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ASTM C1666/C1666M-07

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Cement

Standard Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Cement

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for alkali resistant (AR) glass fibers intended for use in glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) by spray-up, glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious based products.
1.2 This specification provides for AR glass fiber types and configurations that can be readily incorporated into concrete mixes, typical physical properties, minimum zirconia content, and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these requirements.
1.3 This specification does not address the types of coatings or lubricants used in the manufacturing process of the fibers.
1.4 In the case of conflict between a more stringent requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by the waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2007
ICS
91.100.40 - Products in fibre-reinforced cement
Technical Committee
C27 - Precast Concrete Products
Drafting Committee
C27.40 - Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C1666/C1666M-08 - Standard Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Cement
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM C1116/C1116M-23 - Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007

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ASTM C1666/C1666M-07 - Standard Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and CementASTM C1666/C1666M-07 - Standard Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Cement
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ASTM C1666/C1666M-07 - Standard Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Cement
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 1666/C 1666M – 07
Standard Specification for
Alkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-
Reinforced Concrete and Cement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1666/C 1666M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
alkali resistant (AR) glass fibers intended for use in glass D 578 Specification for Glass Fiber Strands
fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) by spray-up, glass fiber- D 1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
reinforced concrete premix, fiber-reinforced concrete, and D 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
other cementitious based products. Single-Strand Method
1.2 This specification provides forAR glass fiber types and D 3800 Test Method for Density of High-Modulus Fibers
configurations that can be readily incorporated into concrete D 4963 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass Strands and
mixes, typical physical properties, minimum zirconia content, Fabrics
and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to 2.2 ISO Standards:
these requirements. ISO 1887 Textile Glass—Determination of Combustible-
1.3 This specification does not address the types of coatings Matter Content
or lubricants used in the manufacturing process of the fibers. ISO 1888 Textile Glass—Staple Fibres or Filaments—
1.4 In the case of conflict between a more stringent require- Determination of Average Diameter
ment of a product specification and a requirement of this ISO 1889 Reinforcement Yarns—Determination of Linear
specification,theproductspecificationshallprevail.Inthecase Density
of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification ISO 3341 Textile Glass Yarns—Determination of Breaking
or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent Force and Breaking Elongation
requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall 2.3 EN Standards:
prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take prece- EN 14649 Precast Concrete Products—Test Method for
dence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the Strength Retention of Glass Fibre in Cement and Concrete
product specification or this specification; for example, by the 2.4 Japanese Industrial Standards:
waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement JISR 3420 Testing Methods of Textile Glass Products
less stringent.
3. Terminology
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in 3.2 alkali resistant (AR) glass fiber, n—a glass fiber product
that is resistant to the alkaline conditions that exist in matrices
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining such as those based on Portland cement, and that are used for
the reinforcement of cement, mortar, and concrete products.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard. The resistance is due mostly to the specific composition of the
glass.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the ASTM website.
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
1 4
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC27onPrecast Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 36 rue de
Concrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.40 on Glass Stassart, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cenorm.be.
Fiber Reinforced Concrete Made by the Spray-Up Process. Available from Japanese Standards Organization (JSA), 4-1-24 Akasaka
Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 107-8440, Japan, http://www.jsa.or.ja.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1666/C 1666M – 07
3.3 chopped strands, n—strands, as defined in 3.10, 6. Materials and Manufacture
chopped to discrete lengths, usually between 3 and 50 mm
6.1 The materials and manufacturing methods used shall be
[0.125 and 2 in.].
such that the fibers produced conform to the requirements in
3.4 filament, n—a single glass fiber, sometimes referred to
this specification.
as monofilament.
3.5 GFRC, n—glass fiber-reinforced concrete, sometimes
7. Chemical Composition
referred to as GRC.
7.1 Alkali resistant glass fiber shall have a minimum of
3.6 matrix, n—the concrete (or mortar) without the glass
16 % by mass of zirconium dioxide.
fiber reinforcement.
3.7 roving, n—anumberofparallel,continuous,nottwisted,
8. Mechanical Properties
strands wound together to form a cylindrical package.
8.1 The AR glass fiber roving or chopped strands shall be
3.8 scrim or net, n—glassfiberrovingoryarnstrandslaidin
deemed to comply with the requirements of this specification if
two directions at 90° and then bonded together to form a
the results obtained on test samples comply with the values
non-woven stable structured textile fabric.
specified in Table 1.
3.9 size, n—coatings applied to filaments during manufac-
ture that facilitate the processing of glass fibers and bond the
9. Performance Requirements
filaments together. Different sizings can provide different
9.1 The strength of AR glass fiber shall be measured
performance characteristics of the fibers.
according to EN 14649.
3.10 strand, n—several parallel filaments of consistent di-
9.2 UsersofARglassfibersshallrequirethatmanufacturers
ameter, bonded together with a size.
ofAR glass fiber show independent validation of performance
3.11 tex, n—the weight in grams of one kilometre of strand
in the SIC test.
or roving.
3.12 woven roving, n—glass fiber roving products that are
10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
produced by weaving into a structured textile fabric.
10.1 The roving, chopped strands, or textiles shall be free
3.13 yarn, n—glass fiber strands that are twisted together.
from oil, grease, and other contaminants. A roving package
shall be free from obvious damage and shall not be deformed
4. Classification
4.1 AR glass fibers are available in three forms as follows:
11. Inspection
4.1.1 Type I, Roving—a variety
...

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5.1 The post-crack behavior of plate-like, fiber-reinforced concrete structural members is well represented by a centrally loaded round panel test specimen that is simply supported on three pivots symmetrically arranged around its circumference. Such a test panel experiences bi-axial bending in response to a central point load and exhibits a mode of failure related to the in situ behavior of structures. The post-crack performance of round panels subject to a central point load can be represented by the energy absorbed by the panel up to a specified central deflection. In this test method, the energy absorbed up to a specified central deflection is taken to represent the ability of a fiber-reinforced concrete to redistribute stress following cracking.
Note 1: The use of three pivoted point supports in the test configuration results in determinate out-of-plane reactions prior to cracking, however the support reactions are indeterminate after cracking due to the unknown distribution of flexural resistance along each crack. There is also a change in the load resistance mechanism in the specimen as the test proceeds, starting with predominantly flexural resistance and progressing to tensile membrane action around the center as the imposed deflection is increased. The energy absorbed up to a specified central deflection is related to the toughness of the material but is specific to this specimen configuration because it is also determined by the support conditions and size of the specimen. