, .22 cal
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(5.5 mm), and .25 cal (6.4 mm) darts and propellants identified
F589 Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
as 8 and 12-g type CO cylinders with both small and
F2030 Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk As-
standard-sized necks as well as refillable CO or compressed
semblies
air cylinders and reservoirs.
1.3 This consumer safety specification does not cover pro- 3. Terminology
pellants such as dichlorodifluoromethane or projectiles that are
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
propelled by a combustible release of energy; non-powder gun
projectiles used with products identified as blow guns, sling
Projectiles
shots, cork guns, toy guns, or archery cross bows and other 3.1.1 air-gun dart—a .177 cal, 5 mm, .22 cal, or .25 cal
such devices; projectiles designed for adult use in obsolete
non-powder gun projectile having a pointed configuration on
non-powder guns, custom-made non-powder guns, and non-
one end and tufts on the other (see Fig. 1).
powder guns designed for and used by law enforcement,
3.1.1.1 tuft—the material that is added to the body of a dart.
scientific, veterinary or military use; paint ball markers, am-
3.1.2 air-gun shot—a BB, .177, .22 cal, or .25 cal ball-
munitionforairsoft/softairgunsandshotusedwithshotgunsin
shaped,non-powdergunprojectilemadeprimarilyoflead,lead
the firearm classification. Test methods for refilling cylinders
alloy, or steel (see Fig. 2).
do not purport to address all of the safety issues, if any,
3.1.2.1 air-gun shot, lead—a shot made of lead or lead alloy
associated with the safe handling and transfilling of small
which may or may not have a protective finish.
cylinders. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
3.1.2.2 air-gun shot, lead-coated—a shot made of steel that
establish appropriate safety practices and determine the appli-
has a thin, uniform coating of lead or lead alloy. It may or may
cability of regulatory limitations, such as but not limited to
not have a protective finish.
DOT, CGA and OSHA, prior to use.
3.1.2.3 air-gun shot, steel—a shot made of steel that is
coated with a protective finish.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
3.1.2.4 dimension across flats—the diameter of an air-gun
test method portion, Section 7, of this specification: This
shot, as measured across the flats.
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
3.1.2.5 maximum spherical diameter—the largest diameter
of an air-gun shot, as measured with a ring gauge.
This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Commit-
tee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F15.06 on Safety Standards for Non-Powder Gun Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published January 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F590 – 12 (2018). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/F0590-22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F590−22
3.1.7.1 cap, CO cylinder—the section of the cylinder neck
containing the seal that is punctured to release CO for use in
the non-powder gun.
3.1.7.2 neck diameter, CO cylinder—the outside diameter
of the neck of a CO cylinder.
3.1.7.3 neck length, CO cylinder—the distance the neck of
a cylinder enters into a hole equal to the maximum allowable
FIG. 1Air-Gun Dart
neck diameter (see Fig. 5).
3.1.7.4 overall length, CO cylinder—the length measured
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder.
3.1.7.5 outside diameter, CO cylinder—the diameter of the
main body of the CO cylinder.
3.1.8 CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder refillable—a cylinder
that holds carbon dioxide in a liquid-gas combination consist-
ingofacylinderandaself-activatingon/offvalveassemblyfor
use on non-powder guns.
FIG. 2Air-Gun Shot
3.1.9 propellant, CO (carbon dioxide)—a propellant in
which the energy source is obtained from compressed carbon
dioxide gas.
3.1.3 caliber—the nomenclature used to indicate the bore
3.1.10 propellant, compressed—a propellant in which the
size of a non-powder gun and the compatible projectile
energy source is obtained from compressed air or other
intended for use with that bore size. nonflammable gas.
3.1.4 non-powder gun projectile—a projectile that is de-
3.1.11 propellant, refillable removable—also known as re-
signed for and intended to be discharged from a non-powder
movable CO cylinders refillable, a cylinder and valve assem-
gun.
bly which is removed from the non-powder guns to be refilled.
3.1.5 pellet—a .177 cal, 5 mm, .22 cal, or .25 cal
3.1.12 propellant, refillable non-removable—a reservoir
nonspherical, semihollow non-powder gun projectile made of contained within the non-powder guns which by its design is
lead, lead alloy, or other material, or a combination thereof.
not easily removable however is refillable with a non-
Typical examples are shown in Fig. 3. flammable gas.
3.1.5.1 nose of pellet—the forwardmost portion of a pellet.
