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ASTM A940-96(2001)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors

Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vacuum treated, alloy steel forgings, differentially heat treated for turbine rotors.
1.2 Differential heat treatment of a rotor forging involves subjecting two portions of the forging concurrently to two different austenitizing temperatures followed by two different cooling rates for normalizing and quenching, and then tempering, to achieve creep resistance in the high pressure (HP) portion and high toughness in the low pressure (LP) portion.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1996
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A940-96 - Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors
Effective Date
10-Sep-1996
Replaced By
ASTM A940/A940M-06 - Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006

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ASTM A940-96(2001) - Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine RotorsASTM A940-96(2001) - Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors
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ASTM A940-96(2001) - Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A 940 – 96 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Specification for
Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat
1
Treated, for Turbine Rotors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 940; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 139 Practice for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and
5
Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
1.1 This specification covers vacuum treated, alloy steel
forgings, differentially heat treated for turbine rotors.
3. Ordering Information
1.2 Differential heat treatment of a rotor forging involves
3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
subjecting two portions of the forging concurrently to two
Specification A 788, the purchaser shall include with the
different austenitizing temperatures followed by two different
inquiry and order a detailed drawing, sketch, or written
cooling rates for normalizing and quenching, and then temper-
description of the forging, including the mechanical test
ing, to achieve creep resistance in the high pressure (HP)
2 locations, the portion of the forging to be included in the
portion and high toughness in the low pressure (LP) portion.
heating chamber during the stability test, and the minimum
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
stability test temperature.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
3.2 Thepurchasershallspecifyifchecktestsformechanical
information only.
properties are required after stress relief or heat stability tests.
2. Referenced Documents 3.3 Supplementary Requirements—Supplementary require-
ments are provided. These requirements shall apply only when
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specified in the purchase order.
A 275/A 275M Test Methods for Magnetic Particle Exami-
3
nation of Steel Forgings
4. General Requirements
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for MechanicalTesting
3
4.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
of Steel Products
the requirements of Specification A 788, which outlines addi-
A 418 TestMethodofUltrasonicExaminationInspectionof
3 tional ordering information, manufacturing requirements, test-
Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings
ing and retesting methods and procedures, marking, certifica-
A 470 Specification for Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy
3 tion, product analysis variations, and additional supplementary
Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts
requirements.
A 472 Test Method for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine
3 4.2 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
Shafts and Rotor Forgings
with the requirements of SpecificationA 788, the requirements
A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
4 of this specification shall prevail.
Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
A 788 Specification for Steel Forgings, General Require-
5. Manufacture
3
ments
5.1 Melting processes of SpecificationA 788 shall be appli-
cable, except that the open hearth or basic oxygen methods of
1
primary melting shall not be used and the molten steel shall be
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel, and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
vacuum treated during processing. When the ladle degassing
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
process is used, the evacuation system shall be capable of
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1996. Published July 1997. Originally
reducing the system vacuum pressure to a low level (usually
published as A 940–95. Last previous edition A 940–95.
2
Symposium on Steel Forgings,ASTM STP903,ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1984,
pp. 59-86.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05.
4 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
A 940 – 96 (2001)
less than 1000 µm). The molten metal shall be stirred ad- 5.4.4 Machining to Purchaser’s Requirements for
equately for a sufficient length of time to maximize exposure to Shipment—The forging, as shipped, shall conform to the finish
theevacuatedatmosphere.Whenthisprocessisused,hydrogen and dimensions specified on the purchaser’s drawing or order.
testing per Supplementary Requirement S4 is mandatory.
6. Chemical Composition
5.1.1 If the ESR process is used, the electrodes shall have
6.1 Heat Analysi
...

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This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
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1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
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4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
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1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
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This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
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This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
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This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless covered by the individual product specification in another ASTM document, applies to steel forgings for general use. Materials shall be produced primarily by either electric-furnace, basic oxygen, vacuum-induction (VIM), or open-hearth melting process. The primary melting may incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting, using electro slag (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Steel shall be forged by any of these three classes based on forging temperature: cold-worked forging, hot-cold-worked forging, or hot-worked forging. After forging, specimens shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating for heat treatment. Details of heat and product analyses for the evaluation of chemical composition are thoroughly discussed. Tension and hardness tests shall be conducted to evaluate mechanical properties such as percentage of elongation and reduction of area. Repair welding shall not be allowed unless permitted by the product specification.
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This specification covers the carbon steel forgings used for general-purpose piping. Two classes of material are covered, Classes 60 and 70, and classified according to their mechanical properties. Except for flanges of all types, up to and including NPS 4 may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar. Elbows, return bends, tees, and header tees shall not be machined directly from bar stock. Forgings shall be protected against sudden or too rapid cooling from the rolling or forging while passing through critical range. Heat treatment is neither required nor prohibited, but when applied, it shall consist of tempering, annealing, normalizing, or normalizing and tempering. Heat analysis shall be made to determine the percentage of the following elements: carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. The mechanical properties of the material shall conform to the required tensile properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area.
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1.3 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
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Standard Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
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Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the standard requirements for untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. This specification covers six classes of carbon steels (Class A to F) and seven classes of alloy steels (Class G, H, and J to N). Materials shall be forged by hot mechanical work. Except for Class A, all forgings shall be heat treated, depending on class, by the following techniques: annealed, or normalized, or normalized and tempered (Classes B, C, D, and G); normalized and tempered, or double-normalized and tempered (Class E); quenched and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes F); normalized and tempered (Class H); normalized and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Class J); and normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes K, L, M, and N). Steel specimens shall undergo heat and product analyses, and shall conform to required chemical compositions for manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. Steel forgings shall also be tested on their conformance to the following tensile requirements: tensile strength, yield point, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. Other ASTM specifications for forgings are available for specific applications such as pressure vessels, railroad use, turbine generators, gearing, and others involving special temperature requirements.  
1.2 Hot-rolled or cold finished bars are not within the scope of this specification.  
1.3 Six classes of carbon steel and seven classes of alloy steel forgings are listed (see Section 7), which indicate their required heat treatments, as well as mechanical properties.  
1.4 Provision, with the suffix H for certification and marking, for the supply of forgings after hardness testing only.  
1.5 Supplementary requirements, including those in Specification A788/A788M, of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser.  
1.6 Appendix X1 lists the current classes corresponding to the various classes of Specifications A235, A237, and A243, which have been superseded by this specification.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard; within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.8 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification, the forgings shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off