F23.80 - Flame and Thermal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems when exposed to a specified fire (see 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 4.1, and 10.4).  
5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.  
5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.  
5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.  
5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
5.3 The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.
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1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single-layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s·cm2), with durations up to 20 s.  
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single-layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.  
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This method is not a fire test response test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the cylinder heat transfer performance value of a flame-resistant material or combination of materials when exposed to a continuous and constant heat source. This is used to compare materials used in flame-resistant clothing for workers when exposed to combined convective and radiant thermal hazards.
Note 3: Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.2 This test method maintains the specimen with and without air gaps in a static, horizontal position and does not involve movement unless the test specimen naturally changes due to the thermal exposure.  
5.3 This test method specifies a standardized 84 ± 2 kW/m2 (2 ± 0.05 cal/cm2·s) exposure condition. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. Use of other exposure conditions that are representative of the expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the results, along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.4 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the heat exposure.  
5.5 This test method is similar to Test Method F2700 in that it uses the same energy heat source, water-cooled shutter, data acquisition, and measures the heat transfer through protective clothing materials using a copper calorimeter. This test method differs from Test Method F2700 in the usage of an eccentric instrumented cylinder mounted horizontally that allows for the thermal shrinkage of materials when tested.
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1.1 This test method measures the thermal response of a material or combination of materials using a combined convective/radiant heat transmission apparatus consisting of an eccentric cylindrical test sensor. It can be used to estimate the non-steady state thermal transfer through flame-resistant materials used in clothing when subjected to a continuous, combined convective and radiant heat exposure. The average incident heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/cm2·s), with durations up to 30 s.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that melt, drip, or cause falling debris during the test.
Note 1: Because of the arrangement of the equipment, if materials melt, drip, or cause falling debris during the test, the test result is invalid.  
1.2 Heat transmission through clothing is largely determined by its thickness, including any air gaps. The air gaps can vary considerably in different areas of the human body. This method provides a means of grading materials when tested under standard test conditions and an air gap exists between the fabric and the sensor. During the exposure, fabric temperatures can exceed 400 °C. At these temperatures some fabrics are not dimensionally stable and can shrink or stretch. The cylindrical geometry used in this test method allows such motion to occur, which will affect the time to achieve the end point of the test. These effects are not demonstrated in planar geometry test methods such as Test Method F2700.  
1.3 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted only apply to the particular material(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.6 This standard does not p...

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1.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for labeling protective clothing offering heat, flame, and melting resistance for applications where the potential exists for incidental exposure to open flame, radiant heat sources, or hot surfaces which could melt or ignite materials.  
1.1.1 Examples of possible applications for this specification include safety apparel, including high-visibility safety apparel, in situations where the possibility exists for accidental contact with hot surfaces, radiant heat sources, or an open flame; clothing worn by individuals for chemical, liquid, or particle protection where the possibility exists for clothing to similarly contact a burner or similar low-intensity flame source; or other clothing worn by individuals that comes in contact with torch flames, hot piping, or other surfaces that melt, degrade, or ignite clothing materials by proximity or contact.  
1.1.2 This specification is not to be used for separate claims for flame resistance (“FR”), heat resistance, or protection against the transfer of thermal energy. Instead, clothing materials are required to be evaluated for the combination of flame and heat resistance tests.  
1.1.3 This specification does not include a test for establishing protection levels against specific hazards where clothing insulation is needed such as from flash fires, exposure to high-energy electrical arc, or extended duration fires. This specification does not replace and shall not be used in lieu of existing standards where well-defined criteria are established for protection of workers from known characterized intense thermal hazards such as flash fires (NFPA 2112), high-energy electrical arc (Specification F1506), or wildland firefighting (NFPA 1977). See Appendix X1 for a list of standards for heat and flame-resistant protective clothing.  
1.1.4 This specification includes requirements that define resistance to melting and combustion of materials used in personal protective clothing in a manner to limit the contribution of the clothing for causing injury to the wearer when exposed to low levels of heat or flame. The primary mechanisms by which a garment can contribute to injury are by the garment igniting and supporting combustion, and if the garment melts onto the wearer’s skin.  
1.1.5 This specification is applicable to all materials used in the construction of the protective clothing, including lining materials and materials that contact the skin or underclothing of the wearer. Exclusions are permitted for some materials such as labels and small components that do not come in contact with the wearer’s skin or underclothing.  
1.1.6 This specification does not include testing for the evaluation of the entire clothing item.  
1.1.7 This specification does not include procedures for testing of gloves or footwear.  
1.1.8 This specification is applicable to hoods, balaclavas, shrouds, neck gaiters, barrier face coverings, and other items of apparel that are primarily worn on the individual wearer’s head.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to protective clothing that is addressed in other standards for specific applications including electrical arc flash, flash fire, and various types of firefighting or emergency response. See Appendix X1 for a list of standards for heat and flame-resistant protective clothing.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification establishes minimum design, performance, and labeling criteria for both primary and secondary protective clothing for use in operations involving molten substances and related thermal hazards.
Note 1: Standardized molten splash testing of both primary and secondary protective materials and garments as listed in this specification utilize pure molten materials, typically iron or aluminum. In practice, users of protective clothing for metal splash protection may routinely work with alloys. Protective clothing covered by this specification may or may not perform similarly with alloys of various metals. The entity specifying the protective clothing shall determine if the protective clothing is appropriate for their specific alloy.  
4.1.1 Requirements are specifically established for materials used in the construction of primary and secondary protective clothing on the basis of performance attributes that are considered important for worker protection. In some cases, different minimum levels for the same performance properties are set between primary and secondary protective clothing due to the differences in the expected performance for these two types of protective clothing.  
4.1.2 Additional requirements are established for primary and secondary protective clothing items in terms of the minimum design characteristics and performance features for other materials and components used in the construction of the clothing.  
4.2 This specification can be applied to either protective clothing materials or protective clothing, or both.  
4.2.1 The application for protective clothing materials involves meeting the respective requirements for either primary or secondary protective clothing materials found in Section 5.  
4.2.2 The application for protective clothing involves meeting the respective requirements for either primary or secondary protective clothing found in Section 6, which includes construction of the clothing with protective clothi...
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1.1 This performance specification establishes the minimum design and performance requirements for protective clothing and protective clothing materials for both primary and secondary protection from exposure to molten substances and related thermal hazards.  
1.2 This performance specification is not intended to address protection from hot liquids or from specialized forms of heat and flame protection such as any fire fighting application.  
1.3 This performance specification describes the properties of specific textile materials in their material or garment composite form as tested by laboratory methods and is not intended to be used to appraise the thermal hazard or risk under actual conditions. However, it is acceptable to use information on the thermal performance of clothing made from textile materials conforming to this specification as an element in thermal risk assessment which takes into account all factors pertinent to the thermal hazard of a particular end use.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This performance specification does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of compliant protective clothing or protective clothing materials. It is the responsibility of the persons or organizations that use this performance specification to conduct a hazard and risk assessment to determine the applicability of this performance specification to the intended application of the protective clothing or protective clothing materials, and to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizatio...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of a thermal performance estimate value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame-resistant clothing for workers exposed to combined convective and radiant thermal hazards.  
5.2 This test method evaluates a material’s heat transfer properties when exposed to a heat exposure at a constant value and specific duration. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.3 This test method accounts for the thermal energy stored in the exposed test specimen after the heat exposure has ceased. Higher values of thermal performance estimate ratings determined in this test associate to higher values of thermal (convective and radiative) energy protection against a predicted skin burn injury.  
5.4 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.5 This test method specifies a standardized 84 ± 2 kW/m2 (2 ± 0.05 cal/cm2·s) exposure condition. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. Other exposure conditions representative of the expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.6 This test method contains optional provisions for conducting certification testing against a prescribed thermal performance estimate value.
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1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat transfer through flame-resistant materials for clothing subjected to a combined convective and radiant heat exposure.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are not flame resistant.
Note 1: The determination of a material’s flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicable performance or specification standard, or both, for the material’s end use.  
1.1.2 This test method accounts for the thermal energy contained in an exposed test specimen after the standardized combined convective and radiant heat exposure has ceased and is used to estimate performance to a predicted second-degree skin burn injury.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Workers who have the potential to be exposed to molten metal contact shall be permitted to wear protective clothing using materials that have been evaluated for heat transfer using this test method.  
5.2 This test method rates materials that are intended for primary protective clothing against potential molten substance contact for their thermal insulating properties and their reaction to the test exposure.  
5.3 The protective performance, as determined by this test method, will relate to the actual end-use performance only to the degree that the end-use exposure is identical to the exposure used in the test method.  
5.4 Visual inspection of the specimen subjectively notes the material's resistance to molten substance contact.
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1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of materials' thermal resistance to heat transfer when exposed to a molten substance pour.  
1.1.1 This test method was validated using molten substances of aluminum, brass, and iron. The test shall be permitted to be adapted for use with other substances.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials from which finished primary protective apparel articles are made.  
1.3 This test method does not measure the flammability of materials, nor is it intended for use in evaluating materials exposed to any other thermal exposure.  
1.4 Use this test method to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to molten substance pour under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the thermal hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual conditions. However, it is acceptable to use results of this test as elements of a thermal risk assessment which takes into account all the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the thermal hazard of a particular end use.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the heat resistance of materials, clothing, and equipment when exposed to heat in a hot air circulating oven. The principal findings of this test method are observations of the specimen response to the heat exposure.  
5.1.1 The majority of procedures specified in this test method apply to the evaluation of flat material specimens.  
5.1.2 When evaluating non-flat materials, alternative procedures are required for mounting specimens and interpreting the effects of the heat exposure.  
5.2 If specified, this test method is used for the measurement of material dimensional change following a convective heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.  
5.3 This test method is not intended to simulate the actual exposure of material, clothing, or equipment in high-heat conditions such as a fire environment.
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1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance for evaluating the heat resistance of materials, protective clothing, and equipment when exposed in a hot air circulating oven.  
1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate physical changes in materials, protective clothing, and equipment at a specified heat exposure.  
1.2.1 The specified heat exposure in the hot air circulating oven is a combination of convective heat and radiant heat.  
1.3 Materials, protective clothing, and equipment are evaluated for visible changes or subjected to a material property measurement following a specified heat exposure.  
1.3.1 This test method is not to be used for the evaluation of sticking. An acceptable method for evaluating sticking of fabrics is described in NFPA 1975, Sections 7.2.1 and 8.3. The NFPA 1975 test method evaluates the thermal stability of specimens by assessing the blocking of folded specimens placed between glass plates, under a specified weight, inside an oven meeting the same characteristics of the oven used in this test method.  
1.4 This test method enables the quantitative measurement of dimensional change that occurs as a result of a specified heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Flame-resistant and heat-resistant materials are described in a range of different standards and meet a range of different requirements. For materials tested in accordance with this test method, the applicable standard shall be used to establish preconditioning, conditioning, and testing conditions and requirements.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification covers the minimum performance criteria for flame resistance and other requirements for rainwear used by workers with the potential to be simultaneously exposed to wet weather conditions and either hydrocarbon or petrochemical industrial fires.  
4.2 The purchaser has the option to perform or have performed any of the tests required by this specification in order to verify the performance of the rainwear.  
4.3 This specification for rainwear shall not be construed as a requirement for the use of any particular rainwear material.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes applicable test methods, minimum physical and thermal performance criteria, a suggested sizing guide, and suggested purchasing information for rainwear for use by workers who are potentially exposed to industrial hydrocarbon fires or other petrochemical fire hazards.  
1.1.1 This specification does not apply to rainwear used for thermal electric arc flash hazards. Specification of rainwear for these electric arc flash hazards is addressed in Specification F1891.  
1.2 The objective of this specification is to prescribe function and performance criteria for rainwear that meets a minimum level of thermal and physical performance when exposed to a laboratory-simulated fire exposure.  
1.3 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.  
1.4 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which wearers of this protective clothing are potentially exposed.  
1.5 This specification does not attempt to establish in-service care and use of this flame-resistant rainwear.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to Sections 7 and 9 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the heat transfer performance value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame-resistant clothing for workers exposed to combined convective and radiant thermal hazards.  
5.2 This test method evaluates a material’s unsteady-state heat transfer properties when exposed to a continuous and constant heat source. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.4 This test method specifies a standardized 84 ± 2 kW/m2 (2 ± 0.05 cal/cm2s) exposure condition. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. Use of other exposure conditions that are representative of the expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.5 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the heat exposure.
Note 4: See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat transfer through flame-resistant materials for clothing subjected to a continuous, combined convective and radiant heat exposure.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are not flame resistant.
Note 1: The determination of a material’s flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done according to the applicable performance or specification standard, or both, for the material’s end-use.  
1.1.2 This test method does not predict a material’s skin burn injury performance from the specified thermal energy exposure. It does not account for the thermal energy contained in the test specimen after the exposure has ceased.
Note 2: See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the radiant heat resistance value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame-resistant clothing for workers exposed to radiant thermal hazards.  
5.2 This test method evaluates a material's heat transfer properties when exposed to a continuous and constant radiant heat source. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing the air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position and does not involve movement, except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.4 This test method specifies two standard sets of exposure conditions: 21 kW/m2 (0.5 cal/cm2s) and 84 kW/m2 (2.0 cal/cm2s). Either can be used.  
5.4.1 If a different set of exposure conditions is used, it is likely that different results will be obtained.  
5.4.2 The optional use of other conditions representative of the expected hazard, in addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, is permitted. However, the exposure conditions used must be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.5 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the standardized radiant heat exposure.
Note 4: See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method rates the non-steady state thermal resistance or insulating characteristics of flame resistant clothing materials subjected to a continuous, standardized radiant heat exposure.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to clothing materials that are not flame resistant.
Note 1: The determination of a clothing material's flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicable performance standard, specification standard, or both, for the clothing material's end use.  
1.1.2 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the standardized radiant heat exposure, as it does not account for the thermal energy contained in the test specimen after the exposure has ceased.
Note 2: See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to determine the ignition resistance and burning characteristics of materials used in protective clothing where flame resistance is not the primary form of protection designated.  
5.1.1 Flame resistance is a distinctive property of clothing items designated for isolating parts of the body from anticipated flame hazards. It is possible that protective clothing designated for isolation from other hazards, such as those for chemical or biological protection, neither have flame resistance nor isolate the wearer from flame hazards. This test method can be used to evaluate the effects of flame impingement on protective clothing where flame resistance is not the primary objective of protection.  
5.1.2 When flame resistance is the primary protection offered by the protective clothing, alternative test methods can be used. A test method that is useful for evaluating flame resistance of textiles is Test Method D6413/D6413M. Classification Index D4723 contains descriptions and guidance on other flammability test methods for textiles.  
5.1.3 This test method is useful to determine the ignition resistance and burning characteristics of materials used in protective clothing not designated for flame resistance when the outer material surface is exposed to the flame. As such, it is particularly suited to protective clothing materials that are composed of different layers such as coated fabrics, laminates, or multilayer clothing systems.  
5.2 Alternative procedures for conducting either a 3-s or 12-s exposure are provided where one or the other flame application exposure times are applied. The choice of either the shorter or longer single exposure time is provided to permit an assessment of the effects for flame impingement on materials under short-term and long-term flame exposure conditions.  
5.3 Correlation of data from this test method with the ignition resistance and burning characteristics of protective clothing (not designated for fl...
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1.1 This test method establishes a small-scale laboratory screening procedure for comparing the ignition resistance and burning characteristics of materials used in protective clothing where flame resistance is not the primary form of protection provided by the clothing.  
1.1.1 This test method shall not be used in applications where flame resistance is the primary form of protection offered by the protective clothing. Other flammability test methods are more appropriate for those materials.  
1.1.2 This test method provides a means for comparing ease of ignition and burning behavior of materials which include plastic or elastomeric films, coated fabrics, flexible laminates, multilayer material systems, or other protective clothing materials that are not designated for offering flame resistance as their primary form of protection.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was d...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide identifies the responsibilities of the fiber, fabric, and clothing manufacturers, as well as the processor, the processor's chemical supplier, and the end user.  
5.2 This guide describes the key components involved in an industrial laundry program for the care and maintenance of flame resistant and arc rated clothing.  
5.3 The guidelines in this standard will provide a processor assistance to develop a processing system that maintains the flame resistant or arc rated clothing during its useful service life.  
5.3.1 The development of published formulas for each fabric and level of soiling is difficult at any given point in time due to ongoing, continuous improvement of flame resistant and arc rated clothing, including new fibers, fabrics, and laundering equipment and procedures.  
5.4 The guide also provides suggestions as to when flame resistant or arc rated garments should be removed from service.  
5.5 Flame resistant or arc rated protective clothing not processed by an industrial laundry supplier are subject to a home laundry process and are subject to Guide F2757.  
5.5.1 When wearers choose to launder their flame resistant or arc rated protective clothing at home, the laundry supplier cannot be held responsible for the condition of the garments.
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1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the care and maintenance of clothing that is flame resistant or arc rated.  
1.2 These recommendations address the industrial laundering process. Industrial laundering is an effective cleaning process for flame resistant or arc rated clothing; follow all label care instructions. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends leaving clothing soiled with hazardous chemicals at work to be laundered by the employer or, if such clothing is washed at home, to launder separately from the family wash.  
1.2.1 This guide does not apply to dry cleaning of flame resistant or arc rated clothing. For more information on dry cleaning, follow label instructions or contact your garment supplier. Dry cleaning indicates cleaning by a professional dry cleaner.  
1.2.2 This guide does not apply to home laundering of flame resistant or arc rated clothing. For more information on home laundering, follow label instructions or contact your garment supplier. Home laundering indicates laundering in a home laundering machine. For more information on home laundering, see Guide F2757.  
1.3 It is important that potentially flammable contaminants are removed from garments during the wash process. If flammable contaminants are not removed, the flame resistance of the garment may be compromised. Effective cleaning and proper maintenance of the protective characteristics of flame resistant or arc rated clothing should include consideration of cleaning, repair, and replacement.  
1.3.1 To reduce the potential of employees wearing garments contaminated with flammable substances, the end user should analyze the soil conditions to which a wearer may be exposed, along with the effectiveness of the industrial wash procedure. If it is deemed ineffective, effective solutions should be pursued (dry cleaning, surfactants, disposable FR coveralls, etc.).  
1.4 It is important that the processes and materials used to launder flame resistant garments are compatible with the FR materials to ensure that the FR protection of the garment is not compromised during the laundering process.  
1.5 It is the responsibility of the end user to determine if their laundering method is the appropriate care and maintenance procedure for their application. (See Appendix X1 and X1.1.)  
1.6 This guide does not apply to specialized protective garments such as specialized firefighter turnout gear and proximity firefighter ensembles.  
1.7 This guide also identifies inspection criteria that are significant to the performance of flame resistant or arc rated clothing.  
1.8 This standard does not pur...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended for use by employees of the end user, such as safety personnel or program administrators, who have chosen to implement a home-laundered flame resistant or arc rated clothing program.  
5.2 This guide describes the key components involved in the home care and maintenance of flame resistant or arc rated clothing. The decision to home launder flame resistant or arc rated clothing is part of an overall hazard analysis. It should include the nature of the hazard, the soils, and any chemicals present in the workplace. Conditions may exist that require work apparel to be cleaned at work or professionally due to the risk of contamination of the home or waste water caused by the wearer’s on-the-job exposure.  
5.3 The guide provides the end user assistance to follow laundering methods that will clean the garment and maintain the flame resistant or arc rated characteristics of the clothing during its useful service life. The guide also provides suggestions for increasing the wear life, appearance, and function of the clothing.  
5.4 The guide also provides suggestions as to when flame resistant or arc rated garments should be removed from service.  
5.5 The guide provides direction on proper garment repair, modification, and permanent removal from service.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommendations for home laundering of clothing that is flame resistant or arc rated. These recommendations address the home laundering process. Home laundering is an effective cleaning process for flame resistant or arc rated garments; follow all label care instructions.  
1.1.1 This guide does not apply to industrial laundering of flame resistant or arc rated clothing. For more information on industrial laundering, follow Guide F1449 or contact your garment supplier.  
1.1.2 This guide does not apply to dry cleaning of flame resistant or arc rated clothing. For more information on dry cleaning, follow label instructions or contact your garment supplier or fabric manufacturer. Dry cleaning indicates cleaning by a professional dry cleaner.  
1.2 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends leaving clothing soiled with hazardous chemicals at work to be laundered by the employer or, if such clothing is washed at home, to launder separately from the family wash.  
1.3 It is important that potentially flammable contaminants are removed from garments during the wash process. If flammable contaminants are not removed, the flame resistance of the garment may be compromised. Effective cleaning and proper maintenance of the protective characteristics of flame resistant or arc rated clothing should include consideration of cleaning, repair, and replacement.  
1.3.1 To reduce the potential of employees wearing garments contaminated with flammable substances, the end user should analyze the soil conditions to which a wearer may be exposed, along with the effectiveness of the wash procedure. If it is deemed ineffective, effective solutions should be pursued (dry cleaning, industrial laundry, surfactants, disposable FR coveralls, etc.).  
1.4 It is important that the processes and materials used to launder flame resistant garments are compatible with the FR materials to ensure that the FR protection of the garment is not compromised during the laundering process.  
1.5 It is the responsibility of the end user to determine if their laundering method is the appropriate care and maintenance procedure for their application. (See Appendix X1 and X1.1.)  
1.6 This guide does not apply to specialized protective garments such as specialized firefighter turnout gear and proximity firefighter ensembles.  
1.7 This guide also provides recommendations for inspection criteria that are significant to the performance of flame resistant or arc rated clothing.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the r...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method rates materials intended for use as protective clothing against exposure to hot surfaces for their thermal insulating properties and their reaction to the test conditions.  
5.2 The thermal protection time, as determined by this test method, relates to the actual end-use performance only to the degree that the end-use exposure is identical to the exposure used in this test method; that is, the hot surface test temperature is the same as the actual end-use temperature and the test pressure is the same as the end-use pressure.  
5.2.1 Higher pressures beyond the 3-kPa (0.5-psi) pressure provided by the calorimeter assembly in this test method shall be permitted to be used in this test method to simulate the conditions of protective clothing use.  
5.3 The procedure maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position under a standard pressure and does not involve movement.  
5.4 One of the intended applications for this test method is comparing the relative performance of different materials.  
5.5 This test method is limited to short exposure because the model used to predict burn injury is limited to predictions of time-to-burn for up to 30 s, and predictions of time-to-pain for up to 50 s. The use of this test method for longer hot surface exposures requires a different model for determining burn injury or a different basis for reporting test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the thermal-protective properties of materials that provide thermal insulation when contact is made with hot surfaces during a limited exposure up to 1 min.  
1.1.1 During this limited time exposure, the temperature can reach a threshold approaching 600 °F (316 °C).  
1.2 Because there is significant potential for injury, the thermal-insulative properties of the materials used in the construction of protective clothing including, but not limited to, woven fabrics, knit fabrics, battings, sheet structures, and any composites, need to demonstrate they are capable of reaching a heat threshold that is sufficient to allow prediction of either a pain sensation or a second-degree burn injury to human tissue.  
1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the thermal hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual exposure conditions.  
1.4 The values as stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Firefighters are routinely exposed to radiant heat in the course of their fireground activities. In some cases, firefighters have reported burn injuries under clothing where there is no evidence of damage to the exterior or interior layers of the firefighter protective clothing.5 Low levels of transmitted radiant energy alone, or a combination of the transmitted radiant energy and stored energy released through compression, can be sufficient to cause these types of injuries. This test method was designed to measure both the transmitted and stored energy in firefighter protective clothing material systems under a specific set of laboratory exposure conditions.  
5.2 The intensity of radiant heat exposure used in this test method was chosen to be an approximate midpoint representative of ordinary fireground conditions as defined for structural firefighting (1, 2).6 The specific radiant heat exposure was selected at 8.5 ± 0.5 kW/m2 (0.20 ± 0.012 cal/cm2-s), since this level of radiant heat can be maintained by the test equipment and produces little or no damage to most NFPA 1971-compliant protective clothing systems.  
5.2.1 Utech (2) defined ordinary fireground conditions as having air temperatures ranging from 60 to 300 °C and having heat flux values ranging from 2.1 to 21.0 kW/m2 (0.05 to 0.5 cal/cm2-s).  
5.3 Protective clothing systems include the materials used in the composite structure. These include the outer shell, moisture barrier, and thermal barrier. It is possible that they will also include other materials used on firefighter protective clothing such as reinforcement layers, seams, pockets, flaps, hook and loop, straps, or reflective trim.  
5.4 The transmission and storage of heat energy in firefighter protective clothing is affected by several factors. These include the effects of wear and use conditions of the protective clothing system. In this test method, conditioning procedures are provided for the laundering of composite samples prior to ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method uses one of two procedures to measure: (1) heat energy, which can be directly transmitted through the multilayer structure without compressive force, that can result in predicted burn injury, or (2) heat energy directly transmitted through the multilayer structure, followed by applying a compressive force, which rapidly releases stored heat energy in the multilayer structure that can result in a predicted burn injury.  
1.1.1 This test method is applicable only to protective clothing systems that are suitable for exposure to heat and flames.  
1.1.2 Flame resistance of the material system shall be determined prior to testing according to the applicable performance or specification standard, or both, for the material’s end use.  
1.2 This test method establishes procedures for moisture preconditioning of firefighter protective clothing material systems.  
1.3 The second-degree burn injury prediction used in this standard is based on a limited number of experiments on forearms of human subjects.  
1.3.1 The length of exposures needed to generate a second-degree burn injury in this test method exceeds the exposure times found in the limited number of experiments on human forearms.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to English units or other units commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to radiant heat under controlled laboratory conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate ...

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for labeling protective clothing offering heat, flame, and melting resistance for applications where the potential exists for incidental exposure to open flame, radiant heat sources, or hot surfaces which could melt or ignite materials.  
1.1.1 Examples of possible applications for this specification include safety apparel, including high-visibility safety apparel, in situations where the possibility exists for accidental contact with hot surfaces, radiant heat sources, or an open flame; clothing worn by individuals for chemical, liquid, or particle protection where the possibility exists for clothing to similarly contact a burner or similar low-intensity flame source; or other clothing worn by individuals that comes in contact with torch flames, hot piping, or other surfaces that melt, degrade, or ignite clothing materials by proximity or contact.  
1.1.2 This specification is not to be used for separate claims for flame resistance (“FR”), heat resistance, or protection against the transfer of thermal energy. Instead, clothing materials are required to be evaluated for the combination of flame and heat resistance tests.  
1.1.3 This specification does not include a test for establishing protection levels against specific hazards where clothing insulation is needed such as from flash fires, exposure to high-energy electrical arc, or extended duration fires. This specification does not replace and shall not be used in lieu of existing standards where well-defined criteria are established for protection of workers from known characterized intense thermal hazards such as flash fires (NFPA 2112), high-energy electrical arc (Specification F1506), or wildland firefighting (NFPA 1977). See Appendix X1 for a list of standards for heat and flame-resistant protective clothing.  