3.1.13 propellant, non-refillable—also known as CO
3.1.5.2 overall length of pellet—the maximum dimension of
cylinders, non-refillable, generally referred to as disposable
a pellet as measured parallel to the axis.
cartridges which are discarded after use and are not refillable
3.1.6 shot-start force—the force that is required to insert a
for use in non-powder guns.
non-powder gun projectile into a cavity of standard size for a
given caliber.Propellants Fill Stations
3.1.14 fill station—a device designed to attach to a CO or
3.1.7 CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder non-refillable—a cyl-
2 2
compressed air cylinder and to a refillable non-powder guns
inderthatholdscarbondioxideinaliquid-gascombinationand
cylinder to facilitate transfilling of the non-powder gun’s
consists of a main body or container and a neck containing the
cylinderoradevicedesignedtoattachaCO orcompressedair
cap and seal (see Fig. 4) for use in non-powder guns.
cylinder to a non-powder gun to facilitate the transfilling a
non-removable reservoir contained within the non-powder
guns.
3.1.15 authorized retester—a facility registered with and
approved by DOT for the re-qualification of refillable CO
cylinders.
3.1.16 blow-down valve—a valve which is part of a fill
station assembly for refilling CO , which is intended to vent
gas from the cylinder and fill station.
3.1.17 DOT—Department of Transportation.
3.1.18 TC—Transport Canada.
3.1.19 valve twist test—atestdonebyhandwhereastheuser
graspsthevalvewithonehandandthebottlewiththeotherand
attempts to turn the valve by hand in a counter-clockwise
direction (left).
3.1.19.1 Discussion—If the valve does move, the valve and
FIG. 3Air-Gun Pellets bottle should not be filled and should be repaired or serviced,
F590−22
FIG. 4CO (Carbon Dioxide) Cylinder Non-Refillable
be filled provided it passes all other requirements. The test
should only be done when the cylinder is empty and without
any tools.
4. Requirements
4.1 Projectiles:
4.1.1 Air-Gun Shot, Steel—Air-gun shot, steel, shall con-
form to the minimum and maximum diameter dimensions
specified in Table 1 when measured in accordance with 7.1 and
7.2.
4.1.2 Air-Gun Shot, Lead—Air-gun shot, lead, shall con-
form to the minimum diameter dimensions specified in Table 2
when measured in accordance with 7.3 and shall conform to
the maximum shot-start force as specified in Table 3 when
measured in accordance with 7.4.
4.1.3 Pellets—Pellets shall conform to the minimum and
maximum length dimensions as specified in Table 4 when
measured in accordance with 7.5 and shall conform to the
maximum shot-start force as specified in Table 5 when mea-
sured in accordance with 7.4.
4.1.4 Air-Gun Darts—Air-gun darts shall conform to the
Neck Size Dimension A, in. (mm)
minimum and maximum length dimensions as specified in
Standard 0.346 + 0.0002, −0.0000
Table 6 when measured in accordance with 7.5 and shall
(8.79 + 0.005, −0.000)
FIG. 5CO Cylinder Non-Refillable Combination Gauge (C.R.S.)
TABLE 1 Air-Gun Shot (Steel)—Diameters
Maximum Neck Diameter and Minimum Neck Length (Standard
Maximum Minimum Dimension
Neck Cylinder)
Projectile Type Spherical Diameter, Across Flats,
in. (mm) in. (mm)
Air-gun shot, steel, BB cal (.177 0.175 (4.44) 0.162 (4.11)
cal)
or both, by the manufacturer or its authorized representative. If
Air-gun shot, steel, .22 cal 0.2198 (5.583) 0.205 (5.21)
the valve does not move then the valve passes the test and may
F590−22
TABLE 2 Air-Gun Shot (Lead)—Diameters
7.1 Measurement of Maximum Spherical Diameter of Air-
Minimum Diameter, Gun Shot, Steel (see Fig. 2 and Table 1):
Projectile Type
in. (mm)
7.1.1 Significance—The purpose of this test method is to
Air-gun shot, lead, .177 cal 0.162 (4.11)
Air-gun shot, lead, .22 cal 0.205 (5.21) establish the maximum diameter of air-gun shot, steel, to
ensure that the projectile will be compatible with the non-
powder gun for which it is intended.
7.1.2 Apparatus:
7.1.2.1 Ring Gauge, with a minimum thickness of 0.125 in.
conform to the maximum shot-start force as specified in Table
(3.18 mm) and a hole diameter with the maximum diameter in
7 when measured in accordance with 7.4.
Table 1 60.0001 in. (+0.002 mm). The ring gauge is used to
4.1.5 FinishandAppearance—Theoutermostsurfacesofall
determine whether the air-gun shot exceeds the appropriate
projectiles that require protection against deterioration shall
maximum spherical diameter in Table 1.
have a protective finish.
7.1.2.2 Screening Plate (optional), with holes 0.001 in. 6
4.2 Propellants—Compressedair,nitrogengas,andCO gas
0.0001 in. (0.025 mm 6 0.002 mm) smaller in diameter than
propellantmaybecombinedwithadditionalingredientsforuse
the maximum diameter of the ring gauge specified in 7.1.2.1.
as propellants for non-powder guns, but the propellant shall be
The screening plate may be used to select or screen only the
noncombustible.
largest shot for measurement with the ring gauge.
