ASTM A1036-04(2009)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Materials Evaluation—Small single sheet testers were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for various applications. They are especially appropriate for determining the magnetic properties of samples when insufficient material is available for preparation of an Epstein specimen. Although the small specimen size is attractive, the precision of the small sheet testers is not expected to be as good as that of the test method Test Method A 343/A 343M. Small sheet testers are frequently used to measure the properties of both fully processed and semiprocessed nonoriented and magnetic lamination steels. Specimens of semiprocessed steels are normally subjected to an appropriate quality development anneal prior to testing. Small sheet testers may also be used to evaluate oriented electrical steels in either the as sheared or stress-relief annealed condition.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the specific core loss and peak permeability determined using small single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test systems that require a test specimen or coupon be cut from the material being tested and are designed such that the entire width of that test specimen is magnetized during testing.
1.2 This guide is primarily intended for measurements of the magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels at frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz under sinusoidal flux conditions.
1.3 This guide includes procedures to provide correlation with the 25-cm Epstein test method (Test Method A 343/A 343M).
1.4 The range of magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimens and the instruments and test power source. Nonoriented electrical steels may be tested at magnetic flux densities up to about 16-kG [1.6T] for core loss. The maximum magnetic field strength for peak permeability testing is limited by the current carrying capacity of the magnetizing winding and the test power source. Single sheet testers are typically capable of testing at magnetic field strengths up to 50 Oe [4000 A/m] or more.
1.5 Within this guide, a small single sheet tester (small SST) is defined as a magnetic tester designed to test flat, rectangular sheet-type specimens. Typical specimens for these testers are square (or nearly so). The design of the small SST test fixture may be small enough to accommodate specimens about 5 by 5 cm or may be large enough to accommodate specimens about 36 by 36 cm. Specimens for a particular SST must be appropriate for the particular test fixture.
1.6 This guide covers two alternative test methods: Method 1 and Method 2.
1.6.1 Method 1 is an extension of Method 1 of Test Method A 804/A 804M, which describes a test fixture having two windings that encircle the test specimen and two low-reluctance, low-core loss ferromagnetic yokes that serve as flux return paths. The dimensions of the test fixture for Method 1 are not fixed but rather may be designed and built for any nominal specimen dimension within the limits given in 1.5. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of primary current and induced secondary voltage.
1.6.2 Method 2 covers the use of a small single sheet tester, which employs a magnetizing winding, a magnetic flux sensing winding, and a magnetic field strength detector. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of induced secondary voltage and magnetic field strength.
1.6.3 The calibration method described in the annex of this guide applies to both test methods.
1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in n...
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Designation: A1036 − 04(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Guide for
Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-
Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1036; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope reluctance,low-corelossferromagneticyokesthatserveasflux
return paths. The dimensions of the test fixture for Method 1
1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the spe-
are not fixed but rather may be designed and built for any
cific core loss and peak permeability determined using small
nominal specimen dimension within the limits given in 1.5.
single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test
The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the
systems that require a test specimen or coupon be cut from the
average value of the product of primary current and induced
material being tested and are designed such that the entire
secondary voltage.
width of that test specimen is magnetized during testing.
1.6.2 Method 2 covers the use of a small single sheet tester,
1.2 This guide is primarily intended for measurements of
whichemploysamagnetizingwinding,amagneticfluxsensing
the magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels at fre-
winding,andamagneticfieldstrengthdetector.Thepowerloss
quencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz under sinusoidal flux conditions.
in this case is determined by measuring the average value of
the product of induced secondary voltage and magnetic field
1.3 This guide includes procedures to provide correlation
with the 25-cm Epstein test method (Test Method A343/ strength.
1.6.3 The calibration method described in the annex of this
A343M).
guide applies to both test methods.
1.4 The range of magnetic flux densities is governed by the
1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu
properties of the test specimens and the instruments and test
power source. Nonoriented electrical steels may be tested at and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as
standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets.
magnetic flux densities up to about 16-kG [1.6T] for core loss.
The maximum magnetic field strength for peak permeability The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
testing is limited by the current carrying capacity of the
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
magnetizing winding and the test power source. Single sheet
testers are typically capable of testing at magnetic field formance with this standard.
strengths up to 50 Oe [4000 A/m] or more.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.5 Withinthisguide,asmallsinglesheettester(smallSST)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
is defined as a magnetic tester designed to test flat, rectangular
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
sheet-type specimens. Typical specimens for these testers are
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
square (or nearly so). The design of the small SST test fixture
may be small enough to accommodate specimens about 5 by 5
2. Referenced Documents
cm or may be large enough to accommodate specimens about
2.1 ASTM Standards:
36 by 36 cm. Specimens for a particular SST must be
A340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to
appropriate for the particular test fixture.
Magnetic Testing
1.6 This guide covers two alternative test methods: Method
A343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-
1 and Method 2.
netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using
1.6.1 Method 1 is an extension of Method 1 of Test Method
Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Ep-
A804/A804M, which describes a test fixture having two
stein Test Frame
windings that encircle the test specimen and two low-
A677 Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully
Processed Types
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on Magnetic
PropertiesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA06.01onTestMethods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A1036–04. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/A1036-04R09. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A1036 − 04 (2009)
A683/A683M SpecificationforNonorientedElectricalSteel, 5.2 Test Method 2—Test systems for Method 2 are supplied
Semiprocessed Types as complete test systems: test fixture, test power source, and
A726 Specification for Cold-Rolled Magnetic Lamination complete instrumentation.
