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ASTM F2731-11

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter Protective Clothing Systems

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter Protective Clothing Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Firefighters are routinely exposed to radiant heat in the course of their fireground activities. In some cases, firefighters have reported burn injuries under clothing where there is no evidence of damage to the exterior or interior layers of the firefighter protective clothing. Low levels of transmitted radiant energy alone or a combination of the transmitted radiant energy and stored energy released through compression can be sufficient to cause these types of injuries. This test method was designed to measure both the transmitted and stored energy in firefighter protective clothing material systems under a specific set of laboratory exposure conditions.
The intensity of radiant heat exposure used in this test method was chosen to be an approximate midpoint representative of ordinary fireground conditions as defined for structural firefighting (1), (2) . The specific radiant heat exposure was selected at 8.5 ± 0.5 kW/m2 (0.20 ± 0.012 cal/cm2-s) since this level of radiant heat can be maintained by the test equipment and produces little or no damage to most NFPA 1971 compliant protective clothing systems.
5.2.1 Discussion—Utech defined ordinary fireground conditions as having air temperatures ranging from 60 to 300°C and having heat flux values ranging from 2.1 to 21.0 kW/m2 (0.05 to 0.5 cal/cm2-s).
Protective clothing systems include the materials used in the composite structure. These include the outer shell, moisture barrier, and thermal barrier. It is possible they will also include other materials used on firefighter protective clothing such as reinforcement layers, seams, pockets, flaps, hook and loop, straps, or reflective trim.
The transmission and storage of heat energy in firefighter protective clothing is affected by several factors. These include the effects of “wear” and “use” conditions of the protective clothing system. In this test method, conditioning procedures are provided for the laundering of composite samples prior to testing, and also...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for measuring the combination of transmitted and stored energy that occurs in firefighter protective clothing material systems as the result of exposure to prolonged, relatively low levels of radiant heat.
1.1.1 This test method applies a predetermined compressive load to a preheated specimen to simulate conductive heat transfer.
1.1.2 This test method is not applicable to protective clothing systems that are not flame resistant.
1.1.3 Discussion—Flame resistance of the material system shall be determined prior to testing according to the applicable performance and/or specification standard for the material’s end-use.
1.2 This test method establishes procedures for moisture preconditioning of firefighter protective clothing material systems.
1.3 The second-degree burn injury used in this standard is based on a limited number of experiments on forearms of human subjects.
1.3.1 Discussion—The length of exposures needed to generate a second-degree burn injury in this test method exceeds the exposures times found in the limited number of experiments on human forearms.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to English units or other units commonly used for thermal testing.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to radiant heat under controlled laboratory conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2011
ICS
13.340.10 - Protective clothing
Technical Committee
F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Drafting Committee
F23.80 - Flame and Thermal
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F2731-10 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter Protective Clothing Systems
Effective Date
01-Jul-2011
Replaced By
ASTM F2731-18 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter Protective Clothing Systems
Effective Date
01-Jun-2018

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ASTM F2731-11 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter Protective Clothing SystemsASTM F2731-11 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter Protective Clothing Systems
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F2731 −11
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter
1
Protective Clothing Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2731; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method provides procedures for measuring the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
combination of transmitted and stored energy that occurs in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
firefighter protective clothing material systems as the result of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
exposure to prolonged, relatively low levels of radiant heat.
tionary information is found in Section 7.
1.1.1 Thistestmethodappliesapredeterminedcompressive
load to a preheated specimen to simulate conductive heat
2. Referenced Documents
transfer.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.2 This test method is not applicable to protective cloth-
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
ing systems that are not flame resistant.
D1777Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
1.1.3 Discussion—Flame resistance of the material system
D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
shall be determined prior to testing according to the applicable
Fabric
performance and/or specification standard for the material’s
F1494Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
end-use.
F1930TestMethodforEvaluationofFlameResistantCloth-
1.2 This test method establishes procedures for moisture
ing for Protection Against Fire Simulations Using an
preconditioning of firefighter protective clothing material sys-
Instrumented Manikin
tems. 3
2.2 AATCC Test Methods:
1.3 The second-degree burn injury used in this standard is
AATCC70Test Method for Water Repellency: Tumble Jar
based on a limited number of experiments on forearms of Dynamic Absorption Test
human subjects.
AATCC135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home
1.3.1 Discussion—The length of exposures needed to gen-
Laundering of Durable Press Woven or Knit Fabrics
4
erate a second-degree burn injury in this test method exceeds
2.3 NFPA Standard:
the exposures times found in the limited number of experi-
NFPA1971StandardonProtectiveEnsemblesforStructural
ments on human forearms.
Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3. Terminology
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.1 Definitions:
conversions to English units or other units commonly used for
3.1.1 break-open, n—intestingthermalprotectivematerials,
thermal testing.
a material response evidence by the formation of a hole in the
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the
test specimen.
properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The specimen is considered to exhibit
radiant heat under controlled laboratory conditions but does
break-open when a hole is produced as a result of the thermal
not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or
2 2
exposurethatisatleast3.2cm (0.25in. )inareaoratleast2.5
fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies
under actual fire conditions.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF23onPersonal the ASTM website.
3
ProtectiveClothingandEquipmentandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
F23.80 on Flame and Thermal. (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2011.PublishedJuly2011.Originallyapproved www.aatcc.org.
4
in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2731-10. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
F2731-11. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2731−11
cm (1.0 in.) in any dimension. Single threads across the 4.2 During the time of radiant heat exposure, a data collec-
opening or hole do not reduce the size of the hole for purposes tionsensor,positioned6.4 60.1mm(0.25 60.004in.)behind
of this test method. and parallel to
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:F2731–10 Designation: F2731 – 11
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter
1
Protective Clothing Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2731; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method provides procedures for measuring the combination of transmitted and stored energy that occurs in
firefighter protective clothing material systems as the result of exposure to prolonged, relatively low levels of radiant heat.
1.1.1 This test method applies a predetermined compressive load to a preheated specimen to simulate conductive heat transfer.
1.1.2 This test method is not applicable to protective clothing systems that are not flame resistant.
1.1.3 Discussion—Flame resistance of the material system shall be determined prior to testing according to the applicable
performance and/or specification standard for the material’s end-use.
1.2 This test method establishes procedures for moisture preconditioning of firefighter protective clothing material systems.
1.3 The second-degree burn injury used in this standard is based on a limited number of experiments on forearms of human
subjects.
1.3.1 Discussion—The length of exposures needed to generate a second-degree burn injury in this test method exceeds the
exposures times found in the limited number of experiments on human forearms.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to English units or other units commonly used for thermal testing.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to radiant
heat under controlled laboratory conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is found in Section 7.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
D3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric
F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
F1930 Test Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection Against Flash Fire Simulations Using an
Instrumented Manikin
3
2.2 AATCC Test Methods:
AATCC 70 Test Method for Water Repellency: Tumble Jar Dynamic Absorption Test
AATCC 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering of Durable Press Woven or Knit Fabrics
4
2.3 NFPA Standard:
NFPA 1971 Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F23.80 on Flame and Thermal.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. DOI: 10.1520/F2731-10.
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2731 - 10. DOI: 10.1520/F2731-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://www.aatcc.org.
4
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2731 – 11
3.1.1 break-open, n—in testing thermal protective materials, a material response evidence by the formation of a hole in the test
specimen.
3.1.1.1 D
...

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5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a measurable criterion of performance about the level of cut resistance provided by different types of protective garments and protected coverings worn by chainsaw operators.  
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1.1 This test method measures cut resistance of garments and devices worn to protect the lower body (legs) when operating a chainsaw.  
1.2 This test method may be used to test for compliance to minimum performance requirements in established safety standards.  
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1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single-layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s·cm2), with durations up to 20 s.  
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single-layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.  
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This method is not a fire test response test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is ...

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ASTM
ASTM F2053-00(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Documenting the Results of Airborne Particle Penetration Testing of Protective Clothing Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This guide is intended to encourage thorough and consistent documentation of airborne particle penetration testing and its results.  
2.2 Uniform information and performance data increase the likelihood of selecting proper particle protective clothing by direct comparison of one material with another.  
2.3 A standard format for test information and data also encourages computer storage of test results for easy retrieval, comparison, and correlations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a format for documenting information and performance data for an airborne particle penetration test.  
1.2 Documented data and information are grouped into five categories that define important aspects of each test:  
1.2.1 Description of material tested,  
1.2.2 Challenge particles,  
1.2.3 Test method,  
1.2.4 Test results, and  
1.2.5 Source of the data.  
1.3 Use of this guide is facilitated by adherence to procedures outlined in a standard test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2992-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Cut Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing with Tomodynamometer Test Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method assesses the cut resistance of a material when exposed to a cutting edge under specified loads. Data obtained from this test method can be used to compare the cut resistance of different materials.  
5.2 This test method only addresses that range of cutting hazards that are related to a cutting action by a smooth sharp edge across the surface of the material. It is not representative of any other cutting hazard to which the material may be subjected, such as serrated edges, saw blades, or motorized cutting tools. Nor is it representative of puncture, tear, or other modes of fabric failure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cut resistance of a material when mounted on a specimen holder and subjected to a cutting edge under a specified load using a tomodynamometer.2  
1.1.1 This procedure is not valid for high-porosity materials which allow cutting edge contact with the mounting surface prior to cutting.  
1.1.2 Test apparatus may have limitations in testing materials with a thickness greater than 20 mm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3628-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Cooling Energy Provided by Wicking Liquid Moisture and Evaporating It from Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A clothing material’s ability to assist in the evaporation of liquid sweat by managing liquid moisture is of considerable importance when trying to maximize cooling and comfort benefits to the wearer while active. Understanding how much energy is released back to the skin is critical in determining their suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems or athletic wear.  
4.1.1 The cooling energy released back to the wearer can be significantly affected by environmental conditions. Extreme care must be taken when using standard results measured under standard testing conditions to determine a material’s suitability for use in conditions outside the testing conditions.  
4.2 This test method accounts for a clothing material’s ability to assist in evaporating liquid water during a sweating phase, as well as its ability to dry after the cessation of sweating.  
4.2.1 A large amount of cooling energy released from clothing materials during active work (sweating) is often seen as a positive, as it would assist in keeping the body cooler.  
4.2.2 A large amount of cooling energy released from clothing materials after active work (no sweating) is often seen as a negative, as it known to cause a chilling effect to the wearer.  
4.2.3 The longer it takes for a clothing material to dry after becoming wet is perceived as a negative, as it increases the potential for chilling the wearer.  
4.3 The thermal interchange between people and their environment is, however, an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies. Therefore, the cooling provided from liquid evaporation may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or system for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics have no proven correlation to the perfo...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cooling energy released back to the wearer’s skin by a clothing material’s ability to move and evaporate controlled dosages of water under controlled ambient conditions using a sweating hot plate.  
1.1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the cooling energy during a simulated “sweating” phase and in a drying phase. Calculations are also provided to determine the drying time and how efficient the clothing material is at assisting in the evaporation of liquid water by comparing it to the maximum amount of energy that can be lost.  
1.2 This test method does not address all properties that affect a clothing material’s ability to lose heat from the body. Consider measuring properties such as air permeability, insulation, and evaporative resistance.  
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3267-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Protective Clothing for Use Against Liquid Chemotherapy and Other Liquid Hazardous Drugs

SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes design, performance, documentation, and labeling requirements and provides test methods for protective clothing used in preventing exposure to liquid chemotherapy and other liquid hazardous drugs.  
1.1.1 The principal requirement of this specification is permeation resistance testing of the protective clothing barrier material and seams to a specified battery of seven chemotherapy drugs. Two levels of protective clothing barrier material and seam performance are established for complying with Part A labeling requirements specific to these seven liquid chemotherapy drugs.
1.1.1.1 Broad chemotherapy drug protection is based on the protective clothing barrier material and seams demonstrating breakthrough detection times of 30 min or more for the seven specified chemotherapy drugs.
1.1.1.2 Selective chemotherapy drug protection is based on the protective clothing barrier material and seams demonstrating breakthrough detection times of 30 min or more for at least five of the seven specified chemotherapy drugs.  
1.1.2 It is also possible to report permeation resistance test results for additional liquid chemotherapy and other liquid hazardous drugs of interest as determined by the manufacturer or end user organization using the same breakthrough detection criteria for individual drugs for complying with the Part B labeling requirements.  
1.1.3 Protective clothing meeting this specification is also required to meet minimum flammability requirements, and if used as a medical device, biocompatibility (if used for breached skin contact), and demonstrate sterility assurance, if sterilized prior to use.  
1.1.4 Physical properties that indicate the strength, durability, and breathability of the protective clothing are optionally reported.  
1.1.5 Additional requirements are established for the label and user information to be provided for protective clothing meeting this specification.  
1.1.6 This specification also requires products intended to be used as medical devices such as surgical gowns and isolation gowns to meet the respective requirements of AAMI PB70, Specification F2407/F2407M, and Specification F3352/F3352M, as applicable.  
1.2 This specification does not address all conditions of exposure for individuals who wear protective clothing in the manufacture, transport, compounding, preparation, and administration of liquid chemotherapy and other hazardous drugs in addition to patient care activities and spills where contaminated items with these drugs are encountered.  
1.3 This specification does not address chemotherapy drugs or hazardous drugs that may be encountered in the form of a vapor or aerosol and does not provide any criteria for respiratory protection.  
1.4 This specification does not address the selection, use, or care of protective clothing used for protection against liquid chemotherapy or other liquid hazardous drugs. While this specification does not specifically determine which barrier material to select, the results of the tests described in this specification are useful for selecting barrier materials by comparing the test results among different materials under consideration. See USP 800, Hazardous Drugs—Handling In Healthcare Settings, for specific guidelines on the selection, use, and care of personal protective equipment for protection of healthcare workers against chemotherapy or other hazardous drugs.  
1.5 This specification is intended to provide the basis for manufacturers or suppliers to make specific claims that protective clothing products provide protection against liquid chemotherapy and other liquid hazardous drugs.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its u...

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