4.3 CO Cylinder Non-Refillable:
7.1.3 Test Specimen—Test specimens shall consist of new
4.3.1 CO Cylinder Measurement Test—CO cylinders shall
2 2
air-gun shot, selected in accordance with the manufacturer’s
conform with the appropriate dimensions and tolerances in
usual quality assurance practices.
Table 8 and Table 9 when measured in accordance with 7.6.
7.1.4 Procedure:
For sizes of CO cylinder non-refillable not listed in Table 8 or
7.1.4.1 Conductthetestatroomtemperature(60 °Fto80 °F
Table 9, this test will not be complete.
(16 °C to 27 °C)).
4.3.2 CO Cylinder Non-Refillable Temperature Test—CO
2 2
cylinders shall withstand a temperature as defined in 7.6.4.1 7.1.4.2 Ascreening plate may be used to reduce the number
withoutleakingorburstingwhentestedinaccordancewith7.6.
of shot which must be passed through the ring gauge. If the
4.3.3 Rupture Test—CO cylinders that have been tested in screeningplatein7.1.2.2isused,placethetestspecimenonthe
accordance with7.6 and 7.8 shall not fragment or splinter upon
plate. Shake the plate so that the smaller shot pass through the
rupture. Failure shall not occur at the cap or neck section of the screen and the larger shot remain on the screen. Collect the
cylinder.
larger shot remaining on the screen for measurement with the
4.3.4 Finish and Appearance—The outermost surfaces of ring gauge. Inspect the shot which have passed through the
CO cylindersthatrequireprotectionagainstdeteriorationshall
screening plate and sort all abnormal shot from the lot which
have a protective finish. was passed through the screen for measurement with the ring
gauge.
5. Significance and Use
7.1.4.3 Placeeachshotintheholeoftheringgaugewiththe
maximumsphericaldiametershowninTable1.Rolltheshotin
5.1 This consumer safety specification establishes the di-
the ring gauge so that the diameters of the three perpendicular
mensions and tolerances and supporting test methods for
axes of the shot are exposed to the hole in the ring gauge. Shot
non-powder gun projectiles and propellants to ensure compat-
that does not roll within the ring gauge is oversized and fails
ibility between the projectiles and propellants and the non-
the test.
powder guns for which they are designed.
5.2 This consumer safety specification identifies non-
7.2 Measurement of Flat Dimensions of Air-Gun Shot, Steel
powder gun projectiles and propellants and establishes product
(Fig. 2):
identification requirements. The product identification require-
7.2.1 Significance—The purpose of this test method is to
ments are intended to guide users of non-powder guns in
measurethedimensionsacrosstheflatsofair-gunshot,steel,to
selecting the correct projectile or propellant for use in various
ensure that the shot will be compatible with the gun and the
guns, and attempts to prevent hazards associated with incorrect
feed system for which it is intended.
use of projectiles and propellants.
7.2.2 Apparatus:
7.2.2.1 Pointed Micrometer, capable of measuring with an
6. Conformance
accuracy of 60.0001 in. (60.002 mm).
6.1 Non-powder gun projectiles and propellants produced
7.2.3 Test Specimen—Test specimens shall consist of new
after the effective date of this consumer safety specification
air-gun shot, selected in accordance with the manufacturer’s
shall not, either by label or other means, indicate conformance
usual quality assurance practices.
with this consumer safety specification unless they conform
with all the requirements contained herein.
NOTE 2—The test specimens used in 7.1 may be used for this test.
7.2.4 Procedure:
7. Test Methods
7.2.4.1 Conduct the tests at room temperature (60 °F to
NOTE 1—No precision statement on any of the following test methods
is available at this time. 80 °F (16 °C to 27 °C)).
F590−22
TABLE 3 Air-Gun Shot (Lead)—Shot-Start Force and Gauge Dimensions and Tolerances
Gauge Dimensions and Tolerances (see Fig. 6), in. (mm)
Maximum
Punch Diameter, Inside Diameter, Guide Inside Diameter,
Projectile Type Shot-Start Force,
±0.001 in. ±0.0001 in. ±0.001 in.
lbf (N)
(±0.025 mm) (±0.0025 mm) (±0.025 mm)
Air-gun shot, lead, .177 cal 22.5 (100) 0.093 (2.36) 0.175 (4.45) 0.1935 (4.915)
Air-gun shot, lead, .22 cal 20.0 (89) 0.125 (3.18) 0.216 (5.49) 0.234 (5.94)
TABLE 4 Air-Gun Pellets (Lead)—Maximum and Minimum
7.4.2.2 Scale, suitable spring weight having an accuracy of
Lengths
60.2 lbf (60.89 N).
