ASTM F481-97(2014)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe and Corrugated Pipe in Septic Tank Leach Fields
Standard Practice for Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe and Corrugated Pipe in Septic Tank Leach Fields
ABSTRACT
This practice describes procedures for handling and installing thermoplastic pipe and corrugated pipe in septic tank leach fields, curtain drains, and from the septic tank to the leach field. Proper installation ensures that the pipe will satisfactorily convey and distribute partially treated waste water to a leaching field for additional treatment and disposal by soil absorption. The curtain or perimeter drain will function to protect the soil absorption capacity of the leach field. Pipe should be stored with support from a flat surface to prevent the pipe from developing a permanent set. Care should be exercised during loading, unloading, and in transit because pipe may be damaged by abrasion and sharp edges. Because thermoplastics are temporarily softened by high temperatures, care should be taken under these conditions to avoid damage during handling operations. Coiled pipe is not recommended for use in leach fields because it is difficult to install at the proper grade and alignment; it is acceptable with special equipment installation. Pipe can reach comparatively high temperatures when exposed to the sun and this reduces the pipe stiffness appreciably. Therefore, precautions must be taken to prevent the impact of sharp or heavy objects, the sudden imposition of heavy overburden or excessive pull on such pipe. The pipe regains full strength and stiffness as the temperature decreases to that of the soil; this will normally require about five minutes. Care in handling and installation should be exercised under low-temperature conditions to avoid damage. As temperatures decrease, some types of pipe tend to become more brittle and less flexible.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for handling and installing thermoplastic pipe and corrugated pipe in septic tank leach fields, curtain drains, and from the septic tank to the leach field. Proper installation ensures that the pipe will satisfactorily convey and distribute partially treated waste water to a leaching field for additional treatment and disposal by soil absorption. The curtain or perimeter drain will function to protect the soil absorption capacity of the leach field.
1.2 To ensure compliance with local regulatory provisions, the local approving authority (local health departments and so forth) should be contacted regarding specific requirements for leach field design materials and installation.
1.3 This practice applies to pipe and fittings made under each of the following ASTM specifications:
1.3.1 For transport from tank to leach field: Specifications D2680, D2729, D2751, D2852, D3034, F405, F758, F789, F810, F891, F892, and F949.
1.3.2 Perforated, for use in leach field or curtain drain: Specifications D2729, D2751, F405, F810, F891, and F892.
1.4 Pipe intended for installation in accordance with this practice should have a minimum pipe stiffness as specified in the appropriate product standard referenced in 1.3.1 or 1.3.2.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.
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Designation: F481 − 97 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Practice for
Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe and Corrugated Pipe in
Septic Tank Leach Fields
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF481;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice describes procedures for handling and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
installing thermoplastic pipe and corrugated pipe in septic tank
D1600 Terminology forAbbreviatedTerms Relating to Plas-
leachfields,curtaindrains,andfromtheseptictanktotheleach
tics
field. Proper installation ensures that the pipe will satisfactorily
D2321 PracticeforUndergroundInstallationofThermoplas-
convey and distribute partially treated waste water to a
tic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
leaching field for additional treatment and disposal by soil
D2680 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
absorption. The curtain or perimeter drain will function to
(ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Composite Sewer
protect the soil absorption capacity of the leach field.
Piping
D2729 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer
1.2 To ensure compliance with local regulatory provisions,
Pipe and Fittings
the local approving authority (local health departments and so
D2751 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
forth) should be contacted regarding specific requirements for
(ABS) Sewer Pipe and Fittings (Withdrawn 2014)
leach field design materials and installation.
D2852 Specification for Styrene-Rubber (SR) Plastic Drain
1.3 This practice applies to pipe and fittings made under
Pipe and Fittings
each of the following ASTM specifications:
D3034 Specification for Type PSM Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
1.3.1 For transport from tank to leach field: Specifications
(PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings
D2680, D2729, D2751, D2852, D3034, F405, F758, F789,
F405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipe
F810, F891, F892, and F949.
and Fittings
1.3.2 Perforated, for use in leach field or curtain drain:
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
Specifications D2729, D2751, F405, F810, F891, and F892.
F449 Practice for Subsurface Installation of Corrugated
Polyethylene Pipe for Agricultural Drainage or Water
1.4 Pipe intended for installation in accordance with this
Table Control
practice should have a minimum pipe stiffness as specified in
F758 Specification for Smooth-Wall Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
the appropriate product standard referenced in 1.3.1 or 1.3.2.
(PVC) Plastic Underdrain Systems for Highway, Airport,
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
and Similar Drainage
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
F789 Specification for Type PS-46 and Type PS-115 Poly-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe
and are not considered standard.
and Fittings (Withdrawn 2004)
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the F810 Specification for Smoothwall Polyethylene (PE) Pipe
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for Use in Drainage andWaste DisposalAbsorption Fields
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- F891 Specification for Coextruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- (PVC) Plastic Pipe With a Cellular Core
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific F892 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Corrugated Pipe
precautionary statements, see Section 7. With a Smooth Interior and Fittings (Withdrawn 2001)
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.65 on Land contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Drainage. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally the ASTM website.
approvedin1976.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2008asF481 – 97(2008).DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/F0481-97R14. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F481 − 97 (2014)
F949 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corru-
gated Sewer Pipe With a Smooth Interior and Fittings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412
and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600,
unless otherwise specified.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
NOTE 1—1 in. = 25.4 mm.
3.2.1 dual-wall pipe—pipe with corrugated exterior and
FIG. 1 Gravel Leach Trench
smooth interior.
3.2.2 pipe—smooth or corrugated interior wall thermoplas-
tic pipe.
5.4 Fittings recommended by the pipe manufacturer should
be used at all joints and for changes of direction except that
4. General Requirements
pipe may be bent to a radius of not less than 5 times the
diameter.
