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ASTM D461-93

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Felt (Withdrawn 2004)

Standard Test Methods for Felt (Withdrawn 2004)

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1.1 These test methods are applicable to all types of felt covered by Specification D2475 and as defined in Section 3 herein.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:  Section Acid Content 27 Air Permeability 18 Referenced Documents 2 Ash 26 Bursting Strength 13 Conditioning 7 Terminology 3 Dimensional Changes (Relaxation Shrinkage) in Boiling Water-Length and Width 15 Fiber Identification 24 Flame Resistance 20 Length of Roll 8 Matter Extracted by 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 22 Matter Extracted by Water 23 Oil Retention 21 Oil Wicking 29 pH 28 Sampling Lots and Test Specimens 6 Splitting Resistance 14 Stiffness 19 Summary of Test Methods 4 Tensile Strength, "Breaking Load," and "Specific Strength" 12 Thickness of Conditioned Specimens 10 Thickness Change After Exposure to Boiling Water and Subsequent Drying 16 Significance and Use 5 Water Retained 17 Weight per Unit Area 11 Width of Roll or Sheet 9 Wool Content (Matter Soluble in a Solution of Sodium Hydroxide) 25
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Note 9 and 25.4.  Note 1-The word "weight" is used in these test methods because of common trade practice, in place of the technically correct word "mass."
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods are applicable to all types of felt covered by Specification D 2475.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, these test methods were discontinued in 2003.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Dec-1992
Withdrawal Date
25-Apr-2004
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.13 - Wool and Felt
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D461-93 - Standard Test Methods for Felt (Withdrawn 2004)ASTM D461-93 - Standard Test Methods for Felt (Withdrawn 2004)
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ASTM D461-93 - Standard Test Methods for Felt (Withdrawn 2004)
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Standards Content (Sample)

Designation: D 461 – 93
Standard Test Methods for
1
Felt
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 461; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 These test methods are applicable to all types of felt
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
covered by Specification D 2475 and as defined in Section 3
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
herein.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:
statements are given in Note 9 and 25.4.
Section
NOTE 1—The word “weight” is used in these test methods because of
Acid Content 27
common trade practice, in place of the technically correct word “mass.”
Air Permeability 18
Referenced Documents 2
2. Referenced Documents
Ash 26
Bursting Strength 13
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Conditioning 7
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
Terminology 3
2
Dimensional Changes (Relaxation Shrinkage) in Boiling Water-Length
tiles
and Width 15
2
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Fiber Identification 24
2
D 276 Test Method for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
Flame Resistance 20
2
Length of Roll 8
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
Matter Extracted by 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 22
2
D 737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics
Matter Extracted by Water 23
3
Oil Retention 21 D 774 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper
2
Oil Wicking 29
D 1388 Test Methods for Stiffness of Fabrics
pH 28
2
D 1574 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool
Sampling Lots and Test Specimens 6
2
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
Splitting Resistance 14
Stiffness 19
D 2165 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Extracts of Wool
Summary of Test Methods 4
2
and Similar Animal Fibers
Tensile Strength, “Breaking Load,” and “Specific Strength” 12
2
Thickness of Conditioned Specimens 10 D 2475 Specification for Wool Felt
Thickness Change After Exposure to Boiling Water
E 70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the
and Subsequent Drying 16
4
Glass Electrode
Significance and Use 5
Water Retained 17 2.2 Other Standards:
5
Weight per Unit Area 11
TT-I-563a Federal Specifications for Ink, Writing
Width of Roll or Sheet 9
U. S. Military Standard MIL-105D Sampling Procedures
Wool Content (Matter Soluble in a Solution of Sodium Hydroxide) 25
5
and Tables for Inspection by Attributes
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard should be used to measure and describe
3.1 Definitions:
the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response
3.1.1 acid content, n—of felt, the number of milliequiv-
to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and
alents of acid present per unit weight of felt, measured under
should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or
prescribed conditions.
fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire
3.1.2 dimensional change in boiling water in felt, n—the
conditions. However, results of this test may be used as
change in length and width with any associated change in
elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all
thickness produced by immersion in boiling water under
of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire
specified conditions.
hazard of a particular end use.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
1 3
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
4
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Felt. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
5
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1993. Published March 1993. Originally Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
published as D 461 – 37 T. Last previous edition D 461 – 87. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 461
3.1.3 extractable matter, n—nonfibrous material in or on a are nevertheless used extensively in the trade to rate materials
textile, not including water, which is removable by a specified with respect to their conformance with Specification D 2475.
solvent or solvents, as directed in a specified procedure. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Nonfibrous material is usually oily, laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller
waxy, resinous, or polymeric in nature, but may also include should be
...

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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of end (warp) and pick (filling) count and is applicable to all types of woven fabrics.  
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1.2.1 Throughout this document, there will be some instances in which the units do not convert 1:1. This is to acknowledge that this is a global document and that different parts of the world use different units of measurement. Organizations using the metric system wil report the count per 1 cm. Organizations using the English system will report the count per 1 in.  
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5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
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5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off