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ASTM E2345-04

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Investigating Electrical Incidents (Withdrawn 2004)

Standard Practice for Investigating Electrical Incidents (Withdrawn 2004)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In the United States, electrocutions in the home number about 560 per year, while industry electrocutions are the fifth leading cause of occupational deaths, accounting for 5348 deaths, or about seven percent of all work-related deaths for the period between 1980 and 1992. Electrical burns account for 4 to 6.5 % of all admissions to burn units in the United States and account for approximately 800 fatalities per year in the United States from 1984 through 1987.
Recording of findings and physical data following an electrical incident is critical to determining cause and steps that can be taken to prevent future incidents. Documentation and preservation of the physical items, along with photographic and video recordings, helps convey findings to technical and non-technical third parties. The documentary data, which includes reports and statements, is used to corroborate the physical data and findings.
The examination of the events along with the scientific method may permit a reconstruction of the incident.
The examination of the events along with the scientific method may permit a reconstruction of the incident.
Incident investigations should be conducted as soon as possible after the event. Most accidents are investigated within minutes or hours by police or regulatory authorities. Often, several authorities are at the scene at one time and each are generally required to document their findings in an official report. The documents generated by these authorities are significant since they reflect the earliest observations of the scene; however, because first responders have a primary responsibility to protect life and property and to prevent further harm, these documents may not reflect every pertinent detail.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the recognition, documentation, collection and preservation of potentially relevant information and physical items involving electrical incidents, electrical injury, and/or the electrocution of individuals in low and medium voltage residential and industrial installations.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers guidelines for the recognition, documentation, collection and preservation of potentially relevant information and physical items involving electrical incidents, electrical injury, and/or the electrocution of individuals in low and medium voltage residential and industrial installations.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E58 on Forensic Engineering, this practice was withdrawn in January 2013 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Mar-2004
Withdrawal Date
31-Mar-2004
ICS
29.020 - Electrical engineering in general
Technical Committee
E58 - Forensic Engineering
Drafting Committee
E58.04 - Electrical Incidents
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2345-04 - Standard Practice for Investigating Electrical Incidents (Withdrawn 2004)ASTM E2345-04 - Standard Practice for Investigating Electrical Incidents (Withdrawn 2004)
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ASTM E2345-04 - Standard Practice for Investigating Electrical Incidents (Withdrawn 2004)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2345 − 04
StandardPractice for
1
Investigating Electrical Incidents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2345; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope UL 943 UL Standard for Safety for Ground-Fault Circuit-
5
Interrupters
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the recognition,
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
documentation, collection and preservation of potentially rel-
Administration (OSHA) Title 29 Code of Federal Regu-
evant information and physical items involving electrical
6
lations, 29 CFR, §1910.5
incidents,electricalinjury,and/ortheelectrocutionofindividu-
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
als in low and medium voltage residential and industrial
Administration (OSHA) Title 29 Code of Federal Regu-
installations.
lations, (29 CFR) Subpart S, 29 CFR 1910.302 through
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1910.399 of the General Industry Safety and Health
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 7
Standards
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Administration (OSHA) Title 29 Code of Federal Regu-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
lations, (29 CFR) Subpart K, Electrical 29 CFR 1926.400
through 1926.408 of the Construction Safety and Health
2. Referenced Documents
8
Standards
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Tech-
Health Service, Centers for Disease and Prevention, Na-
nical Experts
tional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
E678 Practice for Evaluation of Scientific or Technical Data
(NIOSH) “Worker Deaths By Electrocution—ASummary
E860 Practice for ExaminingAnd Preparing Items ThatAre
of NIOSH Surveillance and Investigative Findings”
Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
IEC 479-1 Technical Report, Type 2 Effects of Current on
E1020 Practice for Reporting Incidents that May Involve
Human Beings and Livestock
Criminal or Civil Litigation
IEC 479-2 Technical Report, Type 2 Effects of Current
2.2 NFPA Standards: Passing Through the Human Body
3
NFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations
3. Significance and Use
NFPA 70 E Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for
3
Employee Workplaces
3.1 In the United States, electrocutions in the home number
3
NFPA 70 National Electric Code
about 560 per year, while industry electrocutions are the fifth
leading cause of occupational deaths, accounting for 5348
2.3 Other Standards:
ANSI IEEE Std 81-1983 IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth deaths,oraboutsevenpercentofallwork-relateddeathsforthe
Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Poten-
4
tials of a Ground System
5
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333
Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.
6
29CFR(1999)§1910.5(a)“Exceptasprovidedinparagraph(b)ofthissection,
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E58 on Forensic the standards contained in this part shall apply with respect to employment
Engineering and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E58.04 on Electrical performed in a workplace in a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth
Incidents. of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa …”
7
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. DOI: 10.1520/ 29 CFR (1999) §1910.302 (2) “Every electric utilization system and all
E2345-04. utilization equipment installed after March 15, 1972, and every major replacement,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or modification, repair, or rehabilitation, after March 15, 1972, of any part of any
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM electric utilization system or utilization equipment installed before March 15, 1972,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on shall comply with the provisions of Sections 1910.302 through 1910.308.”
8
the ASTM website. Subpart K of 29 CFR 1926.402 through 1926.408 of the OSHA Construction
3
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Safety and Health Standards contain installation safety requirements for electrical
Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. equipment and installations used to provide electric power and light at the jobsite.
4
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
...