Overall Length, in. (mm)
Projectile Type 7.4.3 Test Specimen—Test specimens shall consist of new
max min
air-gun shot (lead), pellets, or darts, selected in accordance
Air-gun pellet, lead, .177 cal 0.260 (6.60) 0.195 (4.96)
Air-gun pellet, lead, 5 mm 0.295 (7.49) 0.225 (5.71)
with the manufacturer’s usual quality assurance practices.
Air-gun pellet, lead, .22 cal 0.311 (7.90) 0.230 (5.84)
7.4.4 Procedure:
Air-gun pellet, lead, .25 cal 0.433 (11) 0.264 (6.7)
7.4.4.1 Conduct test at room temperature (60 °F to 80 °F
(16 °C to 27 °C)).
7.4.4.2 Placeatestspecimennosefirstintotheguidesection
7.2.4.2 Measure each shot and record the micrometer read-
of the shot-start force fixture. Place the punch on the rear of the
ing of the shot from a flat to the opposite surface if one flat
test specimen and apply force to the punch with the spring
exists, or from flat to flat if two flats exist.
scale. Observe the force of the spring scale and record the
7.2.4.3 The shot is acceptable if the diameter measured is
highest force required to push the test specimen completely
equal to or greater than the minimum dimension of the flats
into the inside diameter of the gauge section of the shot-start
specified in Table 1.
force test fixture.
7.3 Measurement of Minimum Diameter of Air-Gun Shot,
NOTE 3—If the test is conducted in a vertical position, add the weight
Lead (Table 2):
of the punch to the load applied by the spring scale to determine the
7.3.1 Significance—The purpose of this method is to mea- amount of applied force.
sure the minimum diameter of air-gun shot, lead, to ensure that
7.4.4.3 The shot is acceptable if the shot-start force mea-
the shot will be compatible with the gun and the feed system
sured is equal to or less than that specified in Table 3, Table 5,
for which it is intended.
or Table 6.
7.3.2 Apparatus:
7.3.2.1 Micrometer (0 in. to 1 in. (0 mm to 25 mm)), having 7.5 Pellet and Air-Gun Dart Length Measurements (Table 4
an accuracy of 60.0001 in. (60.002 mm). and Table 7):
7.3.3 Test Specimen—Test specimens shall consist of new
7.5.1 Significance—The purpose of this method is to mea-
air-gun shot, selected in accordance with the manufacturer’s
sure the length of pellets and air-gun darts to ensure that the
usual quality assurance practices.
pellets and air-gun darts are compatible with the gun for which
7.3.4 Procedure:
they are intended.
7.3.4.1 Conduct the tests at room temperature (60 °F to
7.5.2 Apparatus:
80 °F (16 °C to 27 °C)).
7.5.2.1 Micrometer, having an accuracy of 60.001 in.
7.3.4.2 Measure the diameter at three different positions. If
(60.02 mm).
the shot appears to have a particular diameter or diameters that
7.5.2.2 Ruler, with 1/64-in. (0.5-mm) graduations.
are smaller than other diameters, then choose the smaller
7.5.3 Test Specimen—Test specimens shall consist of new
diameters to be measured (such as diameter across one or more
pellets or air-gun darts, selected in accordance with the
flats).
manufacturer’s usual quality assurance practices.
7.3.4.3 The shot is acceptable if all diameters measured are
equal to or greater than those specified in Table 2. 7.5.4 Procedures:
7.5.4.1 Conduct tests at room temperature (60 °F to 80 °F
7.4 Shot-Start Force Measurement of Air-Gun Shot (Lead),
(16 °C to 27 °C)).
Pellets, and Darts (Table 3, Table 5, and Table 6):
7.4.1 Significance—The purpose of this test method is to 7.5.4.2 Measure the length of each pellet using the microm-
eter and the length of each dart u
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F590 − 12 (Reapproved 2018) F590 − 22
Standard Consumer Safety Specification for
Non-Powder Gun Projectiles and Propellants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F590; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This consumer safety specification covers projectiles and propellants manufactured for use with non-powder guns intended for
target shooting, educational, and recreational purposes and is to be used in conjunction with Consumer Safety Specification F589.
Non-powder guns are commonly identified as BB guns, air guns, or pellet guns.
1.2 The projectiles and propellants covered by this consumer safety specification are BB cal, .177 cal (4.5 mm), .22 cal .22 cal
(5.5 mm), and .25 cal (6.4 mm) air gun shot of various materials; .177 cal (4.5 mm), (4.5 mm), 5 mm, .22 cal (5.5 mm), (5.5 mm),
.25 cal (6.4 mm) pellets and .177 cal (4.5 mm), 5 mm, .22 cal (5.5 mm), (5.5 mm), and .25 cal (6.4 mm) darts and propellants
identified as 8 and 12-g type CO cylinders with both small and standard-sized necks as well as refillable CO or compressed air
2 2
cylinders and reservoirs.
