ASTM E1260-03(2015)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Liquid Drop Size Characteristics in a Spray Using Optical Nonimaging Light-Scattering Instruments
Standard Test Method for Determining Liquid Drop Size Characteristics in a Spray Using Optical Nonimaging Light-Scattering Instruments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide data on liquid drop-size characteristics for sprays, as indicated by optical nonimaging light-scattering instruments. The results obtained generally will be statistical in nature. The number of variables concerned in the production of liquid spray, together with the variety of optical, electronic, and sampling systems used in different instruments, may contribute to variations in the test results. Care must be exercised, therefore, when attempting to compare data from samples obtained by different means.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain data which characterize the sizes of liquid particles or drops such as are produced by a spray nozzle or similar device under specified conditions using a specified liquid. The drops will generally be in the size range from 5-μm to the order of 1 000-μm diameter; they will occur in sprays which may be as small as a few cubic centimetres or as large as several cubic metres. Typically the number density of the particles can vary significantly from one point to another.
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use in standardizing measurements of the performance of sprayproducing devices. It is limited to those techniques and instruments that operate by passing a beam of light through the spray and analyzing the light scattered by the droplets to derive size information. Such techniques do not produce images of individual drops, and therefore, are known as “optical (nonimaging) instruments.”
1.3 The measurements made, when referred to the entire spray being sampled, may be flux sensitive or spatial, as defined in Practice E799, depending on the techniques used with a particular instrument.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E1260 − 03 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Liquid Drop Size Characteristics in a Spray
Using Optical Nonimaging Light-Scattering Instruments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1260; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This standard is one of several describing a different class of test methods for determining liquid
drop size characteristics in a spray. These test methods can be broadly distinguished as “optical” or
“non-optical.” In the optical category there are test methods that essentially make images (such as
photographs) of drops that can be measured either manually or automatically, and test methods that
do not make images but use optical phenomena exhibited by single drops or ensembles of drops which
can be recorded and used to calculate either individual drop sizes or the distribution of drop sizes in
anensemble.Thistestmethoddealswiththelatterclass,andhence,isdescribedas“nonimaging.”The
various optical phenomena involved are commonly described as “light-scattering.” Using any of these
test methods, the spray is observed for a period of time during which a large number of drops is
examined, and the data are treated so as to derive drop-size statistics for the sample investigated.
1. Scope 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain data which
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
characterize the sizes of liquid particles or drops such as are
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
produced by a spray nozzle or similar device under specified
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
conditions using a specified liquid. The drops will generally be
in the size range from 5-µm to the order of 1 000-µm diameter;
2. Referenced Documents
they will occur in sprays which may be as small as a few cubic
2.1 ASTM Standards:
centimetres or as large as several cubic metres. Typically the
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
number density of the particles can vary significantly from one
ASTM Test Methods
point to another.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use in
E799 Practice for Determining Data Criteria and Processing
standardizing measurements of the performance of spraypro-
for Liquid Drop Size Analysis
ducing devices. It is limited to those techniques and instru-
E1088 Definitions of Terms Relating to Atomizing Devices
ments that operate by passing a beam of light through the spray
(Withdrawn 1997)
and analyzing the light scattered by the droplets to derive size
E1296 Terminology for Liquid Particle Statistics (With-
information. Such techniques do not produce images of indi-
drawn 1997)
vidual drops, and therefore, are known as “optical (nonimag-
E1620 Terminology Relating to Liquid Particles andAtomi-
ing) instruments.”
zation
1.3 The measurements made, when referred to the entire
2.2 NFPA Standards:
spray being sampled, may be flux sensitive or spatial, as
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
defined in Practice E799, depending on the techniques used
with a particular instrument.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E29 on Particle Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.02 the ASTM website.
on Non-Sieving Methods. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originally www.astm.org.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1260 – 03 (2009). Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
DOI: 10.1520/E1260-03R15. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1260 − 03 (2015)
NFPA33 SprayApplication Using Flammable and Combus- 6.1.2 It is very important to protect the edges of the
tible Materials discharge orifice of a spray nozzle from accidental damage
prior to testing.This protection is best accomplished by the use
3. Terminology of a cover over the discharge orifice of the nozzle during
storage and installation on the test stand.
3.1 Definitions—For terminology pertaining to this test
method, refer to Terminology E456, Practice E799, Definitions 6.2 Care must be exercised to prevent the ingress of liquid
E1088, and Terminology E1296. drops into the instrument. The surfaces of lenses, mirrors, and
windows should be inspected at frequent intervals for cleanli-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ness or damage and the manufacturer’s recommendations
3.2.1 spray—the term “spray” in this test method includes
followed.
all ensembles, arrays, or clouds composed of liquid particles or
drops whether produced artificially or naturally. Although it is
7. Apparatus
usual to consider a spray as implying significant motion of the
drops relative to the atmosphere there are situations in which 7.1 Light Source, (including lasers),
7.1.1 Optical Means, for producing a suitable beam that
the relative velocity is or becomes sufficiently low to be
negligible. In this case, a “spray” is indistinguishable from a passes through a region of the spray,
7.1.2 Detecting Means, for recording light-scattering phe-
“cloud” which implies a static ensemble of drops.
nomena resulting from the liquid drops and means for trans-
forming the observations into statistical estimates of drop size
4. Summary of Test Method
and dispersion characteristics, as shown in Fig. 1.