1.1.4 This specification includes requirements that define resistance to melting and combustion of materials used in personal protective clothing in a manner to limit the contribution of the clothing for causing injury to the wearer when exposed to low levels of heat or flame. The primary mechanisms by which a garment can contribute to injury are by the garment igniting and supporting combustion, and if the garment melts onto the wearer’s skin.  
1.1.5 This specification is applicable to all materials used in the construction of the protective clothing, including lining materials and materials that contact the skin or underclothing of the wearer. Exclusions are permitted for some materials such as labels and small components that do not come in contact with the wearer’s skin or underclothing.  
1.1.6 This specification does not include testing for the evaluation of the entire clothing item.  
1.1.7 This specification does not include procedures for testing of gloves or footwear.  
1.1.8 This specification does apply to hoods, balaclavas, shrouds, neck gaiters, cloth face coverings, and other items of apparel that are primarily worn on the individual wearer’s head.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to protective clothing that is addressed in other standards for specific applications including electrical arc flash, flash fire, and various types of firefighting or emergency response. See Appendix X1 for a list of standards for heat and flame-resistant protective clothing.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the heat resistance of materials, clothing, and equipment when exposed to heat in a hot air circulating oven. The principal findings of this test method are observations of the specimen response to the heat exposure.  
5.1.1 The majority of procedures specified in this test method apply to the evaluation of flat material specimens.  
5.1.2 When evaluating non-flat materials, alternative procedures are required for mounting specimens and interpreting the effects of the heat exposure.  
5.2 If specified, this test method is used for the measurement of material dimensional change following a convective heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.  
5.3 This test method is not intended to simulate the actual exposure of material, clothing, or equipment in high-heat conditions such as a fire environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance for evaluating the heat resistance of materials, protective clothing, and equipment when exposed in a hot air circulating oven.  
1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate physical changes in materials, protective clothing, and equipment at a specified heat exposure.  
1.2.1 The specified heat exposure in the hot air circulating oven is a combination of convective heat and radiant heat.  
1.3 Materials, protective clothing, and equipment are evaluated for visible changes or subjected to a material property measurement following a specified heat exposure.  
1.3.1 This test method is not to be used for the evaluation of sticking. An acceptable method for evaluating sticking of fabrics is described in NFPA 1975, Sections 7.2.1 and 8.3. The NFPA 1975 test method evaluates the thermal stability of specimens by assessing the blocking of folded specimens placed between glass plates, under a specified weight, inside an oven meeting the same characteristics of the oven used in this test method.  
1.4 This test method enables the quantitative measurement of dimensional change that occurs as a result of a specified heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Flame-resistant and heat-resistant materials are described in a range of different standards and meet a range of different requirements. For materials tested in accordance with this test method, the applicable standard shall be used to establish preconditioning, conditioning, and testing conditions and requirements.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for labeling protective clothing offering heat, flame, and melting resistance for applications where the potential exists for incidental exposure to open flame, radiant heat sources, or hot surfaces which could melt or ignite materials.  
1.1.1 Examples of possible applications for this specification include safety apparel, including high-visibility safety apparel, in situations where the possibility exists for accidental contact with hot surfaces, radiant heat sources, or an open flame; clothing worn by individuals for chemical, liquid, or particle protection where the possibility exists for clothing to similarly contact a burner or similar low-intensity flame source; or other clothing worn by individuals that comes in contact with torch flames, hot piping, or other surfaces that melt, degrade, or ignite clothing materials by proximity or contact.  
1.1.2 This specification is not to be used for separate claims for flame resistance (“FR”), heat resistance, or protection against the transfer of thermal energy. Instead, clothing materials are required to be evaluated for the combination of flame and heat resistance tests.  
1.1.3 This specification does not include a test for establishing protection levels against specific hazards where clothing insulation is needed such as from flash fires, exposure to high-energy electrical arc, or extended duration fires. This specification does not replace and shall not be used in lieu of existing standards where well-defined criteria are established for protection of workers from known characterized intense thermal hazards such as flash fires (NFPA 2112), high-energy electrical arc (Specification F1506), or wildland firefighting (NFPA 1977). See Appendix X1 for a list of standards for heat and flame-resistant protective clothing.  
1.1.4 This specification includes requirements that define resistance to melting and combustion of materials used in personal protective clothing in a manner to limit the contribution of the clothing for causing injury to the wearer when exposed to low levels of heat or flame. The primary mechanisms by which a garment can contribute to injury are by the garment igniting and supporting combustion, and if the garment melts onto the wearer’s skin.  
1.1.5 This specification is applicable to all materials used in the construction of the protective clothing, including lining materials and materials that contact the skin or underclothing of the wearer. Exclusions are permitted for some materials such as labels and small components that do not come in contact with the wearer’s skin or underclothing.  
1.1.6 This specification does not include testing for the evaluation of the entire clothing item.  
1.1.7 This specification does not include procedures for testing of gloves or footwear.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to protective clothing that is addressed in other standards for specific applications including electrical arc flash, flash fire, and various types of firefighting or emergency response. See Appendix X1 for a list of standards for heat and flame-resistant protective clothing.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems when exposed to a specified fire (see 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 4.1, and 10.4).  
5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.  
5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.  
5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.  
5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
5.3 The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single-layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s·cm2), with durations up to 20 s.  
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single-layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.  
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This method is not a fire test response test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification covers the minimum performance criteria for flame resistance and other requirements for rainwear used by workers with the potential to be simultaneously exposed to wet weather conditions and either hydrocarbon or petrochemical industrial fires.  
4.2 The purchaser has the option to perform or have performed any of the tests required by this specification in order to verify the performance of the rainwear.  
4.3 This specification for rainwear shall not be construed as a requirement for the use of any particular rainwear material.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes applicable test methods, minimum physical and thermal performance criteria, a suggested sizing guide, and suggested purchasing information for rainwear for use by workers who are potentially exposed to industrial hydrocarbon fires or other petrochemical fire hazards.  
1.1.1 This specification does not apply to rainwear used for thermal electric arc flash hazards. Specification of rainwear for these electric arc flash hazards are addressed in Specification F1891.  
1.2 The objective of this specification is to prescribe function and performance criteria for rainwear that meets a minimum level of thermal and physical performance when exposed to a laboratory-simulated fire exposure.  
1.3 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.  
1.4 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which wearers of this protective clothing are potentially exposed.  
1.5 This specification does not attempt to establish in-service care and use of this flame-resistant rainwear.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to Sections 7 and 9 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems when exposed to a specified fire (see 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 4.1, and 10.4).  
5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.  
5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.  
5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.  
5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
5.3 The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s·cm2), with durations up to 20 s.  
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.  
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This method is not a fire-test-response test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazar...

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for labeling protective clothing as heat and flame resistant for applications where the potential for flame contact or high heat exposure exist.
1.1.1 This specification includes requirements that define heat and flame resistance of materials used in protective clothing in a manner to limit the contribution of the clothing for causing injury to the wearer when exposed to high heat or flame.
1.1.2 This specification does not provide requirements that establish the level of protection provided by the clothing.
1.1.3 This specification does not include testing for the evaluation of the entire clothing item.
1.2 This specification does not pertain to materials and clothing that are addressed in other standards. See Appendix X1 for a list of standards for heat and flame resistant protective clothing.
1.3 This specification does not pertain to applications where the conditions of potential flame contact or heat exposure are of an extended duration and/or are of a high intensity.
Note 1—Examples include fire fighting applications, exposure to high energy electrical arcs and exposures in flash fires.
1.4 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.
1.5 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification provided minimum requirements for labeling protective clothing as heat and flame resistant for applications where the potential for flame contact or high heat exposure exist.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment, this practice was withdrawn in February 2017 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method rates materials intended for use as protective clothing against exposure to hot surfaces, for their thermal insulating properties and their reaction to the test conditions.  
5.2 The thermal protection time as determined by this test method relates to the actual end-use performance only to the degree that the end-use exposure is identical to the exposure used in this test method; that is, the hot surface test temperature is the same as the actual end-use temperature and the test pressure is the same as the end-use pressure.  
5.2.1 Higher pressures, beyond the 3 kPa (0.5 psi) pressure provided by the calorimeter assembly in this test method shall be permitted to be used in this test method to simulate the conditions of protective clothing use.  
5.3 The procedure maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position under a standard pressure and does not involve movement.  
5.4 One of the intended applications for this test method is comparing the relative performance of different materials.  
5.5 This test method is limited to short exposure because the model used to predict burn injury is limited to predictions of time-to-burn for up to 30 seconds, and predictions of time-to-pain for up to 50 seconds. The use of this test method for longer hot surface exposures requires a different model for determining burn injury or a different basis for reporting test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the thermal insulation of materials used in protective clothing when exposed for a short period of time to a hot surface with a temperature up to 600°F (316°C).  
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials used in the construction of protective clothing, including, but not limited to: woven fabrics, knit fabrics, battings, sheet structures, and material composites, intended for use as clothing for protection against exposure to hot surfaces.  
