ASTM G204-15

Standard Test Method for Damage to Contacting Solid Surfaces under Fretting Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fretting wear and corrosion are potential serviceability factors in many machines. They have always been factors in shipping finished goods by truck or rail. Packing materials rubbing on a product in transit can make the product unsalable. Beverage cans and food cans can lose their trade dress and consumers often equate container damage to content damage.  
5.2 Clamping surfaces on injection molds are damaged by fretting motions on clamping. This damage is a significant cause for mold replacement.  
5.3 Machines in shipment are subject to fretting damage in the real area of contact of the bearings on the machines.  
5.4 Operating vibration and movement of mechanically clamped components, like screwed assemblies, can produce damage on the clamped faces and other faces that affects machine function or use. Many times fretting damage appears in the form of pits, which are stress concentrators that can lead to mechanical fractures.  
5.5 Electrical contacts in any device that is subject to vibration are susceptible to failure (open circuit) due to fretting damage at real areas of contact.  
5.6 This test method is intended to be used to identify mating couples that may be less prone to fretting damage than others. This information in turn is used to select materials of construction or surface treatments that are less prone to fretting damage for applications where fretting conditions are known or perceived to exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the studying or ranking the susceptibility of candidate materials to fretting corrosion or fretting wear for the purposes of material selection for applications where fretting corrosion or fretting wear can limit serviceability.  
1.2 This test method uses a tribological bench test apparatus with a mechanism or device that will produce the necessary relative motion between a contacting hemispherical rider and a flat counterface. The rider is pressed against the flat counterface with a loading mass. The test method is intended for use in room temperature air, but future editions could include fretting in the presence of lubricants or other environments.  
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to rub two solid surfaces together under controlled fretting conditions and to quantify the damage to both surfaces in units of volume loss for the test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Nov-2015
• ICS: 21.260 - Lubrication systems
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.40 - Non-Abrasive Wear

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G204 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Damage to Contacting Solid Surfaces under Fretting
1
Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Frettingissmallamplitudeoscillatingmotionusuallyintherangeof10to300µm.Contactingsolid
surfaces subjected to this type of motion can develop significant damage in the form of mass loss,
pitting, debris generation, etc. Frequently, pitting damage caused by fretting creates stress concentra-
tions that contribute to mechanical failures. Most material couples are susceptible to fretting damage
and this test method is intended to assess a tribocouple’s relative susceptibility to damage under
fretting conditions.
When tribocouples experience oscillating relative motion less than about 10 µm, gross slip (all
points in a contact experience relative slip over a complete cycle) may not occur. The elastic behavior
of the real contacts may accommodate this motion and fretting damage may not occur.
When metal couples are subjected to fretting motion, there is a potential for chemical reaction with
the ambient environment to be a component of the damage. In metals rubbing in air, oxidation of
freshly fractured surfaces can occur. When chemical reaction is conjoint with the mechanical damage
producedbyfretting,itiscalledfrettingcorrosion.Whenmostplasticcouplesaredamagedbyfretting
motion,thefracturedsurfacesmaynotreactwiththeenvironmentandfrettingwearoccursasopposed
to fretting corrosion.
1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This test method covers the studying or ranking the
standard.
susceptibility of candidate materials to fretting corrosion or
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
fretting wear for the purposes of material selection for appli-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cations where fretting corrosion or fretting wear can limit
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
serviceability.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 This test method uses a tribological bench test apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
with a mechanism or device that will produce the necessary
relative motion between a contacting hemispherical rider and a
2. Referenced Documents
flat counterface. The rider is pressed against the flat counter-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
face with a loading mass. The test method is intended for use
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
in room temperature air, but future editions could include
ASTM Test Methods
fretting in the presence of lubricants or other environments.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to rub two solid
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
surfaces together under controlled fretting conditions and to
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
quantifythedamagetobothsurfacesinunitsofvolumelossfor
G99 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk
the test method.
Apparatus
G117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-
2
Abrasive Wear. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as G204–10. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI:10.1520/G0204–15. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G204 − 15
Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero- damage on the clamped faces and other faces that affects
sion Tests machine function or use. Many times fretting damage appears
G133 Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat in the form of pits, which are stress concentrators that can lead
Sliding Wear to mechanical fractures.
5.5 Electrical contacts in any device that is subject to
3. Terminology
vibration are susceptible to failure (open circuit) due to fretting
3.1 Definitions:
damage at real areas of contact.
3.1.1 fretting, n—in tribology, small amplitude oscillating
5.6 This test meth
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G204 − 10 G204 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Damage to Contacting Solid Surfaces under Fretting
1
Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Fretting is small amplitude oscillating motion usually in the range of 10 to 300 μm. Contacting solid
surfaces subjected to this type of motion can develop significant damage in the form of mass loss,
pitting, debris generation, etc. Frequently, pitting damage caused by fretting creates stress concentra-
tions that contribute to mechanical failures. Most material couples are susceptible to fretting damage
and this test method is intended to assess a tribocouple’s relative susceptibility to damage under
fretting conditions.
When tribocouples experience oscillating relative motion less than about 10 μm, gross slip (all
points in a contact experience relative slip over a complete cycle) may not occur. The elastic behavior
of the real contacts may accommodate this motion and fretting damage may not occur.
When metal couples are subjected to fretting motion, there is a potential for chemical reaction with
the ambient environment to be a component of the damage. In metals rubbing in air, oxidation of
freshly fractured surfaces can occur. When chemical reaction is conjoint with the mechanical damage
produced by fretting, it is called fretting corrosion. When most plastic couples are damaged by fretting
motion, the fractured surfaces may not react with the environment and fretting wear occurs as opposed
to fretting corrosion.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the studying or ranking the susceptibility of candidate materials to fretting corrosion or fretting wear
for the purposes of material selection for applications where fretting corrosion or fretting wear can limit serviceability.
1.2 This test method uses a tribological bench test apparatus with a mechanism or device that will produce the necessary relative
motion between a contacting hemispherical rider and a flat counterface. The rider is pressed against the flat counterface with a
loading mass. The test method is intended for use in room temperature air, but future editions could include fretting in the presence
of lubricants or other environments.
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to rub two solid surfaces together under controlled fretting conditions and to quantify the
damage to both surfaces in units of volume loss for the test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-Abrasive Wear.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010Nov. 15, 2015. Published April 2010December 2015. DOI:10.1520/G0204–10.Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition
approved in 2010 as G204–10. DOI:10.1520/G0204–15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G204 − 15
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
G99 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus
G117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Erosion Tests
G133 Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 fretting, n—in tribology, small amplitude oscillating motio
...