ASTM D4545-86(1999)

Standard Practice for Determining the Integrity of Factory Seams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible Sheet Geomembranes (Withdrawn 2008)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, and the large number of seam methods and types used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as a summary of destructive and nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity of factory fabricated seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials. This practice outlines the test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Tests chosen to be performed shall be selected from the nondestructive and destructive tests for their specificity to the liner system and the design application. These test methods are applicable to the seaming methods commonly used on manufactured flexible sheet geomembranes that are scrim-reinforced or nonreinforced.  
1.2 The types of factory seams covered by this practice include the following:  
1.2.1 Thermally Bonded Seams:  
1.2.1.1 Dielectric -A dielectric seam is produced by clamping two lapped sheets of polymeric membrane between two conductive bars and applying an electric current to the bars, thus producing a field that generates friction heat at the interface between the two sheets to melt the surfaces. The pressure of the clamping bars creates a homogeneous bond which is allowed to cool by cutting off the electric current, while still under pressure.  
1.2.1.2 Hot Air -A hot air seam is produced by applying high temperature air or gas between two polymeric sheet surfaces, thus melting the surfaces, at which time pressure is applied to form a homogeneous bond between the two membrane surfaces.  
1.2.1.3 Hot Wedge (or Knife) -A hot wedge seam is produced by melting the two intimate surfaces by running a hot metal wedge between the surfaces, followed immediately by pressure to form a homogeneous bond.  
1.2.1.4 Extrusion -A bond seam is produced by extruding molten parent material between or at the edge of two overlapped polymer sheet materials to effect a homogeneous melt between the two sheets to be joined. Hot air is sometimes applied between the two sheets to bring their temperature close to the melt point. The extrudate heat then melts the two preheated surfaces to effect the homogeneous bond.  
1.2.2 Solvent Bonded Seams -A solvent is used to soften the surfaces to be bonded, followed by pressure to form a homogeneous bond.  
1.2.3 Bodied Solvent Bonded Seams -The parent lining polymer material is dissolved in a solvent that is then applied in the same manner as a straight solvent, thus effecting a homogeneous bond.  
1.2.4 Cured or Vulcanized Seams -These are thermally bonded seams that are produced prior to vulcanization of a cured ribbon sheet. A homogeneous bond is obtained by curing the seam along with the parent material blanket.  
1.2.5 Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped Seams, and Waterproofed Sewn Seams -These seams are rarely made at the factory during the fabrication process and are generally limited to field installation seams. Adhesive bonded and taped seams provide a means, although non-homogeneous, of joining cured sheets. Waterproofed sewn seams are used with geotextiles, which may be laminated to a geomembrane film.  
1.3 The types of factory seams covered by this practice include the following seam constructions:  
1.3.1 Lap Seams -One sheet overlaps the other by a recommended minimum amount, with the bonded area between or at the edge of the two sheets.  
1.3.2 Cap-Stripped Seams -A separate strip of the parent sheet material is bonded to both sheets covering the lap seam.  
1.3.3 Butt Seams, Envelope Seams, and Standing Seams -These seams are not commonly used in factory seam fabrication.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are ...

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 09-Mar-1999
• Withdrawal Date: 06-Nov-2008
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.10 - Geomembranes

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4545–86 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Practice for
Determining the Integrity of Factory Seams Used in Joining
1
Manufactured Flexible Sheet Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4545; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ε) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.2.2 Solvent Bonded Seams—A solvent is used to soften
the surfaces to be bonded, followed by pressure to form a
1.1 This practice is intended as a summary of destructive
homogeneous bond.
and nondestructive quality control test methods for determin-
1.2.3 Bodied Solvent Bonded Seams—The parent lining
ing the integrity of factory fabricated seams used in the joining
polymer material is dissolved in a solvent that is then applied
of flexible sheet materials. This practice outlines the test
in the same manner as a straight solvent, thus effecting a
procedures available for determining the quality of bonded
homogeneous bond.
seams. Tests chosen to be performed shall be selected from the
1.2.4 Cured or Vulcanized Seams—These are thermally
nondestructive and destructive tests for their specificity to the
bonded seams that are produced prior to vulcanization of a
liner system and the design application. These test methods are
cured ribbon sheet.Ahomogeneous bond is obtained by curing
applicable to the seaming methods commonly used on manu-
the seam along with the parent material blanket.
factured flexible sheet geomembranes that are scrim-reinforced
1.2.5 Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped Seams,
or nonreinforced.
and Waterproofed Sewn Seams—These seams are rarely made
1.2 The types of factory seams covered by this practice
at the factory during the fabrication process and are generally
include the following:
limited to field installation seams. Adhesive bonded and taped
1.2.1 Thermally Bonded Seams:
seams provide a means, although nonhomogeneous, of joining
1.2.1.1 Dielectric—Adielectric seam is produced by clamp-
cured sheets. Waterproofed sewn seams are used with geotex-
ing two lapped sheets of polymeric membrane between two
tiles, which may be laminated to a geomembrane film.
conductive bars and applying an electric current to the bars,
1.3 The types of factory seams covered by this practice
thus producing a field that generates friction heat at the
include the following seam constructions:
interface between the two sheets to melt the surfaces. The
1.3.1 Lap Seams—One sheet overlaps the other by a rec-
pressure of the clamping bars creates a homogeneous bond
ommended minimum amount, with the bonded area between or
which is allowed to cool by cutting off the electric current,
at the edge of the two sheets.
while still under pressure.
1.3.2 Cap-Stripped Seams—A separate strip of the parent
1.2.1.2 Hot Air—A hot air seam is produced by applying
sheet material is bonded to both sheets covering the lap seam.
high temperature air or gas between two polymeric sheet
1.3.3 Butt Seams, Envelope Seams, and Standing Seams—
surfaces, thus melting the surfaces, at which time pressure is
These seams are not commonly used in factory seam fabrica-
applied to form a homogeneous bond between the two mem-
tion.
brane surfaces.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
1.2.1.3 Hot Wedge (or Knife)—A hot wedge seam is pro-
standard.
duced by melting the two intimate surfaces by running a hot
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
metal wedge between the surfaces, followed immediately by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pressure to form a homogeneous bond.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2.1.4 Extrusion—A bond seam is produced by extruding
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
molten parent material between or at the edge of two over-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
lapped polymer sheet materials to effect a homogeneous melt
between the two sheets to be joined. Hot air is sometimes
2. Referenced Documents
applied between the two sheets to bring their temperature close
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to the melt point. The extrudate heat then melts the two
D 413 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Adhesion to
preheated surfaces to effect the homogeneous bond.
2
Flexible Substrate
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-35 on Geosyn-
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
2
Current edition approved March 3, 1986. Published May 1986. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
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