1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the thermal hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual exposure conditions.  
1.4 The values as stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended for use by employees of the end user, such as safety personnel or program administrators, who have chosen to implement a home laundered flame, thermal or arc resistant clothing program.  
5.2 This guide describes the key components involved in the home care and maintenance of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing. The decision to home launder flame, thermal and arc resistant clothing is part of an overall hazard analysis. It should include the nature of the hazard, the soils and any chemicals present in the workplace. Requirements may exist that require work apparel to be cleaned professionally due to the risk of contamination of the home or waste water caused by the wearer’s on the job exposure.  
5.3 The guide provides the end user assistance to develop laundering methods that will clean the garment and maintain the flame, thermal, and arc resistant characteristics of the clothing during its useful service life. The guide also provides suggestions for increasing the wear life, appearance and function of the clothing.  
5.4 The guide also provides suggestions as to when flame, thermal, and arc resistant garments should be removed from service.
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1.1 This guide provides recommendations for home laundering of clothing that is flame, thermal, and arc resistant.  
1.1.1 This guide does not apply to dry cleaning of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing. For more information on dry cleaning, follow label instructions or contact your garment supplier or fabric manufacturer.  
1.1.2 This guide does not apply to industrial laundering of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing. For more information on industrial laundering, follow Guide F1449 or contact your garment supplier.  
1.2 When garments are laundered properly, using the proper detergent, home laundering is an effective cleaning process.  
1.3 It is important that potentially flammable contaminants are removed from garments during the wash process. If flammable contaminants are not removed, the flame resistance of the garment may be compromised.  
1.3.1 To reduce the potential of employees wearing garments contaminated with flammable substances, the end user should analyze the soil conditions to which a worker may be exposed, along with the effectiveness of the wash procedure. In the event home laundering is deemed ineffective, alternative solutions should be pursued (dry cleaning, industrial laundering, disposable FR coveralls, etc.).  
1.4 Certain laundry chemicals that may have an adverse effect on fabric flame resistance are identified in this guide and should not be used.  
1.5 This guide does not apply to specialized protective garments such as specialized firefighter turnout gear and proximity firefighter ensembles.  
1.6 This guide also provides recommendations for inspection criteria that are significant to the performance of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to determine the ignition resistance and burning characteristics of materials used in protective clothing, where flame resistance is not the primary form of protection designated.  
5.1.1 Flame resistance is a distinctive property of clothing items designated for isolating parts of the body from anticipated flame hazards. It is possible that protective clothing designated for isolation from other hazards, such as those for chemical or biological protection, neither have flame resistance nor isolate the wearer from flame hazards. This test method can be used to evaluate the effects of flame impingement on protective clothing where flame resistance is not the primary objective of protection.  
5.1.2 When flame resistance is the primary protection offered by the protective clothing, alternative test methods can be used. A test method that is useful for evaluating flame resistance of textiles is Test Method D6413. Classification Index D4723 contains descriptions and guidance on other flammability test methods for textiles.  
5.1.3 This test method is useful to determine the ignition resistance and burning characteristics of materials used in protective clothing not designated for flame resistance when the outer material surface is exposed to the flame. As such, it is particularly suited to protective clothing materials that are composed of different layers such as coated fabrics, laminates, or multilayer clothing systems.  
5.2 Alternative procedures for conducting either a 3-s or 12-s exposure are provided where one or the other flame application exposure times are applied. The choice of either the shorter or longer single exposure time is provided to permit an assessment of the effects for flame impingement on materials under short term and long term flame exposure conditions.  
5.3 Correlation of data from this test method with the ignition resistance and burning characteristics of protective clothing (not designated for flame re...
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1.1 This test method establishes a small-scale laboratory screening procedure for comparing the ignition resistance and burning characteristics of materials used in protective clothing where flame resistance is not the primary form of protection provided by the clothing.  
1.1.1 This test method shall not be used in application where flame resistance is the primary form of protection offered by the protective clothing. Other flammability test methods are more appropriate for those materials.  
1.1.2 This test method provides a means for comparing ease of ignition and burning behavior of materials which include plastic or elastomeric films, coated fabrics, flexible laminates, multilayer-material systems, or other protective clothing materials that are not designated for offering flame resistance as their primary form of protection.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide identifies the responsibilities of the fiber, fabric, and clothing manufacturers, as well as the processor, the processor's chemical supplier and the end user.  
5.2 This guide describes the key components involved in a program for the care and maintenance of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing.  
5.3 The guidelines in this standard will provide a processor assistance to develop a processing system that maintains the flame, thermal, and arc resistant characteristics of the clothing during its useful service life.  
5.3.1 The development of published formulas for each fabric and level of soiling is difficult at any given point in time due to ongoing continuous improvement of flame, thermal and arc resistant clothing, including new fibers, fabrics, and laundering equipment and procedures.  
5.4 The guide also provides suggestions as to when flame, thermal, and arc resistant garments should be removed from service.
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1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the care and maintenance of clothing that is flame, thermal, and arc resistant.  
1.2 These recommendations address the Industrial Laundering process.
Note 1: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends leaving clothing soiled with hazardous chemicals at work to be laundered by the employer; or if such clothing is washed at home, to launder separately from the family wash.  
1.2.1 This guide does not apply to dry cleaning of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing. For more information on dry cleaning, follow label instructions or contact your garment supplier.
Note 2: Dry cleaning indicates cleaning by a professional dry cleaner.  
1.2.2 This guide does not apply to home laundering of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing. For more information on home laundering, follow label instructions or contact your garment supplier.
Note 3: Home laundering indicates laundering in a home laundering machine.  
1.3 It is important that potentially flammable contaminants are removed from garments during the wash process. If flammable contaminants are not removed, the flame resistance of the garment will be compromised. (See Note 1.)
Note 4: Effective cleaning and proper maintenance of the protective characteristics of flame, thermal and arc resistant protective clothing should include consideration of the services a professional processor can supply.  
1.4 It is important that the processes and materials used to launder flame resistant garments are compatible with the FR materials to ensure that the FR protection of the garment is not compromised during the laundering process.  
1.5 It is the responsibility of the end user to determine if their laundering method is the appropriate care and maintenance procedure for their application. (See Appendix X1 and X1.1.)  
1.6 This guide does not apply to specialized protective garments such as specialized firefighter turnout gear and proximity firefighter ensembles.  
1.7 This guide also identifies inspection criteria that are significant to the performance of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Workers who have the potential to be exposed to molten metal contact shall be permitted to wear protective clothing using materials that have been evaluated for heat transfer using this test method.  
5.2 This test method rates materials, that are intended for primary protective clothing against potential molten substance contact, for their thermal insulating properties and their reaction to the test exposure.  
5.3 The protective performance, as determined by this test method, will relate to the actual end-use performance only to the degree that the end-use exposure is identical to the exposure used in the test method.  
5.4 Visual inspection of the specimen subjectively notes the material's resistance to molten substance contact.
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1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of materials' thermal resistance to heat transfer when exposed to a molten substance pour.  
1.1.1 This test method was validated using molten substances of aluminum, brass, and iron. The test shall be permitted to be adapted for use with other substances.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials from which finished primary protective apparel articles are made.  
1.3 This test method does not measure the flammability of materials, nor is it intended for use in evaluating materials exposed to any other thermal exposure.  
1.4 Use this test method to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to molten substance pour under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the thermal hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual conditions. However, it is acceptable to use results of this test as elements of a thermal risk assessment which takes into account all the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the thermal hazard of a particular end use.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification establishes minimum design, performance, and labeling criteria for both primary and secondary protective clothing for use in operations involving molten substances and related thermal hazards.
Note 1: Standardized molten splash testing of both primary and secondary protective materials and garments as listed in this specification utilize pure molten materials, typically iron or aluminum. In practice, users of protective clothing for metal splash protection may routinely work with alloys. Protective clothing covered by this specification may or may not perform similarly with alloys of various metals. The entity specifying the protective clothing shall determine if the protective clothing is appropriate for their specific alloy.  
4.1.1 Requirements are specifically established for materials used in the construction of primary and secondary protective clothing on the basis of performance attributes that are considered important for worker protection. In some cases, different minimum levels for the same performance properties are set between primary and secondary protective clothing due to the differences in the expected performance for these two types of protective clothing.  
4.1.2 Additional requirements are established for primary and secondary protective clothing items in terms of the minimum design characteristics and performance features for other materials and components used in the construction of the clothing.  
4.2 This specification can be applied to either protective clothing materials or protective clothing, or both.  
4.2.1 The application for protective clothing materials involves meeting the respective requirements for either primary or secondary protective clothing materials found in Section 5.  
4.2.2 The application for protective clothing involves meeting the respective requirements for either primary or secondary protective clothing found in Section 6, which includes construction of the clothing with protective clothi...
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1.1 This performance specification establishes the minimum design and performance requirements for protective clothing and protective clothing materials for both primary and secondary protection from exposure to molten substances and related thermal hazards.  
1.2 This performance specification is not intended to address protection from hot liquids or from specialized forms of heat and flame protection such as any fire fighting application.  