4.1 Storage—Pipe should be stored with support from a flat
surface to prevent the pipe from developing a permanent set.
5.5 Unless otherwise specified, pipe should be laid true to
grade and aligned in the center of the trench, with the top print
4.2 Handling—Care should be exercised during loading,
line or location stripe at the 12 o’clock position so that holes
unloading, and in transit because pipe may be damaged by
are placed down. It should be held in place by alignment
abrasion and sharp edges. Because thermoplastics are tempo-
supports, such as wooden stakes or steel rods.
rarily softened by high temperatures, care should be taken
under these conditions to avoid damage during handling NOTE 3—Some authorities require the covering of the line with
untreated building paper or a geotextile to prevent entry of aggregate,
operations.
prior to the next step.This is usually required only in areas that require the
4.3 If contact with chemicals not ordinarily present in perforations to be oriented on the top instead of the bottom of the pipe.
sanitary sewage is anticipated, the approval of the regulatory
5.6 For gravel systems, place aggregate around the pipe
authority to install pipe should be obtained.
until only the top center is still visible. Make a final check of
grade and alignment. It is particularly important that the side
NOTE 1—The manufacturer should be contacted for information on
walls be given uniform and continuous support to provide
chemical resistance.
lateralrestraintagainstdeflectionduringbackfillingoperations.
4.4 Coiled pipe is not recommended for use in leach fields
Care should be taken to prevent damage to the lines. Do not
because it is difficult to install at the proper grade and
permit a dump truck or front-end loader to dump directly o
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F481 − 97 (Reapproved 2008) F481 − 97 (Reapproved 2014)An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe and Corrugated Pipe in
Septic Tank Leach Fields
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes procedures for handling and installing thermoplastic pipe and corrugated pipe in septic tank leach
fields, curtain drains, and from the septic tank to the leach field. Proper installation ensures that the pipe will satisfactorily convey
and distribute partially treated waste water to a leaching field for additional treatment and disposal by soil absorption. The curtain
or perimeter drain will function to protect the soil absorption capacity of the leach field.
1.2 To ensure compliance with local regulatory provisions, the local approving authority (local health departments and so forth)
should be contacted regarding specific requirements for leach field design materials and installation.
1.3 This practice applies to pipe and fittings made under each of the following ASTM specifications:
1.3.1 For transport from tank to leach field: Specifications D2680, D2729, D2751, D2852, D3034, F405, F758, F789, F810,
F891, F892, and F949.
1.3.2 Perforated, for use in leach field or curtain drain: Specifications D2729, D2751, F405, F810, F891, and F892.
1.4 Pipe intended for installation in accordance with this practice should have a minimum pipe stiffness as specified in the
appropriate product standard referenced in 1.3.1 or 1.3.2.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
D2321 Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
D2680 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Composite Sewer Piping
D2729 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings
D2751 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Sewer Pipe and Fittings (Withdrawn 2014)
D2852 Specification for Styrene-Rubber (SR) Plastic Drain Pipe and Fittings
D3034 Specification for Type PSM Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings
F405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
F449 Practice for Subsurface Installation of Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe for Agricultural Drainage or Water Table Control
F758 Specification for Smooth-Wall Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Underdrain Systems for Highway, Airport, and Similar
Drainage
F789 Specification for Type PS-46 and Type PS-115 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe and Fittings
(Withdrawn 2004)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.65 on Land Drainage.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008Aug. 1, 2014. Published August 2008November 2014. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20022008
as F481 – 97(2002).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/F0481-97R08.10.1520/F0481-97R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F481 − 97 (2014)
F810 Specification for Smoothwall Polyethylene (PE) Pipe for Use in Drainage and Waste Disposal Absorption Fields
F891 Specification for Coextruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe With a Cellular Core
F892 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Corrugated Pipe With a Smooth Interior and Fittings (Withdrawn 2001)
F949 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corrugated Sewer Pipe With a Smooth Interior and Fittings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600, unless
otherwise specified.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 dual-wall pipe—pipe with corrugated exterior and smooth interior.
3.2.2 pipe—smooth or corrugated interior wall thermoplastic pipe.
4. General Requirements
4.1 Storage—Pipe should be stored with support from a flat surface to prevent the pipe from developing a permanent set.
4.2 Handling—Care should be exercised during loading, unloading, and in transit because pipe may be damaged by abrasion
and sharp edges. Because thermoplastics are temporarily softened by high temperatures, care should be taken under these
conditions to avoid damage during handling operations.
4.3 If contact with chemicals not ordinarily present in sanitary sewage is anticipated, the approval of the regulatory authority
to install pipe should be obtained.
NOTE 1—The manufacturer should be contacted for information on chemical resistance.
4.4 Coiled pipe is not recommended for use in leach fields because it is difficult to install at the proper grade and alignment;
it is acceptable with special equipment installation.
NOTE 2—Corrugated interior pipe should not be used between the dwelling and the waste water treatment unit (septic tank or similar device) because
the corrugations may inhibit the flow of solids contained in the waste.
5. Installation—Leach Field
5.1 Leach fields should be constructed to meet the requirements of the local Department of Health or other governing authority,
which should be contacted for information and requirements on design, location, installation, materials, and so forth.
5.2 Before installation, pipe should be inspected for damage such as kinks, crushed portions, splits, and so forth. Any damaged
portions of pipe shall be cut out as a cylinder and discarded. Make a visual check of the bore to ensure it is clear of foreign objects
that might impede flow.
5.3 Gravel Systems—For proper waste water flow into the surrounding soils and to provide for support of pipe, a uniform layer
of 4 to 6 in. (100 to 150 mm) of graded aggregate should be placed in the trench bottom and leveled true to gr
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