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ASTM D5327-97(2007)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Evaluating and Comparing Transfer Efficiency of Spray Applied Coatings Under General Laboratory Conditions

Standard Practice for Evaluating and Comparing Transfer Efficiency of Spray Applied Coatings Under General Laboratory Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, this practice can be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and paint formulations, as well as to study the relative effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray application equipment, type of coatings, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general laboratory conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent. This practice can be used to study the effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables and paint formulations. Key variables that need to be controlled are listed in 8.13.
Note 1 - It is important that all process or formulation parameters, except that which is intentionally being changed, be kept consistent from test to test. If not done, the results of the study are to be questioned.
1.2 The reproducibility of this practice is highly dependent on the degree of control of the parameters listed in Section 8 of the practice.
1.3 Limitations - This laboratory practice indicates only the direction of the effect of operating variables and liquid paint formulations on transfer efficiency under conditions of the laboratory test: the magnitude of the effect can be determined only with specific plant experience. In fact, the nature of the critical parameters that affect transfer efficiency makes clear that it is not possible to extrapolate laboratory results.
Note 2 - The laboratory practice outlined involves general laboratory spray equipment and procedures and is derived from Test Method D 5009. This practice and Test Method D 5009 are both derived from a study and report of transfer efficiency measurements conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. For laboratories that have access to a conveyor and mass flow measurement equipment, a suitable, potentially more reproducible, tested method is defined in Test Method D 5009.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7, Note 8 and Note 9.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2007
ICS
29.020 - Electrical engineering in general
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.55 - Factory Applied Coatings on Preformed Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5327-97(2002) - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Comparing Transfer Efficiency of Spray Applied Coatings Under General Laboratory Conditions
Effective Date
01-Jun-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6577-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Protective Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2007

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ASTM D5327-97(2007) - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Comparing Transfer Efficiency of Spray Applied Coatings Under General Laboratory ConditionsASTM D5327-97(2007) - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Comparing Transfer Efficiency of Spray Applied Coatings Under General Laboratory Conditions
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ASTM D5327-97(2007) - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Comparing Transfer Efficiency of Spray Applied Coatings Under General Laboratory Conditions
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5327 − 97 (Reapproved2007)
Standard Practice for
Evaluating and Comparing Transfer Efficiency of Spray
Applied Coatings Under General Laboratory Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5327; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation and comparison of
statements see Section 7, Note 8 and Note 9.
the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general
laboratory conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint
2. Referenced Documents
solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
application process, expressed as a percent. This practice can
D1200 Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup
be used to study the effect on transfer efficiency of changing
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
operating variables and paint formulations. Key variables that
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
need to be controlled are listed in 8.13.
Pigmented Coatings
NOTE 1—It is important that all process or formulation parameters,
D5009 Test Method for Evaluating and Comparing Transfer
except that which is intentionally being changed, be kept consistent from
Efficiency of Spray Applied Coatings Under Laboratory
test to test. If not done, the results of the study are to be questioned.
Conditions
1.2 The reproducibility of this practice is highly dependent
2.2 Other Standards:
on the degree of control of the parameters listed in Section 8 of
NFPA33 SprayApplication Using Flammable and Combus-
the practice. 3
tible Materials
1.3 Limitations—This laboratory practice indicates only the
NFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces
direction of the effect of operating variables and liquid paint
3. Terminology
formulations on transfer efficiency under conditions of the
laboratory test: the magnitude of the effect can be determined
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
only with specific plant experience. In fact, the nature of the
3.1.1 fluid mass flow rate, n—the mass flow rate of paint in
critical parameters that affect transfer efficiency makes clear
grams per minute during the test.
that it is not possible to extrapolate laboratory results.
3.1.2 mass of foil, n—the weight of each target foil in grams
NOTE 2—The laboratory practice outlined involves general laboratory before being painted.
spray equipment and procedures and is derived from Test Method D5009.
3.1.3 mass of foil plus paint solids, n—the weight of each
This practice and Test Method D5009 are both derived from a study and
target foil in grams after being painted and baked.
report of transfer efficiency measurements conducted for the U.S. Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency. For laboratories that have access to a
3.1.4 mass of paint solids, n—the difference in the mass of
conveyor and mass flow measurement equipment, a suitable, potentially
the foil before painting and the mass of the foil after painting
more reproducible, tested method is defined in Test Method D5009.
and baking. The sum of the mass of the foil plus paint solids
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
less the sum of the mass of the foil.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.5 transfer effıciency, n—theratioofthemassofthepaint
only.
solids deposited on the foil to the mass of the paint solids
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sprayed during the test, expressed as a percent.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.6 weight percent solids, n—the solids content as percent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of the total weight of a sample of the paint used during the test.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 onPaint and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
SubcommitteeD01.55 onFactory Applied Coatings on Preformed Products. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5327 – 97 (2002). Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
DOI: 10.1520/D5327-97R07. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5327 − 97 (2007)
NOTE 6—The spray gun can be attached to a spray machine or hand
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Weight percent solids are determined
held. Needless to say, operator variation with a hand held spray gun can
as specified in 8.4.2.
mask the effect of changes in the variable being studied.
4. Summary of Practice
7. Hazards
4.1 Metal panels covered with preweighed aluminum foil
7.1 For specific hazard information and guidance, consult
are coated in a spray booth. The coated foils are baked to
the supplier’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the
remove volatile matter. The transfer efficiency is calculated on
materials used.
a weight percent basis using the solids content, quantity of
paint sprayed, and the amount of solids on the coated alumi-
8. Procedure
num foil.
8.1 Setupthepaintsupplyequipmenttothesprayapparatus
in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
5. Significance and Use
8.1.1 Ground all electrically conductive objects in the spray
5.1 Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, this practice can
area, except those objects required by the process to be at high
be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and
voltage in accordance with Chapter 9.11 of NFPA 33.
paint formulations, as well as to study the relative effect on
8.2 Agitate the test paint in a closed container at least 30
transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray
min before paint samples are taken.
application equipment, type of coatings, etc.
8.3 Using an airtight container, take a paint grab sample
6. Apparatus
from the paint pot in accordance with Practice D3925.
6.1 Laboratory Scale, accurate to 60.001 g.
8.4 Determine and record the following from the paint
sample:
6.2 Platform Scale, accurate to 60.01 g.
8.4.1 Paint viscosity in accordance with Test Method
6.3 Targets, should consist of a minimum of three steel
D1200,
panels, two scavengers and a target panel. If more than one
8.4.2 Weight Percent Solids—The preferred method is Test
target panel is used, a scavenger panel is to be used at the start
Method D2369. If the baking temperature in Test Method
and end of the test panel set. The steel panels are 15.2 by
D2369 is considered inadequate for complete cure, use the
0.15875 cm wide (6 by 0.0625 in.) with 0.635 cm (0.25 in.)
manufacturer’s recommended cure schedule. Make sure that
radius corners.The length of the panel should be sufficient that
the cure schedule used is agreed upon and recorded, and
a minimum of 30.4 cm (12 in.) above and below the spray
8.4.3 Electrical resistivity for samples being applied elec-
pattern is achieved.
trostatically.
NOTE 3—It is essential to effectively capture the entire height of the
8.5 Cut the aluminum foil to dimensions of 58 by 5 cm (15
spray pattern.
by approximately 2 in.) longer than the length of the target
NOTE 4—Other panel sizes similar to those in the end use can be used.
panel.
Differences in the part shape will influence the transfer efficiency.
NOTE 5—Results of this test may not be extrapolated to different spray
8.6 Number each precut foil strip, before weighing, using a
booths, part geometries, etc.
permanent marking pen.
6.4 Aluminum Foil, medium temper or equivalent,
8.7 Weigh each test foil strip and record the uncoated
0.0037-cm (1.5-mil) thick. The aluminum foil should be
weight and the foil number.
preheate
...