1.3 This consumer safety specification does not cover propellants such as dichlorodifluoromethane or projectiles that are propelled
by a combustible release of energy; non-powder gun projectiles used with products identified as blow guns, sling shots, cork guns,
toy guns, or archery cross bows and other such devices; projectiles designed for adult use in obsolete non-powder guns,
custom-made non-powder guns, and non-powder guns designed for and used by law enforcement, scientific, veterinary or military
use; paint ball markers, ammunition for airsoft/softair guns and shot used with shotguns in the firearm classification. Test methods
for refilling cylinders do not purport to address all of the safety issues, if any, associated with the safe handling and transfilling
of small cylinders. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations, such as but not limited to DOT, CGA and OSHA, prior to use.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F589 Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
F2030 Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk Assemblies
This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.06
on Safety Standards for Non-Powder Gun Products.
Current edition approved April 1, 2018Dec. 1, 2022. Published April 2018January 2023. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20122018 as
F590 – 12.F590 – 12 (2018). DOI: 10.1520/F0590-12R18.10.1520/F0590-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F590 − 22
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Projectiles
3.1.1 air-gun dart—a .177 cal, 5 mm, .22 cal, or .25 cal non-powder gun projectile having a pointed configuration on one end and
tufts on the other (see Fig. 1).
3.1.1.1 tuft—the material that is added to the body of a dart.
3.1.2 air-gun shot—a BB, .177, .22-cal,.22 cal, or .25 cal ball-shaped, non-powder gun projectile made primarily of lead, lead
alloy, or steel (see Fig. 2).
3.1.2.1 air-gun shot, lead—a shot made of lead or lead alloy which may or may not have a protective finish.
3.1.2.2 air-gun shot, lead-coated—a shot made of steel that has a thin, uniform coating of lead or lead alloy. It may or may not
have a protective finish.
3.1.2.3 air-gun shot, steel—a shot made of steel that is coated with a protective finish.
3.1.2.4 dimension across flats—the diameter of an air-gun shot, as measured across the flats.
3.1.2.5 maximum spherical diameter—the largest diameter of an air-gun shot, as measured with a ring gage.gauge.
3.1.3 caliber—the nomenclature used to indicate the bore size of a non-powder gun and the compatible projectile intended for use
with that bore size.
3.1.4 non-powder gun projectile—a projectile that is designed for and intended to be discharged from a non-powder gun.
3.1.5 pellet—a .177 cal, 5 mm, .22 cal, or .25 cal nonspherical, semihollow non-powder gun projectile made of lead, lead alloy,
or other material, or a combination thereof. Typical examples are shown in Fig. 3.
3.1.5.1 nose of pellet—the forwardmost portion of a pellet.
3.1.5.2 overall length of pellet—the maximum dimension of a pellet as measured parallel to the axis.
3.1.6 shot-start force—the force that is required to insert a non-powder gun projectile into a cavity of standard size for a given
caliber.Propellants
3.1.7 CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder non-refillable—a cylinder that holds carbon dioxide in a liquid-gas combination and consists
of a main body or container and a neck containing the cap and seal (see Fig. 4) for use in non-powder guns.
3.1.7.1 cap, CO cylinder—the section of the cylinder neck containing the seal that is punctured to release CO for use in the
2 2
non-powder gun.
3.1.7.2 neck diameter, CO cylinder—the outside diameter of the neck of a CO cylinder.
2 2
FIG. 1 Air-Gun Dart
F590 − 22
FIG. 2 Air-Gun Shot
FIG. 3 Air-Gun Pellets
3.1.7.3 neck length, CO cylinder—the distance the neck of a cylinder enters into a hole equal to the maximum allowable neck
diameter (see Fig. 5).
3.1.7.4 overall length, CO cylinder—the length measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder.
3.1.7.5 outside diameter, CO cylinder—the diameter of the main body of the CO cylinder.
2 2
3.1.8 CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder refillable—a cylinder that holds carbon dioxide in a liquid-gas combination consisting of a
cylinder and a self-activating on/off valve assembly for use on non-powder guns.
3.1.9 propellant, CO (carbon dioxide)—a propellant in which the energy source is obtained from compressed carbon dioxide gas.
3.1.10 propellant, compressed—a propellant in which the energy source is obtained from compressed air or other nonflammable
gas.
3.1.11 propellant, refillable removable—also known as removable CO cylinders refillable, a cylinder and valve assembly which
is removed from the non-powder guns to be refilled.
3.1.12 propellant, refillable non-removable—a reservoir contained within the non-powder guns which by its design is not easily
removable however is refillable with a non-flammable gas.
