ASTM D4452-06
(Test Method)Standard Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples
Standard Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the quality of soil samples in thin wall tubes or of extruded cores by X-ray radiography.
1.2 This practice enables the user to determine the effects of sampling and natural variations within samples as identified by the extent of the relative penetration of X-rays through soil samples.
1.3 This practice can be used to X-ray cores (or observe their features on a fluoroscope) in thin wall tubes or liners ranging from approximately 2 to 6 in. (51 to 152 mm) in diameter. X-rays of samples in the larger diameter tubes provide a radiograph of major features of soils and disturbances, such as large scale bending of edges of varved clays, shear planes, the presence of large concretions, silt and sand seams thicker than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm), large lumps of organic matter, and voids or other types of intrusions. X-rays of the smaller diameter cores provide higher resolution of soil features and disturbances, such as small concretions (1/8 in. (3.2 mm) diameter or larger), solution channels, slight bending of edges of varved clays, thin silt or sand seams, narrow solution channels, plant root structures, and organic matter. The X-raying of samples in thin wall tubes or liners requires minimal preparation
1.4 Greater detail and resolution of various features of the soil can be obtained by X-raying of extruded cores, as compared to samples in metal tubes. The method used for X-raying cores is the same as that for tubes and liners, except that extruded cores have to be handled with extreme care and have to be placed in sample holders (similar to Fig. 2) before X-raying. This practice should be used only when natural moisture or other undisturbed soil characteristics are irrelevant to the end use of the sample.
1.4.1 Often it is necessary to obtain greater resolution of features to determine the propriety of sampling methods, the representative nature of soil samples, or anomalies in soils. This practice requires that either duplicate samples be obtained or already tested specimens be X-rayed.
1.5 This practice can only be used to their fullest extent after considerable experience is obtained through many detailed comparisons between the X-ray film and the sample X-rayed.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statements, see Section 6.
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Designation: D4452 − 06
StandardPractice for
1
X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* This practice requires that either duplicate samples be obtained
or already tested specimens be X-rayed.
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the quality of
soil samples in thin wall tubes or of extruded cores by X-ray 1.5 Thispracticecanonlybeusedtotheirfullestextentafter
radiography. considerable experience is obtained through many detailed
comparisons between the X-ray film and the sample X-rayed.
1.2 This practice enables the user to determine the effects of
sampling and natural variations within samples as identified by 1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
the extent of the relative penetration of X-rays through soil as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are
samples. provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This practice can be used to X-ray cores (or observe 1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
their features on a fluoroscope) in thin wall tubes or liners one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
ranging from approximately 2 to 6 in. (51 to 152 mm) in educationorexperienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwith
diameter. X-rays of samples in the larger diameter tubes professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be
provide a radiograph of major features of soils and applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
disturbances, such as large scale bending of edges of varved intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
clays, shear planes, the presence of large concretions, silt and the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
sand seams thicker than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm), large lumps of nor should this document be applied without consideration of
organicmatter,andvoidsorothertypesofintrusions.X-raysof a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the
the smaller diameter cores provide higher resolution of soil title of this document means only that the document has been
features and disturbances, such as small concretions (1/8 in. approved through the ASTM consensus process.
(3.2 mm) diameter or larger), solution channels, slight bending
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of edges of varved clays, thin silt or sand seams, narrow
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
solutionchannels,plantrootstructures,andorganicmatter.The
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
X-raying of samples in thin wall tubes or liners requires
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
minimal preparation
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
precaution statements, see Section 6.
1.4 Greater detail and resolution of various features of the
soil can be obtained by X-raying of extruded cores, as
2. Referenced Documents
compared to samples in metal tubes. The method used for
2
X-raying cores is the same as that for tubes and liners, except
2.1 ASTM Standards:
that extruded cores have to be handled with extreme care and
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
have to be placed in sample holders (similar to Fig. 2) before
Fluids
X-raying. This practice should be used only when natural
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
moisture or other undisturbed soil characteristics are irrelevant
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
to the end use of the sample.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.4.1 Often it is necessary to obtain greater resolution of
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
features to determine the propriety of sampling methods, the
representative nature of soil samples, or anomalies in soils.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
RockandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.07onIdentificationand
2
Classification of Soils. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ε1
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4452 – 85 (2002) . Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D4452-06. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
ϵ1
Designation:D 4452–85 (Reapproved 1995)
Standard Test Methods for Designation:D4452–06
Standard Practice for
1
X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
1
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. ϵ NOTE—Editorial changes were made
throughout in April 1995.
1. Scope
1.1These test methods cover the determination of the quality of soil samples by X-ray radiography.
1.2These test methods enable the user to determine the effects of sampling and natural variations within samples as identified
by the extent of the relative penetration of X rays through soil samples.
1.3These test methods can only be used to their fullest extent after considerable experience is obtained through many detailed
comparisons between the X-ray film and the sample X-rayed.
1.4The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5*
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the quality of soil samples in thin wall tubes or of extruded cores by X-ray
radiography.
1.2 This practice enables the user to determine the effects of sampling and natural variations within samples as identified by the
extent of the relative penetration of X-rays through soil samples.
1.3 This practice can be used to X-ray cores (or observe their features on a fluoroscope) in thin wall tubes or liners ranging from
approximately 2 to 6 in. (51 to 152 mm) in diameter. X-rays of samples in the larger diameter tubes provide a radiograph of major
features of soils and disturbances, such as large scale bending of edges of varved clays, shear planes, the presence of large
concretions, silt and sand seams thicker than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm), large lumps of organic matter, and voids or other types of intrusions.
X-rays of the smaller diameter cores provide higher resolution of soil features and disturbances, such as small concretions (1/8 in.
(3.2 mm) diameter or larger), solution channels, slight bending of edges of varved clays, thin silt or sand seams, narrow solution
channels, plant root structures, and organic matter. The X-raying of samples in thin wall tubes or liners requires minimal
preparation
1.4 Greater detail and resolution of various features of the soil can be obtained by X-raying of extruded cores, as compared to
samples in metal tubes. The method used for X-raying cores is the same as that for tubes and liners, except that extruded cores
have to be handled with extreme care and have to be placed in sample holders (similar to Fig. 2) before X-raying. This practice
should be used only when natural moisture or other undisturbed soil characteristics are irrelevant to the end use of the sample.
1.4.1 Often it is necessary to obtain greater resolution of features to determine the propriety of sampling methods, the
representative nature of soil samples, or anomalies in soils. This practice requires that either duplicate samples be obtained or
already tested specimens be X-rayed.
1.5 This practice can only be used to their fullest extent after considerable experience is obtained through many detailed
comparisons between the X-ray film and the sample X-rayed.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided
for information purposes only.
1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be
applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the
adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.07 on Identification and
Classification of Soils.
Current edition approved Jan. 25, 1985. Published March 1985.
e1
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4452–85(2002) . DOI:
10.1520/D4452-06.
*A Summary of Change
...
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