4.1 The spray is examined by a means whereby a beam of
7.2 Spray Chamber, preferably without components that
light passes through local regions, which make a representative
could affect the optical behavior of the incident/scattered light
sample, and one of the forms of light-scattering phenomena
(or have known effect thereon). It is convenient to employ this
that occur is detected by the instrument. The data are recorded,
when the spray or spray-producing device to be tested is small
usually by data-processing equipment, and are transformed
in size relative to the apparatus. Use of this chamber may be
mathematically into statistics characterizing the size distribu-
desirable to protect the optical and electronic components of
tionThese operations may be performed manually or automati-
the apparatus from damage by the liquid spray (see also
cally and the instrument may provide a visual display or a
Section 8). In this case the apparatus is preferably securely
printed report.
installed in a suitable location. The chamber should not affect
the normal formation of the spray.
5. Significance and Use
7.2.1 In cases where there are known or suspected steep
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide data on
drop concentration gradients or variations in the spray, for
liquid drop-size characteristics for sprays, as indicated by
example, in hollow-cone spray patterns, means shall be pro-
optical nonimaging light-scattering instruments. The results
vided for accurately locating the spraying device relative to the
obtained generally will be statistical in nature. The number of
light beam source and sensor. Provision should also be made
variables concerned in the production of liquid spray, together
for selectively examining a number of different locations or
with the variety of optical, electronic, and sampling systems
regions in the spray.
used in different instruments, may contribute to variations in
the test results. Care must be exercised, therefore, when
attempting to compare data from samples obtained by different
means.
6. Interferences
6.1 Spray Nozzle—Many spray nozzles are designed with
internal liquid passages of small dimensions and it is important
to ensure that these passages do not become blocked with
foreign matter. Some nozzles have built-in filters or screens but
in all cases it is advisable to fit a filter in the liquid supply line
immediately upstream of the nozzle inlet to remove any solid
particles that are considered likely to cause problems.
6.1.1 The use of one liquid to simulate another fuel may
affect the performance of certain types of nozzle due to
differences in density, viscosity, and surface tension. In
addition, however, occasionally a problem may occur due to
differences in wetting the surfaces, for example, a nozzle tested
previously in fuel (or other hydrocarbon) may exhibit a poor
quality spray when first tested with water and may require the
use of a degreasing agent to remove traces of hydrocarbon
from the surfaces containing the liquid. FIG. 1 Diagram of Test Arrangement
E1260 − 03 (2015)
7.3 Operating instructions shall be supplied by the manu- shall be permissible to take observations at a single location in
facturer or contractor of the apparatus or instrument. The the spray and to report the result as a “standardized represen-
instructions shall contain: tative determination.”
7.3.1 Description of the operational principles of the
9.4 In most instances, measurements at a single location are
instrument, oriented towards a trained technical operator.
not sufficient, so the spray should usually be traversed laterally,
Reference to relevant published literature shall be included;
longitudinally, or axially, depending upon individual require-
7.3.2 Recommendations for installation and use of the
ments. The number
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1260 − 03 (Reapproved 2009) E1260 − 03 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Liquid Drop Size Characteristics in a Spray
Using Optical Nonimaging Light-Scattering Instruments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1260; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This standard is one of several describing a different class of test methods for determining liquid
drop size characteristics in a spray. These test methods can be broadly distinguished as “optical” or“
non-optical.”or “non-optical.” In the optical category there are test methods that essentially make
images (such as photographs) of drops that can be measured either manually or automatically, and test
methods that do not make images but use optical phenomena exhibited by single drops or ensembles
of drops which can be recorded and used to calculate either individual drop sizes or the distribution
of drop sizes in an ensemble. This test method deals with the latter class, and hence, is described as
“nonimaging.” The various optical phenomena involved are commonly described as “light-scattering.”
Using any of these test methods, the spray is observed for a period of time during which a large
number of drops is examined, and the data are treated so as to derive drop-size statistics for the sample
investigated.
1. Scope
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain data which characterize the sizes of liquid particles or drops such as are produced
by a spray nozzle or similar device under specified conditions using a specified liquid. The drops will generally be in the size range
from 5-μm to the order of 1 000-μm diameter; they will occur in sprays which may be as small as a few cubic centimetres or as
large as several cubic metres. Typically the number density of the particles can vary significantly from one point to another.
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use in standardizing measurements of the performance of sprayproducing devices.
It is limited to those techniques and instruments that operate by passing a beam of light through the spray and analyzing the light
scattered by the droplets to derive size information. Such techniques do not produce images of individual drops, and therefore, are
known as “optical (nonimaging) instruments.”