1.3 This performance specification describes the properties of specific textile materials in their material or garment composite form as tested by laboratory methods and is not intended to be used to appraise the thermal hazard or risk under actual conditions. However, it is acceptable to use information on the thermal performance of clothing made from textile materials conforming to this specification as an element in thermal risk assessment which takes into account all factors pertinent to the thermal hazard of a particular end use.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This performance specification does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of compliant protective clothing or protective clothing materials. It is the responsibility of the persons or organizations that use this performance specification to conduct a hazard and risk assessment to determine the applicability of this performance specification to the intended application of the protective clothing or protective clothing materials, and to establish appropriate safety and health practices.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems when exposed to a specified fire (see 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 4.1, and 10.4).  
5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.  
5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.  
5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.  
5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
5.3 The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.
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1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s•cm2), with durations up to 20 seconds.  
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.  
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This method is not a fire-test-response test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the radiant heat resistance value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame resistant clothing for workers exposed to radiant thermal hazards.  
5.2 This test method evaluates a material's heat transfer properties when exposed to a continuous and constant radiant heat source. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing the air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position and does not involve movement, except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.4 This test method specifies two standard sets of exposure conditions: 21 kW/m2 (0.5 cal/cm2s) and 84 kW/m2 (2.0 cal/cm2s). Either can be used.  
5.4.1 If a different set of exposure conditions is used, it is likely that different results will be obtained.  
5.4.2 The optional use of other conditions representative of the expected hazard, in addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, is permitted. However, the exposure conditions used must be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.5 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the standardized radiant heat exposure.
Note 4: See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.
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1.1 This test method rates the non-steady state thermal resistance or insulating characteristics of flame resistant clothing materials subjected to a continuous, standardized radiant heat exposure.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to clothing materials that are not flame resistant.
Note 1: The determination of a clothing material's flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicable performance standard, specification standard, or both, for the clothing material's end-use.  
1.1.2 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the standardized radiant heat exposure as it does not account for the thermal energy contained in the test specimen after the exposure has ceased.
Note 2: See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification establishes minimum design, performance, and labeling criteria for both primary and secondary protective clothing for use in operations involving molten substances and related thermal hazards.
Note 1: Standardized molten splash testing of both primary and secondary protective materials and garments as listed in this specification utilize pure molten materials, typically iron or aluminum. In practice, users of protective clothing for metal splash protection may routinely work with alloys. Protective clothing covered by this specification may or may not perform similarly with alloys of various metals. The entity specifying the protective clothing shall determine if the protective clothing is appropriate for their specific alloy.  
4.1.1 Requirements are specifically established for materials used in the construction of primary and secondary protective clothing on the basis of performance attributes that are considered important for worker protection. In some cases, different minimum levels for the same performance properties are set between primary and secondary protective clothing due to the differences in the expected performance for these two types of protective clothing.  
4.1.2 Additional requirements are established for primary and secondary protective clothing items in terms of the minimum design characteristics and performance features for other materials and components used in the construction of the clothing.  
4.2 This specification can be applied to either protective clothing materials or protective clothing, or both.  
4.2.1 The application for protective clothing materials involves meeting the respective requirements for either primary or secondary protective clothing materials found in Section 5.  
4.2.2 The application for protective clothing involves meeting the respective requirements for either primary or secondary protective clothing found in Section 6, which includes construction of the clothing with protective clothi...
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1.1 This performance specification establishes the minimum design and performance requirements for protective clothing and protective clothing materials for both primary and secondary protection from exposure to molten substances and related thermal hazards.  
1.2 This performance specification is not intended to address protection from hot liquids or from specialized forms of heat and flame protection such as any fire fighting application.  
1.3 This performance specification describes the properties of specific textile materials in their material or garment composite form as tested by laboratory methods and is not intended to be used to appraise the thermal hazard or risk under actual conditions. However, it is acceptable to use information on the thermal performance of clothing made from textile materials conforming to this specification as an element in thermal risk assessment which takes into account all factors pertinent to the thermal hazard of a particular end use.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.  
1.5 This performance specification does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of compliant protective clothing or protective clothing materials. It is the responsibility of the persons or organizations that use this performance specification to conduct a hazard and risk assessment to determine the applicability of this performance specification to the intended application of the protective clothing or protective clothing materials, and to establish appropriate safety and health practices.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the heat resistance of materials, clothing and equipment when exposed to heat in a hot air circulating oven. The principal findings of this test method are observations of the specimen response to the heat exposure.  
5.1.1 The majority of procedures specified in this test method apply to the evaluation of flat material specimens.  
5.1.2 When evaluating non-flat materials, alternative procedures are required for mounting specimens and interpreting the effects of the heat exposure.  
5.2 If specified, this test method is used for the measurement of material dimensional change following a convective heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.  
5.3 This test method is not intended to simulate the actual exposure of material, clothing or equipment in high heat conditions such as a fire environment.
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1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance for evaluating the heat resistance of materials, protective clothing and equipment when exposed in a hot air circulating oven.  
1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate physical changes in materials, protective clothing and equipment at a specified heat exposure.  
1.2.1 The specified heat exposure in the hot air circulating oven is a combination of convective heat and radiant heat.  
1.3 Materials, protective clothing and equipment are evaluated for visible changes or subjected to a material property measurement following a specified heat exposure.  
1.3.1 This test method is not to be used for the evaluation of sticking. An acceptable method for evaluating sticking of fabrics is described in NFPA 1975, Sections 7.2.1 and 8.3. The NFPA 1975 test method evaluates the thermal stability of specimens by assessing the blocking of folded specimens placed between glass plates, under a specified weight, inside an oven meeting the same characteristics of the oven used in this test method.  
1.4 This test method enables the quantitative measurement of dimensional change that occurs as a result of a specified heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1—Flame resistant and heat resistant materials are described in a range of different standards and meet a range of different requirements. For materials tested in accordance with this test method, the applicable standard shall be used to establish preconditioning, conditioning and testing conditions and requirements.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification provides performance properties for textile material and design characteristics for clothing that represent minimum initial requirements for primary and secondary protective clothing.  
4.1.1 The initial performance properties have been selected based on state-of-the-art materials in use and have been compared with commercial standards which take into consideration durability in use for specific apparel items.  
4.2 Although the specifications for primary protective clothing are written for outer garments, it is recognized that optimum protective performance to severe exposure involves the use of an appropriate system including work clothing underlayers and undergarments.  
4.3 It is permissible for one or more of the requirements in Table 1 to be modified upon agreement between the buyer and seller.Note—Certain treated fabrics exhibit afterglow during the flammability test. This has been judged not a serious hazard. When afterglow occurs, extinguish it after 10 s. Then measure char length and note either the actual time or greater than 10 s for afterglow on the report.  
4.3.1 In such cases, any references to the specification shall specify that: “This fabric meets Performance Specification F1002 except for the following characteristic(s).”
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1.1 This performance specification covers clothing design characteristics that relate to the unique protective requirements of working with molten substances.  
1.2 Materials used for both primary protection and for secondary protection are covered.  
1.3 Protective properties relate to contact with molten substances and hot surfaces and exposure to open flame and radiant heat.  
1.4 This performance specification covers textile materials to be used for protective clothing.  
1.5 This performance specification describes the properties of specific textile materials in their fabric or garment composite form as tested by laboratory methods and is not intended to be used to appraise the thermal hazard or fire risk under actual conditions. However, information on the thermal performance of clothing made from textile materials conforming to this specification may be used as an element in thermal risk assessment which takes into account all factors pertinent to the thermal hazard of a particular end use.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.  
1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of a thermal performance estimate value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame resistant clothing for workers exposed to combined convective and radiant thermal hazards.  
5.2 This test method evaluates a material’s heat transfer properties when exposed to a heat exposure at a constant value and specific duration. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.3 This test method accounts for the thermal energy stored in the exposed test specimen after the heat exposure has ceased. Higher values of Thermal Performance Estimate ratings determined in this test associate to higher values of thermal (convective and radiative) energy protection against a predicted skin burn injury.  
5.4 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.5 This test method specifies a standardized 84 ± 2 kW/m2 (2 ± 0.05 cal/cm2s) exposure condition. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. Other exposure conditions representative of the expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.6 This test method contains optional provisions for conducting certification testing against a prescribed Thermal Performance Estimate value.
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1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat transfer through flame resistant materials for clothing subjected to a combined convective and radiant heat exposure.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are not flame resistant.Note 1—The determination of a material’s flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicable performance or specification standard, or both, for the material’s end-use.  
1.1.2 This test method accounts for the thermal energy contained in an exposed test specimen after the standardized combined convective and radiant heat exposure has ceased and is used to estimate performance to a predicted second-degree skin burn injury.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the heat transfer performance value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame resistant clothing for workers exposed to combined convective and radiant thermal hazards.  
5.2 This test method evaluates a material’s unsteady-state heat transfer properties when exposed to a continuous and constant heat source. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.4 This test method specifies a standardized 84 ± 2 kW/m2 (2 ± 0.05 cal/cm2s) exposure condition. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. Use of other exposure conditions that are representative of the expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.5 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the heat exposure.Note 4—See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.
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1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat transfer through flame resistant materials for clothing subjected to a continuous, combined convective and radiant heat exposure.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are not flame resistant.Note 1—The determination of a material’s flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done according to the applicable performance or specification standard, or both, for the material’s end-use.  
1.1.2 This test method does not predict a material’s skin burn injury performance from the specified thermal energy exposure. It does not account for the thermal energy contained in the test specimen after the exposure has ceased.Note 2—See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems to a specified fire exposure (see 3.2.2, 4.1, 10.1.3, and 10.1.4).  
5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.  
5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.  
5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.  
5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
5.3 The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s•cm2), with durations up to 20 seconds.  
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.  
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body except for the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This method is not a fire-test-response test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguard...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to evaluate the heat resistance of materials, clothing and equipment when exposed to heat in a hot air circulating oven. The principal findings of this test method are observations of the specimen response to the heat exposure.
The majority of procedures specified in this test method apply to the evaluation of flat material specimens.
When evaluating non-flat materials, alternative procedures are required for mounting specimens and interpreting the effects of the heat exposure.
If specified, this test method is used for the measurement of material dimensional change following a convective heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.
This test method is not intended to simulate the actual exposure of material, clothing or equipment in high heat conditions such as a fire environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance for evaluating the heat resistance of materials, protective clothing and equipment when exposed in a hot air circulating oven.
1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate physical changes in materials, protective clothing and equipment at a specified heat exposure.
1.2.1 The specified heat exposure in the hot air circulating oven is a combination of convective heat and radiant heat.
1.3 Materials, protective clothing and equipment are evaluated for visible changes or subjected to a material property measurement following a specified heat exposure.  
1.3.1 This test method is not to be used for the evaluation of sticking. An acceptable method for evaluating sticking of fabrics is described in NFPA 1975, Sections 7.2.1 and 8.3. The NFPA 1975 test method evaluates the thermal stability of specimens by assessing the blocking of folded specimens placed between glass plates, under a specified weight, inside an oven meeting the same characteristics of the oven used in this test method.
1.4 This test method enables the quantitative measurement of dimensional change that occurs as a result of a specified heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Flame resistant and heat resistant materials are described in a range of different standards and meet a range of different requirements. For materials tested in accordance with this test method, the applicable standard shall be used to establish preconditioning, conditioning and testing conditions and requirements.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to evaluate the heat resistance of materials, clothing and equipment when exposed to combination of convective heat and radiant heat in a hot air circulating oven. The principal findings of this test method are observations of the specimen response to the heat exposure.
The majority of procedures specified in this test method apply to the evaluation of flat material specimens.
When evaluating non-flat materials, alternative procedures are required for mounting specimens and interpreting the effects of the heat exposure.
If specified, this test method is used for the measurement of material shrinkage following a convective heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.
This test method is not intended to simulate the actual exposure of material, clothing or equipment in high heat conditions such as a fire environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance for evaluating the heat resistance of materials, protective clothing and equipment when exposed in a hot air circulating oven.
1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate physical changes in materials, protective clothing and equipment at a specified heat exposure.
1.2.1 The specified heat exposure in the hot air circulating oven is a combination of convective heat and radiant heat.
1.3 Materials, protective clothing and equipment are evaluated for visible changes or subjected to a material property measurement following a specified heat exposure.  
1.4 This test method enables the quantitative measurement of shrinkage that occurs as a result of a specified heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Flame resistant and heat resistant materials are described in a range of different standards and meet a range of different requirements. For materials tested in accordance with this test method, the applicable standard shall be used to establish preconditioning, conditioning and testing conditions and requirements.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems to a specified fire exposure (see 3.2.2, 4.1, 10.1.3, and 10.1.4).
This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.
This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.
This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.
The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s•cm2), with durations up to 20 seconds.
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body except for the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This method is not a fire-test-response test method.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be emplo...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to evaluate the heat resistance of materials, clothing and equipment when exposed to combination of convective heat and radiant heat in a hot air circulating oven. The principal findings of this test method are observations of the specimen response to the heat exposure.
The majority of procedures specified in this test method apply to the evaluation of flat material specimens.
When evaluating non-flat materials, alternative procedures are required for mounting specimens and interpreting the effects of the heat exposure.
If specified, this test method is used for the measurement of material shrinkage following a convective heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.
This test method is not intended to simulate the actual exposure of material, clothing or equipment in high heat conditions such as a fire environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance for evaluating the heat resistance of materials, protective clothing and equipment when exposed in a hot air circulating oven.
1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate physical changes in materials, protective clothing and equipment at a specified heat exposure.
1.2.1 The specified heat exposure in the hot air circulating oven is a combination of convective heat and radiant heat.
1.3 Materials, protective clothing and equipment are evaluated for visible changes or subjected to a material property measurement following a specified heat exposure.  
1.4 This test method enables the quantitative measurement of shrinkage that occurs as a result of a specified heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Flame resistant and heat resistant materials are described in a range of different standards and meet a range of different requirements. For materials tested in accordance with this test method, the applicable standard shall be used to establish preconditioning, conditioning and testing conditions and requirements.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to evaluate the heat resistance of materials, clothing and equipment when exposed to combination of convective heat and radiant heat in a hot air circulating oven.
If specified, this test method is used for the measurement of material shrinkage following a convective heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.
This test method is not intended to simulate the actual exposure of material, clothing or equipment in high heat conditions such as a fire environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance for evaluating the heat resistance of materials, protective clothing and equipment when exposed in a hot air circulating oven.
1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate physical changes in materials, protective clothing and equipment at a specified heat exposure.
1.2.1 The specified heat exposure in the hot air circulating oven is a combination of convective heat and radiant heat.
1.3 Materials, protective clothing and equipment are evaluated for visible changes or subjected to a material property measurement following a specified heat exposure.  
1.4 This test method enables the quantitative measurement of shrinkage that occurs as a result of a specified heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Flame resistant and heat resistant materials are described in a range of different standards and meet a range of different requirements. For materials tested in accordance with this test method, the applicable standard shall be used to establish preconditioning, conditioning and testing conditions and requirements.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Firefighters are routinely exposed to radiant heat in the course of their fireground activities. In some cases, firefighters have reported burn injuries under clothing where there is no evidence of damage to the exterior or interior layers of the firefighter protective clothing. Low levels of transmitted radiant energy alone or a combination of the transmitted radiant energy and stored energy released through compression can be sufficient to cause these types of injuries. This test method was designed to measure both the transmitted and stored energy in firefighter protective clothing material systems under a specific set of laboratory exposure conditions.
The intensity of radiant heat exposure used in this test method was chosen to be an approximate midpoint representative of ordinary fireground conditions as defined for structural firefighting (1), (2) . The specific radiant heat exposure was selected at 8.5 ± 0.5 kW/m2 (0.20 ± 0.012 cal/cm2-s) since this level of radiant heat can be maintained by the test equipment and produces little or no damage to most NFPA 1971 compliant protective clothing systems.
5.2.1 Discussion—Utech defined ordinary fireground conditions as having air temperatures ranging from 60 to 300°C and having heat flux values ranging from 2.1 to 21.0 kW/m2 (0.05 to 0.5 cal/cm2-s).
Protective clothing systems include the materials used in the composite structure. These include the outer shell, moisture barrier, and thermal barrier. It is possible they will also include other materials used on firefighter protective clothing such as reinforcement layers, seams, pockets, flaps, hook and loop, straps, or reflective trim.
The transmission and storage of heat energy in firefighter protective clothing is affected by several factors. These include the effects of “wear” and “use” conditions of the protective clothing system. In this test method, conditioning procedures are provided for the laundering of composite samples prior to testing, and also...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for measuring the combination of transmitted and stored energy that occurs in firefighter protective clothing material systems as the result of exposure to prolonged, relatively low levels of radiant heat.
1.1.1 This test method applies a predetermined compressive load to a preheated specimen to simulate conductive heat transfer.
1.1.2 This test method is not applicable to protective clothing systems that are not flame resistant.
1.1.3 Discussion—Flame resistance of the material system shall be determined prior to testing according to the applicable performance and/or specification standard for the material’s end-use.
1.2 This test method establishes procedures for moisture preconditioning of firefighter protective clothing material systems.
1.3 The second-degree burn injury used in this standard is based on a limited number of experiments on forearms of human subjects.
1.3.1 Discussion—The length of exposures needed to generate a second-degree burn injury in this test method exceeds the exposures times found in the limited number of experiments on human forearms.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to English units or other units commonly used for thermal testing.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to radiant heat under controlled laboratory conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems to a specified fire exposure (see 3.2.2, 4.1, 10.1.3, and 10.1.4).
This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.
This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.
This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.
The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s•cm2), with durations up to 20 seconds.
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body except for the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This method is not a fire-test-response test method.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be emplo...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Firefighters are routinely exposed to radiant heat in the course of their fireground activities. In some cases, firefighters have reported burn injuries under clothing where there is no evidence of damage to the exterior or interior layers of the firefighter protective clothing. Low levels of transmitted radiant energy alone or a combination of the transmitted radiant energy and stored energy released through compression can be sufficient to cause these types of injuries. This test method was designed to measure both the transmitted and stored energy in firefighter protective clothing material systems under a specific set of laboratory exposure conditions.
The intensity of radiant heat exposure used in this test method was chosen to be an approximate midpoint representative of ordinary fireground conditions as defined for structural firefighting (1), (2) . The specific radiant heat exposure was selected at 8.5 ± 0.5 kW/m2 (0.20 ± 0.012 cal/cm2-s) since this level of radiant heat can be maintained by the test equipment and produces little or no damage to most NFPA 1971 compliant protective clothing systems.
5.2.1 Discussion—Utech defined ordinary fireground conditions as having air temperatures ranging from 60 to 300°C and having heat flux values ranging from 2.1 to 21.0 kW/m2 (0.05 to 0.5 cal/cm2-s).
Protective clothing systems include the materials used in the composite structure. These include the outer shell, moisture barrier, and thermal barrier. It is possible they will also include other materials used on firefighter protective clothing such as reinforcement layers, seams, pockets, flaps, hook and loop, straps, or reflective trim.
The transmission and storage of heat energy in firefighter protective clothing is affected by several factors. These include the effects of “wear” and “use” conditions of the protective clothing system. In this test method, conditioning procedures are provided for the laundering of composite samples prior to testing, and also...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for measuring the combination of transmitted and stored energy that occurs in firefighter protective clothing material systems as the result of exposure to prolonged, relatively low levels of radiant heat.
1.1.1 This test method applies a predetermined compressive load to a preheated specimen to simulate conductive heat transfer.
1.1.2 This test method is not applicable to protective clothing systems that are not flame resistant.
1.1.3 Discussion—Flame resistance of the material system shall be determined prior to testing according to the applicable performance and/or specification standard for the material’s end-use.
1.2 This test method establishes procedures for moisture preconditioning of firefighter protective clothing material systems.
1.3 The second-degree burn injury used in this standard is based on a limited number of experiments on forearms of human subjects.
1.3.1 Discussion—The length of exposures needed to generate a second-degree burn injury in this test method exceeds the exposures times found in the limited number of experiments on human forearms.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to English units or other units commonly used for thermal testing.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to radiant heat under controlled laboratory conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended for use by employees of the end user, such as safety personnel or program administrators, who have chosen to implement a home laundered flame, thermal or arc resistant clothing program.
This guide describes the key components involved in the home care and maintenance of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing. The decision to home launder flame, thermal and arc resistant clothing is part of an overall hazard analysis. It should include the nature of the hazard, the soils and any chemicals present in the workplace. Requirements may exist that require work apparel to be cleaned professionally due to the risk of contamination of the home or waste water caused by the wearer’s on the job exposure.
The guide provides the end user assistance to develop laundering methods that will clean the garment and maintain the flame, thermal, and arc resistant characteristics of the clothing during its useful service life. The guide also provides suggestions for increasing the wear life, appearance and function of the clothing.
The guide also provides suggestions as to when flame, thermal, and arc resistant garments should be removed from service.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommendations for home laundering of clothing that is flame, thermal, and arc resistant.
1.1.1 This guide does not apply to dry cleaning of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing. For more information on dry cleaning, follow label instructions or contact your garment supplier or fabric manufacturer.
1.1.2 This guide does not apply to industrial laundering of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing. For more information on industrial laundering, follow Guide F 1449 or contact your garment supplier.
1.2 When garments are laundered properly, using the proper detergent, home laundering is an effective cleaning process.
1.3 It is important that potentially flammable contaminants are removed from garments during the wash process. If flammable contaminants are not removed, the flame resistance of the garment may be compromised.
1.3.1 To reduce the potential of employees wearing garments contaminated with flammable substances, the end user should analyze the soil conditions to which a worker may be exposed, along with the effectiveness of the wash procedure. In the event home laundering is deemed ineffective, alternative solutions should be pursued (dry cleaning, industrial laundering, disposable FR coveralls, etc.).
1.4 Certain laundry chemicals that may have an adverse effect on fabric flame resistance are identified in this guide and should not be used.
1.5 This guide does not apply to specialized protective garments such as specialized firefighter turnout gear and proximity firefighter ensembles.
1.6 This guide also provides recommendations for inspection criteria that are significant to the performance of flame, thermal, and arc resistant clothing.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This specification covers the minimum performance criteria for flame resistance and other requirements for rainwear used by workers with the potential to be simultaneously exposed to wet weather conditions and either hydrocarbon or petrochemical industrial fires.
The purchaser has the option to perform or have performed any of the tests required by this specification in order to verify the performance of the rainwear.
This specification for rainwear shall not be construed as a requirement for the use of any particular rainwear material.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes applicable test methods, minimum physical and thermal performance criteria, a suggested sizing guide, and suggested purchasing information for rainwear for use by workers who are potentially exposed to industrial hydrocarbon fires or other petrochemical fire hazards.
1.1.1 This specification does not apply to rainwear used for thermal electric arc flash hazards. Specification of rainwear for these electric arc flash hazards are addressed in Specification F 1891.
1.2 The objective of this specification is to prescribe function and performance criteria for rainwear that meets a minimum level of thermal and physical performance when exposed to a laboratory-simulated fire exposure.
1.3 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.
1.4 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which wearers of this protective clothing are potentially exposed.
1.5 This specification does not attempt to establish in-service care and use of this flame resistant rainwear.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.
1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to Sections 7 and 9 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to measure and compare the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems.
This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin.
This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test.
The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method may lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which, departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Any departures should be reported with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance of single layer garments or protective clothing ensembles in a simulated flash fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. This test method is extremely complex and requires a high degree of technical expertise in both the test setup and operation.
1.1.1 Heat transmitted to each sensor location on the surface of an instrumented manikin is converted to show the corresponding predicted degree of burn injury to human tissue.
1.1.2 The sum of these values can then be converted to a percentage to show the total area of predicted burn injury.
1.1.2.1 Use of the predicted burn injury to evaluate the heat transferred to the manikin does not constitute a material's performance specification.
1.1.3 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding how the burn injury results can be interpreted.
1.2 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, duration, and flame distribution.
1.3 This standard should be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire-hazard assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use.
1.4 This test method is a fire-test-response test method.
1.5 The values stated in customary units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat transfer through flame resistant materials for clothing subjected to a continuous, combined convective and radiant heat exposure.
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are not flame resistant.Note 1
The determination of a materials flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done according to the applicable performance and/or specification standard for the materials end-use.
1.1.2 This test method does not predict a materials skin burn injury performance from the specified thermal energy exposure. It does not account for the thermal energy contained in the test specimen after the exposure has ceased.Note 2
See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for the determination of the radiant heat performance value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame resistant clothing for workers exposed to radiant thermal hazards.
This test method evaluates a material’s heat transfer properties when exposed to a heat exposure at a constant value and systematically varied durations. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
This test method accounts for the thermal energy contained in the exposed test specimen after the radiant heat exposure has ceased. Higher values of Radiant Heat Performance rating determined in this test associate to higher values of radiant energy protection against a predicted skin burn injury.
This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure procedure.
This test method specifies two standard sets of exposure conditions, 21 kW/m2 (0.5 cal/cm2s) and 84 kW/m2 (2.0 cal/cm2s). Either can be used.  
5.5.1 If a different set of exposure conditions is used, it is likely that different results will be obtained.
5.5.2 The optional use of other conditions representative of the expected hazard, in addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, is permitted. However, the exposure conditions used must be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures thermal protective characteristics of flame resistant textile materials subjected to a standardized radiant heat exposure relative to a predicted second-degree skin burn injury.
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to textile materials that are not flame resistant.
Note 1—The determination of a textile material’s flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done according to the applicable performance and/or specification standard for the textile material’s end-use.
1.1.2 This test method accounts for the thermal energy contained in an exposed test specimen after the standardized radiant heat exposure has ceased.
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for the determination of a thermal performance estimate value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame resistant clothing for workers exposed to combined convective and radiant thermal hazards.
This test method evaluates a material’s heat transfer properties when exposed to a heat exposure at a constant value and specific duration. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.
This test method accounts for the thermal energy stored in the exposed test specimen after the heat exposure has ceased. Higher values of Thermal Performance Estimate ratings determined in this test associate to higher values of thermal (convective and radiative) energy protection against a predicted skin burn injury.
This test method maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.
This test method specifies a standardized 84 ± 2 kW/m2 (2 ± 0.05 cal/cm2s) exposure condition. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. Other exposure conditions representative of the expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.
This test method contains optional provisions for conducting certification testing against a prescribed Thermal Performance Estimate value.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat transfer through flame resistant materials for clothing subjected to a combined convective and radiant heat exposure.
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are not flame resistant.
Note 1—The determination of a material’s flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicable performance and/or specification standard for the material’s end-use.
1.1.2 This test method accounts for the thermal energy contained in an exposed test specimen after the standardized combined convective and radiant heat exposure has ceased and is used to estimate performance to a predicted second-degree skin burn injury.
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.