3.1.13 propellant, non-refillable—also known as CO cylinders, non-refillable, generally referred to as disposable cartridges which
are discarded after use and are not refillable for use in non-powder guns.
Fill Stations
3.1.14 fill station—a device designed to attach to a CO or compressed air cylinder and to a refillable non-powder guns cylinder
F590 − 22
FIG. 4 CO (Carbon Dioxide) Cylinder Non-Refillable
Neck Size Dimension A, in. (mm)
Standard 0.346 + 0.0002, −0.0000
(8.79 + 0.005, −0.000)
FIG. 5 CO Cylinder Non-Refillable Combination GageGauge (C.R.S.) Maximum Neck Diameter and Minimum Neck Length (Standard
Neck Cylinder)
to facilitate transfilling of the non-powder gun’s cylinder or a device designed to attach a CO or compressed air cylinder to a
non-powder gun to facilitate the transfilling a non-removable reservoir contained within the non-powder guns.
F590 − 22
3.1.15 authorized retester—a facility registered with and approved by DOT for the re-qualification of refillable CO cylinders.
3.1.16 blow-down valve—a valve which is part of a fill station assembly for refilling CO , which is intended to vent gas from the
cylinder and fill station.
3.1.17 DOT—Department of Transportation.
3.1.18 TC—Transport Canada.
3.1.19 valve twist test—a test done by hand whereas the user grasps the valve with one hand and the bottle with the other and
attempts to turn the valve by hand in a counter-clockwise direction (left).
3.1.19.1 Discussion—
If the valve does move, the valve and bottle should not be filled and should be repaired or serviced, or both, by the manufacturer
or its authorized representative. If the valve does not move then the valve passes the test and may be filled provided it passes all
other requirements. The test should only be done when the cylinder is empty and without any tools.
4. Requirements
4.1 Projectiles:
4.1.1 Air-Gun Shot, Steel—Air-gun shot, steel, shall conform to the minimum and maximum diameter dimensions specified in
Table 1 when measured in accordance with 7.1 and 7.2.
4.1.2 Air-Gun Shot, Lead—Air-gun shot, lead, shall conform to the minimum diameter dimensions specified in Table 2 when
measured in accordance with 7.3 and shall conform to the maximum shot-start force as specified in Table 3 when measured in
accordance with 7.4.
4.1.3 Pellets—Pellets shall conform to the minimum and maximum length dimensions as specified in Table 4 when measured in
accordance with 7.5 and shall conform to the maximum shot-start force as specified in Table 5 when measured in accordance with
7.4.
4.1.4 Air-Gun Darts—Air-gun darts shall conform to the minimum and maximum length dimensions as specified in Table 6 when
measured in accordance with 7.5 and shall conform to the maximum shot-start force as specified in Table 7 when measured in
accordance with 7.4.
4.1.5 Finish and Appearance—The outermost surfaces of all projectiles that require protection against deterioration shall have a
protective finish.
4.2 Propellants—Compressed air, nitrogen gas, and CO gas propellant may be combined with additional ingredients for use as
propellants for non-powder guns, but the propellant shall be noncombustible.
4.3 CO Cylinder Non-Refillable:
4.3.1 CO Cylinder Measurement Test—CO cylinders shall conform with the appropriate dimensions and tolerances in Table 8
2 2
and Table 9 when measured in accordance with 7.6. For sizes of CO cylinder non-refillable not listed in Table 8 or Table 9, this
test will not be complete.
TABLE 1 Air-Gun Shot (Steel)—Diameters
Maximum Minimum Dimension
Projectile Type Spherical Diameter, Across Flats,
in. (mm) in. (mm)
Air-gun shot, steel, BB cal (.177 0.175 (4.44) 0.162 (4.11)
cal)
Air-gun shot, steel, .22 cal 0.2198 (5.583) 0.205 (5.21)
F590 − 22
TABLE 2 Air-Gun Shot (Lead)—Diameters
Minimum Diameter,
Projectile Type
in. (mm)
Air-gun shot, lead, .177 cal 0.162 (4.11)
Air-gun shot, lead, .22 cal 0.205 (5.21)
4.3.2 CO Cylinder Non-Refillable Temperature Test—CO cylinders shall withstand a temperature as defined in 7.6.4.1 without
2 2
leaking or bursting when tested in accordance with 7.6.
4.3.3 Rupture Test—CO cylinders that have been tested in accordance with 7.6 and 7.8 shall not fragment or splinter upon rupture.
Failure shall not occur at the cap or neck section of the cylinder.
4.3.4 Finish and Appearance—The outermost surfaces of CO cylinders that require protection against deterioration shall have a
protective finish.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This consumer safety specification establishes the dimensions and tolerances and supporting test methods for non-powder gun
projectiles and propellants to ensure compatibility between the projectiles and propellants and the non-powder guns for which they
are designed.
