ASTM D5536-15
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Forest Trees for Determination of Clear Wood Properties
Standard Practice for Sampling Forest Trees for Determination of Clear Wood Properties
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice covers procedures of sampling for obtaining small clear wood specimens which, when tested in accordance with Methods D143 and, in conjunction with full-size product tests, will provide mechanical properties for use in deriving design properties for lumber, panels, poles, house logs, and other products.
3.2 Data obtained by testing specimens sampled in accordance with these methods also provide information on the influence on mechanical properties of such factors as density, locality of growth, position in cross section, height in the tree, and moisture content.
3.3 Cruciform sampling is of principal value when information is desired on the influence on mechanical properties of height in the tree; of age or radial position in the tree; of rate of growth; the change from sapwood to heartwood; the relationships between mechanical properties and factors such as specific gravity; and making general comparisons between species for purposes of rating or selecting species for specific end-use products. Cruciform sampling does not provide unbiased estimates of mean values, percentile or other descriptive statistics, or a means of associating statistical confidence with estimates of descriptive statistics.
3.4 Double sampling is used when it is desired to improve or update existing estimates of mechanical property values that are the basis for establishing allowable design stresses for stress-graded lumber, plywood, poles and piling, and other wood products. The method involves predicting one property by carefully observing a well-correlated auxiliary property that is presumably easier or cheaper to measure. A sample estimate of the auxiliary property is obtained with a high degree of precision by representatively sampling the population. A smaller independent sample or a subsample of the large sample is used to establish a relationship between the auxiliary property and the property for which an estimate is desired. As applied to sampling a forest,...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice offers two alternative physical sampling procedures: cruciform sampling and random sampling. The choice of procedure will depend upon the intended use for the test results, the resources available for sampling and testing, and the availability of existing data on the mechanical properties and specific gravity of the species of interest.
1.2 A third procedure, double sampling, is included primarily by reference. This procedure applies the results of cruciform or random samples through correlation to improve or update property values.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D5536 − 15
Standard Practice for
Sampling Forest Trees for Determination of Clear Wood
1
Properties
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5536; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The everyday use of wood for many different purposes creates a continual need for data on its
mechanical properties. Small clear specimen testing to characterize a species has historically been
employed for such property determination, and related methods of test are outlined in Methods D143.
Because wood is a biological material, its mechanical properties are subject to considerable natural
variation.Thus, the results of tests to evaluate the mechanical properties of a species depend to a great
extent upon how the forest trees are sampled for test material. Ideally, if the results of mechanical
property evaluations are to be representative of the forest sampled, probability sampling of materials
such as outlined in Practice E105 must be used. However, true probability sampling of the forest trees
for determination of mechanical properties can be extremely complex and expensive because of the
broad geographic range and topographic conditions under which a tree species grows. In some
instances, direct probability sampling may be impractical, necessitating the need for alternative
2, 3
sampling procedures.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
4
1.1 This practice offers two alternative physical sampling 2.1 ASTM Standards:
procedures: cruciform sampling and random sampling. The D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
choice of procedure will depend upon the intended use for the D2555 PracticeforEstablishingClearWoodStrengthValues
test results, the resources available for sampling and testing, E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
and the availability of existing data on the mechanical proper-
3. Significance and Use
ties and specific gravity of the species of interest.
3.1 This practice covers procedures of sampling for obtain-
1.2 Athird procedure, double sampling, is included primar-
ing small clear wood specimens which, when tested in accor-
ilybyreference.Thisprocedureappliestheresultsofcruciform
dance with Methods D143 and, in conjunction with full-size
or random samples through correlation to improve or update
product tests, will provide mechanical properties for use in
property values.
deriving design properties for lumber, panels, poles, house
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
logs, and other products.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Data obtained by testing specimens sampled in accor-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dance with these methods also provide information on the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
influence on mechanical properties of such factors as density,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
locality of growth, position in cross section, height in the tree,
and moisture content.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and
3.3 Cruciform sampling is of principal value when informa-
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.08 on Forests.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally tion is desired on the influence on mechanical properties of
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5536 – 94(2010).
DOI: 10.1520/D5536-15.
2 4
Bendtsen, B. A., Freese, F., and Ethington, R. L., “A Forest Sampling Method For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
for Wood Strength,” Forest Products Journal, Vol 20, No. 11, 1970, pp. 38–47. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Pearson, R. G., and Williams, E. J., “A Review of Methods for Sampling of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Timber,” Forest Products Journal, Vol 8, No. 9, 1958, pp. 263–268.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D5536 − 15
height in the tree; of age or radial position in the tree; of rate methods have been extensively used, and a large amount of
of growth; the change from sapwood to heartwood; the data based on them have been obtained and published.
relationships between mechanical properties and factors such
5.1.1 The 2 by 2-in. (52 by 52-mm) test specimen has the
as specific gravity; and making general comp
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5536 − 94 (Reapproved 2010) D5536 − 15
Standard Practice for
Sampling Forest Trees for Determination of Clear Wood
1
Properties
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5536; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The everyday use of wood for many different purposes creates a continual need for data on its
mechanical properties. Small clear specimen testing to characterize a species has historically been
employed for such property determination, and related methods of test are outlined in Methods D143.
Because wood is a biological material, its mechanical properties are subject to considerable natural
variation. Thus, the results of tests to evaluate the mechanical properties of a species depend to a great
extent upon how the forest trees are sampled for test material. Ideally, if the results of mechanical
property evaluations are to be representative of the forest sampled, probability sampling of materials
such as outlined in Practice E105 must be used. However, true probability sampling of the forest trees
for determination of mechanical properties can be extremely complex and expensive because of the
broad geographic range and topographic conditions under which a tree species grows. In some
instances, direct probability sampling may be impractical, necessitating the need for alternative
2, 3
sampling procedures.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice offers two alternative physical sampling procedures: cruciform sampling and random sampling. The choice of
procedure will depend upon the intended use for the test results, the resources available for sampling and testing, and the
availability of existing data on the mechanical properties and specific gravity of the species of interest.
1.2 A third procedure, double sampling, is included primarily by reference. This procedure applies the results of cruciform or
random samples through correlation to improve or update property values.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
D2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This practice covers procedures of sampling for obtaining small clear wood specimens which, when tested in accordance
with Methods D143 and, in conjunction with full-size product tests, will provide mechanical properties for use in deriving design
properties for lumber, panels, poles, house logs, and other products.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.08 on Forests.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010Nov. 1, 2015. Published July 2010December 2015. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 as
D5536 – 94 (2004). 94(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D5536-94R10.10.1520/D5536-15.
2
Bendtsen, B. A., Freese, F., and Ethington, R. L., “A Forest Sampling Method for Wood Strength,” Forest Products Journal, Vol 20, No. 11, 1970, pp. 38–47.
3
Pearson, R. G., and Williams, E. J., “A Review of Methods for Sampling of Timber,” Forest Products Journal, Vol 8, No. 9, 1958, pp. 263–268.
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5536 − 15
3.2 Data obtained by testing specimens sampled in accordance with these methods also provide information on the influence
on mechanical properties of such factors as density, locality of growth, position in cross section, height in the tree, and moisture
content.
3.3 Cruciform sampling is of principal value when information is desired on the influence on mechanical properties of height
in the tree; of age o
...
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