Quality Steel, Semiprocessed Types
6. Procedure
A804/A804M Test Methods for Alternating-Current Mag-
netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using
6.1 Determine Correction Factors—Following the proce-
Sheet-Type Test Specimens
dures given in Annex A1, determine correction factors for the
A840/A840M Specification for Fully Processed Magnetic
grades of material that will be evaluated at the magnetic flux
Lamination Steel
densities at which tests will be performed.The samples used to
determine the correction factors must be typical of the material
3. Terminology thatwillbeevaluatedsincecorrectionfactorsvarywithclassof
material, chemical composition, thickness, heat treatment,
3.1 Definitions:
grain direction, magnetic flux density, and other physical
3.1.1 General—The definitions of terms, symbols, and con-
properties.
version factors relating to magnetic testing found in Terminol-
ogy A340 are used in the methods in this guide. 6.2 Prepare the Test Specimen—The type of test fixture and
its dimensions govern the dimensions of permissible test
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
specimens.The minimum length of a specimen shall be no less
3.2.1 sheet specimen—a rectangular specimen comprised of
than the outside dimension of the distance between pole faces
a single piece of material or paralleled multiple strips of
of the test fixture. The amount of projection of the specimen
material arranged in a single layer.
beyond the pole faces of fixture is not critical but should be no
3.2.2 small single sheet tester—a magnetic tester designed
longer than necessary for convenient loading and unloading of
to determine the magnetic properties of small rectangular
the specimen. For maximum accuracy, the specimen width
sheet-type specimens.
should, as nearly as practicable, be the maximum that can be
accommodated by the opening of the test coil.As a minimum,
4. Significance and Use
it is recommended that the specimen width be at least one half
4.1 Materials Evaluation—Small single sheet testers were
of the maximum width that can be accommodated by the test
developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for
coil.
various applications. They are especially appropriate for deter-
6.2.1 Specimens with length and width appropriate for the
mining the magnetic properties of samples when insufficient
small single sheet tester shall be cut by a suitable method. The
material is available for preparation of an Epstein specimen.
specimens shall be as rectangular as practicable. Excessive
Although the small specimen size is attractive, the precision of burr and mechanical distortion must be avoided when prepar-
the small sheet testers is not expected to be as good as that of
ing the test specimens. Specimens may be subjected to any
the test method Test Method A343/A343M. Small sheet testers desired heat treatment.
are frequently used to measure the properties of both fully
6.3 Make Initial Determinations—Depending upon the test
processed and semiprocessed nonoriented and magnetic lami-
equipment used, the appropriate measured values of length,
nation steels. Specimens of semiprocessed steels are normally
width, thickness, and/or mass of the specimen must be deter-
subjectedtoanappropriatequalitydevelopmentannealpriorto
mined prior to conducting magnetic tests. These measured
testing. Small sheet testers may also be used to evaluate
values are needed to set up the instrument for conducting tests.
oriented electrical steels in either the as sheared or stress-relief
When mass is required, it shall be determined using a balance
annealed condition.
capable of measuring the specimen mass with an uncertainty
less than 0.1 %. The length or width of the specimen shall be
5. Apparatus
measured by any suitable method with an uncertainty less than
0.1 %.
5.1 Test Method 1—The apparatus for Test Method 1 in-
cludes a test fixture having two windings that encircle the test 6.3.1 Cross-sectional Area—The preferred method of deter-
mining cross-sectional area is the mass-density method. Some
specimen(amagnetizingwindingandaflux-sensingsecondary
winding) and two low-reluctance, low-core loss ferromagnetic test systems may require that the width and thickness of the
specimen be entered into the test instrument and others may
yokes that serve as flux return paths. Such a test fixture may be
constructed by following the instructions given inAnnexA1 of require that the cross-sectional area be entered. The cross-
sectional area is determined using the following equation:
Test Method A804/A804M. The test power and instrumenta-
tion for this method are described as Test Method 1 in Test
A5m/ lδ (1)
~ !
Method A804/A804M. The primary difference between the
where:
tests covered by this guide and Test Method 1 of Test Method
A = cross-sectional area of specimen, cm ,
A804/A804M are the dimensions of the yokes and the limita-
m = total mass of specimen, g,
tion to the use of double-yoke test fixtures.When selecting test
l = actual length of specimen, cm, and
instrumentation and test power source components for Method
δ = assumed density of specimen material, g/cm .
1, the devices selected for use with small single-sheet test
fixtures must have appropriate ranges for these smaller test Whenrequired,thethicknessmaybedeterminedbydividing
fixtures. the cross-sectional area by the width.
A1036 − 04 (2009)
6.3.2 Alternate Cross-sectional Area—Although the mass- 6.5 Apply Correction Factors—Using the appropriate cor-
density method of determining the cross-sectional area is the rection factors for the test specimen and test magnetic flux
prefer
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