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Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive Barrier Systems for Electrical System Components

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These fire-test-response test methods evaluate, under the specified test conditions, the ability of a fire-resistive barrier system to inhibit thermal transmission to the electrical system component within.  
4.2 In these procedures, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from these test methods to predict changes in the fire test response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in these procedures.  
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SCOPE
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1.4.1 The performance of the fire-resistive barrier system constructed with components other than those tested.  
1.4.2 An evaluation of the functionality of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.  
1.4.3 An evaluation of the ampacity of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.  
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Standard Practice for Corrections Application for Non-Lethal Electric Security Fences

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4.1 Electric security fences, in view of their high-deterrent impact, are a safe method to reduce security costs or enhance existing security. They have broad applications for situations in which both minimum or maximum security are needed. They are deployed in a wide variety of environments and geographies. In particular, electric security fences are used to decrease the need for security guards and other security systems.  
4.2 This practice provides information to users and manufacturers of electric security fences, filling a void.  
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4.4 A standard issued by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) (UL 69) covers electric fence controllers to be used on lighting or line circuits in accordance with NFPA 70. However, UL 69 covers, specifically, electric fence controllers used only for the control of animals. Its requirements cover portable and permanently mounted electric fence controllers with peak-discharge or sinusoidal-discharge output for indoor or outdoor use, including battery operated controllers intended to operate from battery circuits of 42.4 V or less, line-operated controllers intended to operate from circuits of 125 V or less, combination controllers intended to operate from either a battery or a line circuit, and photovoltaic module battery operated controllers. The scope states that the requirements of UL 69 do not cover electric fence controllers for the continuous (uninterrupted) current type or intermediate equipment, such as a converter, a rectifier, or the like, that is sometimes used between the primary source of supply and an electric fence controller and is investigated only as part of a complete controller. UL 69 also states that the requirements do not cover electric fence controllers for use with electrified security fences.  
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Standard Practice for Evaluating and Comparing Transfer Efficiency of Spray Applied Coatings Under General Laboratory Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, this practice can be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and paint formulations, as well as to study the relative effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray application equipment, type of coatings, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general laboratory conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent. This practice can be used to study the effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables and paint formulations. Key variables that need to be controlled are listed in 8.13. Note 1—It is important that all process or formulation parameters, except that which is intentionally being changed, be kept consistent from test to test. If not done, the results of the study are to be questioned.  
1.2 The reproducibility of this practice is highly dependent on the degree of control of the parameters listed in Section 8 of the practice.  
1.3 Limitations—This laboratory practice indicates only the direction of the effect of operating variables and liquid paint formulations on transfer efficiency under conditions of the laboratory test: the magnitude of the effect can be determined only with specific plant experience. In fact, the nature of the critical parameters that affect transfer efficiency makes clear that it is not possible to extrapolate laboratory results. Note 2—The laboratory practice outlined involves general laboratory spray equipment and procedures and is derived from Test Method D5009. This practice and Test Method D5009 are both derived from a study and report of transfer efficiency measurements conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. For laboratories that have access to a conveyor and mass flow measurement equipment, a suitable, potentially more reproducible, tested method is defined in Test Method D5009.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7, Note 8 and Note 9.