5.2 This consumer safety specification identifies non-powder gun projectiles and propellants and establishes product identification
requirements. The product identification requirements are intended to guide users of non-powder guns in selecting the correct
projectile or propellant for use in various guns, and attempts to prevent hazards associated with incorrect use of projectiles and
propellants.
6. Conformance
6.1 Non-powder gun projectiles and propellants produced after the effective date of this consumer safety specification shall not,
either by label or other means, indicate conformance with this consumer safety specification unless they conform with all the
requirements contained herein.
7. Test Methods
NOTE 1—No precision statement on any of the following test methods is available at this time.
7.1 Measurement of Maximum Spherical Diameter of Air-Gun Shot, Steel (see Fig. 2 and Table 1):
7.1.1 Significance—The purpose of this test method is to establish the maximum diameter of air-gun shot, steel, to ensure that the
projectile will be compatible with the non-powder gun for which it is intended.
7.1.2 Apparatus:
7.1.2.1 Ring Gage,Gauge, with a minimum thickness of 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) and a hole diameter with the maximum diameter in
Table 1 60.0001 in. (+0.002 mm). The ring gagegauge is used to determine whether the air-gun shot exceeds the appropriate
maximum spherical diameter in Table 1.
7.1.2.2 Screening Plate (optional), with holes 0.0010.001 in. 6 0.0001-in. (0.0250.0001 in. (0.025 mm 6 0.002-mm)0.002 mm)
smaller in diameter than the maximum diameter of the ring gagegauge specified in 7.1.2.1. The screening plate may be used to
select or screen only the largest shot for measurement with the ring gage.gauge.
7.1.3 Test Specimen—Test specimens shall consist of new air-gun shot, selected in accordance with the manufacturer’s usual
quality assurance practices.
7.1.4 Procedure:
7.1.4.1 Conduct the test at room temperature (60(60 °F to 80°F (1680 °F (16 °C to 27°C)).27 °C)).
F590 − 22
TABLE 3 Air-Gun Shot (Lead)—Shot-Start Force and GageGauge Dimensions and Tolerances
GageGauge Dimensions and Tolerances (see Fig. 6), in. (mm)
Maximum
Punch Diameter, Inside Diameter, Guide Inside Diameter,
Projectile Type Shot-Start Force,
±0.001 in. ±0.0001 in. ±0.001 in.
lbf (N)
(±0.025 mm) (±0.0025 mm) (±0.025 mm)
Air-gun shot, lead, .177 cal 22.5 (100) 0.093 (2.36) 0.175 (4.45) 0.1935 (4.915)
Air-gun shot, lead, .22 cal 20.0 (89) 0.125 (3.18) 0.216 (5.49) 0.234 (5.94)
TABLE 4 Air-Gun Pellets (Lead)—Maximum and Minimum
Lengths
Overall Length, in. (mm)
Projectile Type
max min
Air-gun pellet, lead, .177 cal 0.260 (6.60) 0.195 (4.96)
Air-gun pellet, lead, 5 mm 0.295 (7.49) 0.225 (5.71)
Air-gun pellet, lead, .22 cal 0.311 (7.90) 0.230 (5.84)
Air-gun pellet, lead, .25 cal 0.433 (11) 0.264 (6.7)
7.1.4.2 A screening plate may be used to reduce the number of shot which must be passed through the ring gage.gauge. If the
screening plate in 7.1.2.2 is used, place the test specimen on the plate. Shake the plate so that the smaller shot pass through the
screen and the larger shot remain on the screen. Collect the larger shot remaining on the screen for measurement with the ring
gage.gauge. Inspect the shot which have passed through the screening plate and sort all abnormal shot from the lot which was
passed through the screen for measurement with the ring gage.gauge.
7.1.4.3 Place each shot in the hole of the ring gagegauge with the maximum spherical diameter shown in Table 1. Roll the shot
in the ring gagegauge so that the diameters of the three perpendicular axes of the shot are exposed to the hole in the ring
gage.gauge. Shot that does not roll within the ring gagegauge is oversized and fails the test.
7.2 Measurement of Flat Dimensions of Air-Gun Shot, Steel (Fig. 2):
7.2.1 Significance—The purpose of this test method is to measure the dimensions across the flats of air-gun shot, steel, to ensure
that the shot will be compatible with the gun and the feed system for which it is intended.
7.2.2 Apparatus:
7.2.2.1 Pointed Micrometer, capable of measuring with an accuracy of 60.0001 in. (60.002 mm).
7.2.3 Test Specimen—Test specimens shall consist of new air-gun shot, selected in accordance with the manufacturer’s usual
quality assurance practices.
NOTE 2—The test specimens used in 7.1 may be used for this test.