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1.1 This practice covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general laboratory conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent. This practice can be used to study the effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables and paint formulations. Key variables that need to be controlled are listed in 8.13.  
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1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8165-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Used in Hypoid Final-Drive Axles Operated under Low-Speed and High-Torque Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect hypoid final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.  
5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in specifications and classifications of rear-axle gear lubricants such as:  
5.2.1 Specification D7450.  
5.2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.  
5.2.3 SAE J308.  
5.2.4 SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided in 7.2 and 10.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6416/D6416M-16(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Two-Dimensional Flexural Properties of Simply Supported Sandwich Composite Plates Subjected to a Distributed Load

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method simulates the hydrostatic loading conditions which are often present in actual sandwich structures, such as marine hulls. This test method can be used to compare the two-dimensional flexural stiffness of a sandwich composite made with different combinations of materials or with different fabrication processes. Since it is based on distributed loading rather than concentrated loading, it may also provide more realistic information on the failure mechanisms of sandwich structures loaded in a similar manner. Test data should be useful for design and engineering, material specification, quality assurance, and process development. In addition, data from this test method would be useful in refining predictive mathematical models or computer code for use as structural design tools. Properties that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Panel surface deflection at load,  
5.1.2 Panel face-sheet strain at load,  
5.1.3 Panel bending stiffness,  
5.1.4 Panel shear stiffness,  
5.1.5 Panel strength, and  
5.1.6 Panel failure modes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the two-dimensional flexural properties of sandwich composite plates subjected to a distributed load. The test fixture uses a relatively large square panel sample which is simply supported all around and has the distributed load provided by a water-filled bladder. This type of loading differs from the procedure of Test Method C393, where concentrated loads induce one-dimensional, simple bending in beam specimens.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to composite structures of the sandwich type which involve a relatively thick layer of core material bonded on both faces with an adhesive to thin-face sheets composed of a denser, higher-modulus material, typically, a polymer matrix reinforced with high-modulus fibers.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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