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Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive Barrier Systems for Electrical System Components

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These fire-test-response test methods evaluate, under the specified test conditions, the ability of a fire-resistive barrier system to inhibit thermal transmission to the electrical system component within.
In these procedures, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from these test methods to predict changes in the fire test response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in these procedures.
These test methods provide a measurement of the transmission of heat to the electrical system components within the barrier system.
These test methods provide qualification of a fireresistive barrier system as one element of an electrical system designed to maintain continuous operation of critical functions and processes for a specific fire resistance rating.
In addition to the temperature data provided by these test methods, numerous other factors, such as referenced in 1.4 shall be considered in specifying such a system.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover fire-test-response.
1.2 These fire-test-response test methods provide information on the temperatures recorded on the electrical system component within a fire-resistive barrier system during the period of exposure.
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.4 Potentially important factors and fire characteristics not addressed by these test methods include, but are not limited to:
1.4.1 The performance of the fire-resistive barrier system constructed with components other than those tested.
1.4.2 An evaluation of the functionality of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.
1.4.3 An evaluation of the ampacity of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.
1.4.4 An evaluation of the smoke, toxic gases, corrosivity, or other products of heating.
1.4.5 A measurement of the flame spread characteristics over the surface of the fire-resistive barrier system.
1.4.6 An evaluation of through-penetration sealing methods.
1.4.7 Combustibility of materials in the fire-resistive barrier system or of the electrical system components.
1.4.8 The need for supports beyond those normally required.
1.4.9 Environmental conditions in the area of service.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive Barrier Systems for Electrical System Components

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1.1 These test methods cover fire-test-response.
1.2 These fire-test-response test methods provide information on the temperatures recorded on the electrical system component within a fire-resistive barrier system during the period of exposure.
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions
1.4 Potentially important factors and fire characteristics not addressed by these test methods include, but are not limited to:
1.4.1 The performance of the fire-resistive barrier system constructed with components other than those tested.
1.4.2 An evaluation of the functionality of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.
1.4.3 An evaluation of the ampacity of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.
1.4.4 An evaluation of the smoke, toxic gases, corrosivity, or other products of heating.
1.4.5 A measurement of the flame spread characteristics over the surface of the fire-resistive barrier system.
1.4.6 An evaluation of through-penetration sealing methods.
1.4.7 Combustibility of materials in the fire-resistive barrier system or of the electrical system components.
1.4.8 The need for supports beyond those normally required.
1.4.9 Environmental conditions in the area of service.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM D5327-97(2007)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating and Comparing Transfer Efficiency of Spray Applied Coatings Under General Laboratory Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, this practice can be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and paint formulations, as well as to study the relative effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray application equipment, type of coatings, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general laboratory conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent. This practice can be used to study the effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables and paint formulations. Key variables that need to be controlled are listed in 8.13.
Note 1 - It is important that all process or formulation parameters, except that which is intentionally being changed, be kept consistent from test to test. If not done, the results of the study are to be questioned.
1.2 The reproducibility of this practice is highly dependent on the degree of control of the parameters listed in Section 8 of the practice.
1.3 Limitations - This laboratory practice indicates only the direction of the effect of operating variables and liquid paint formulations on transfer efficiency under conditions of the laboratory test: the magnitude of the effect can be determined only with specific plant experience. In fact, the nature of the critical parameters that affect transfer efficiency makes clear that it is not possible to extrapolate laboratory results.
Note 2 - The laboratory practice outlined involves general laboratory spray equipment and procedures and is derived from Test Method D 5009. This practice and Test Method D 5009 are both derived from a study and report of transfer efficiency measurements conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. For laboratories that have access to a conveyor and mass flow measurement equipment, a suitable, potentially more reproducible, tested method is defined in Test Method D 5009.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7, Note 8 and Note 9.

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