7.2.4 Procedure:
7.2.4.1 Conduct the tests at room temperature (60(60 °F to 80°F (1680 °F (16 °C to 27°C)).27 °C)).
7.2.4.2 Measure each shot and record the micrometer reading of the shot from a flat to the opposite surface if one flat exists, or
from flat to flat if two flats exist.
7.2.4.3 The shot is acceptable if the diameter measured is equal to or greater than the minimum dimension of the flats specified
in Table 1.
7.3 Measurement of Minimum Diameter of Air-Gun Shot, Lead (Table 2):
7.3.1 Significance—The purpose of this method is to measure the minimum diameter of air-gun shot, lead, to ensure that the shot
will be compatible with the gun and the feed system for which it is intended.
7.3.2 Apparatus:
F590 − 22
TABLE 5 Air-Gun Pellets (Lead)—Shot-Start Force and GageGauge Dimensions and Tolerances
Shot-Start GageGauge Dimensions, in. (mm) (see Fig. 6)
Punch Diameter, Inside Diameter, Guide Inside Diameter,
Projectile Type Maximum Shot-Start Force, lbf (N)
±0.001 in. ±0.0001 in. ±0.001 in.
(±0.025 mm) (±0.0025 mm) (±0.025 mm)
Air-gun pellet, lead, .177 cal 24.0 (107) 0.093 (2.36) 0.175 (4.45) 0.1935 (4.915)
Air-gun pellet, lead, 5 mm 23.0 (102) 0.093 (2.36) 0.1959 (4.981) 0.205 (5.21)
Air-gun pellet, lead, .22 cal 21.5 (95.6) 0.125 (3.18) 0.216 (5.49) 0.234 (5.94)
Air-gun pellet, lead, .25 cal 19.2 (85.5) 0.15 (3.81) 0.248 (6.3) 0.2677 (6.8)
TABLE 6 Air-Gun Darts—Shot-Start Force and GageGauge Dimensions and Tolerances
Shot-Start GageGauge Dimensions, in. (mm) (see Fig. 6)
Maximum Shot-Start Force, lbf Punch Diameter, Inside Diameter, Guide Inside Diameter,
Projectile Type
(N) ±0.001 in. ±0.0001 in. ±0.001 in.
(±0.025 mm) (±0.0025 mm) (±0.025 mm)
Air-gun dart, .177 cal 1 (4.5) 0.093 (2.36) 0.175 (4.45) 0.1935 (4.915)
Air-gun dart, 5 mm 1 (4.5) 0.093 (2.36) 0.1959 (4.981) 0.205 (5.21)
Air-gun dart, .22 cal 1 (4.5) 0.125 (3.18) 0.216 (5.49) 0.234 (5.94)
TABLE 7 Air-Gun Darts—Maximum and Minimum Lengths
Overall Length, in. (mm)
Projectile Type
max min
Air-gun dart, .177 cal 1.5 (38) none
Air-gun dart, 5 mm 1.5 (38) none
Air-gun dart, .22 cal 1.5 (38) none
TABLE 8 CO Cylinders Non-Refillable—Diameter and Length
Maximum Outside Length, Cap to .588 Datum, in. (mm)
Nominal Cylinder Size
Diameter, in. (mm) max min
Small size (8-g type) 0.744 (18.90) 2.418 (61.42) 2.358 (59.89)
Large size (12-g type) 0.744 (18.90) 3.138 (79.71) 3.058 (77.67)
TABLE 9 CO Cylinders Non-Refillable—Neck Length and Diameter
Small Neck, in. (mm) Standard Neck, in. (mm)
Nominal Cylinder
Minimum Length Maximum Diameter Minimum Length Maximum Diameter
Small size (8-g type) 0.157 (3.98) 0.295 (7.49) 0.157 (3.98) 0.345 (8.76)
Large size (12-g type) 0.157 (3.98) 0.295 (7.49) 0.157 (3.98) 0.345 (8.76)
7.3.2.1 Micrometer (0(0 in. to 1 in. (0(0 mm to 25 mm)), having an accuracy of 60.0001 in. (60.002 mm).
7.3.3 Test Specimen—Test specimens shall consist of new air-gun shot, selected in accordance with the manufacturer’s usual
quality assurance practices.
7.3.4 Procedure:
7.3.4.1 Conduct the tests at room temperature (60(60 °F to 80°F (1680 °F (16 °C to 27°C)).27 °C)).
7.3.4.2 Measure the diameter at three different positions. If the shot appears to have a particular diameter or diameters that are
smaller than other diameters, then choose the smaller diameters to be measured (such as diameter across one or more flats).
7.3.4.3 The shot is acceptable if all diameters measured are equal to or greater than those specified in Table 2.
7.4 Shot-Start Force Measuremen
...