1.3 The measurements made, when referred to the entire spray being sampled, may be flux sensitive or spatial, as defined in
Practice E799, depending on the techniques used with a particular instrument.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E799 Practice for Determining Data Criteria and Processing for Liquid Drop Size Analysis
E1088 Definitions of Terms Relating to Atomizing Devices (Withdrawn 1997)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.02 on
Non-Sieving Methods.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009March 1, 2015. Published February 2010March 2015. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20032009
as E1260 – 03.E1260 – 03 (2009). DOI: 10.1520/E1260-03R09.10.1520/E1260-03R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1260 − 03 (2015)
E1296 Terminology for Liquid Particle Statistics (Withdrawn 1997)
E1620 Terminology Relating to Liquid Particles and Atomization
2.2 NFPA Standards:
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 33 Spray Application Using Flammable and Combustible Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For terminology pertaining to this test method, refer to Terminology E456, Practice E799, Definitions E1088,
and Terminology E1296.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 spray—the term “spray” in this test method includes all ensembles, arrays, or clouds composed of liquid particles or drops
whether produced artificially or naturally. Although it is usual to consider a spray as implying significant motion of the drops
relative to the atmosphere there are situations in which the relative velocity is or becomes sufficiently low to be negligible. In this
case, a “spray” is indistinguishable from a “cloud” which implies a static ensemble of drops.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The spray is examined by a means whereby a beam of light passes through local regions, which make a representative
sample, and one of the forms of light-scattering phenomena that occur is detected by the instrument. The data are recorded, usually
by data-processing equipment, and are transformed mathematically into statistics characterizing the size distribution These
operations may be performed manually or automatically and the instrument may provide a visual display or a printed report.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide data on liquid drop-size characteristics for sprays, as indicated by optical
nonimaging light-scattering instruments. The results obtained generally will be statistical in nature. The number of variables
concerned in the production of liquid spray, together with the variety of optical, electronic, and sampling systems used in different
instruments, may contribute to variations in the test results. Care must be exercised, therefore, when attempting to compare data
from samples obtained by different means.
6. Interferences
6.1 Spray Nozzle—Many spray nozzles are designed with internal liquid passages of small dimensions and it is important to
ensure that these passages do not become blocked with foreign matter. Some nozzles have built-in filters or screens but in all cases
it is advisable to fit a filter in the liquid supply line immediately upstream of the nozzle inlet to remove any solid particles that
are considered likely to cause problems.
6.1.1 The use of one liquid to simulate another fuel may affect the performance of certain types of nozzle due to differences
in density, viscosity, and surface tension. In addition, however, occasionally a problem may occur due to differences in wetting the
surfaces, for example, a nozzle tested previously in fuel (or other hydrocarbon) may exhibit a poor quality spray when first tested
with water and may require the use of a degreasing agent to remove traces of hydrocarbon from the surfaces containing the liquid.
6.1.2 It is very important to protect the edges of the discharge orifice of a spray nozzle from accidental damage prior to testing.
This protection is best accomplished by the use of a cover over the discharge orifice of the nozzle during storage and installation
on the test stand.
6.2 Care must be exercised to prevent the ingress of liquid drops into the instrument. The surfaces of lenses, mirrors, and
windows should be inspected at frequent intervals for cleanliness or damage and the manufacturer’s recommendations followed.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Light Source, (including lasers),
7.1.1 Optical Means, for producing a suitable beam that passes through a region of the spray,
7.1.2 Detecting Means, for recording light-scattering phenomena resulting from the liquid drops and means for transforming the
observations into statistical estimates of drop size and dispersion characteristics, as shown in Fig. 1.
7.2 Spray Chamber, preferably without components that could affect the optical behavior of the incident/scattered light (or have
known effect thereon). It is convenient to employ this when the spray or spray-producing device to be tested is small in size relative
to the apparatus. Use of this chamber may be desirable to protect the optical and electronic components of the apparatus from
damage by the liquid spray (see also Section 8). In this case the apparatus is preferably securely installed in a suitable location.
The chamber should not affect the normal formation of the spray.
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
E1260 − 03 (2015)
FIG. 1 Diagram of Test Arrangement
7.2.1 In cases where there are known or suspected steep drop concentration gradients or variations in the spray, for example,
in hollow-cone spray patterns, means shall be provided for accurately locating the spraying device relative to the light beam source
and sensor. Provision should also be made for selectively examining a number of different locations or regions in the spray.
7.3 Operating instructions shall be supplied by the manufacturer or contractor of the apparatus or instrument. The instructions
shall contain:
7.3.1 Description of the operational principles of the instrument, oriented towards a trained technical operator. Reference to
relevant published literature shall be included;
7.3.2 Recommendations for installation and use of the apparatus;
7.3.3 Range of ambient temperature, humidity, and line voltage variation, and any known limitations on the operating
environment;
7.3.4 Ranges of liquid particle size, velocity, and number density or some equivalent parameter for which the instrument is
designed;
7.3.5 Maintenance procedures recommended and required;
7.3.6 Calibration verification procedures; and
7.3.7 Statement of accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of the resultant drop-size data.
8. Hazards
8.1 Safety Precautions:
8.1.1 Warning—A spray of flammable liquid dispersed in air
...
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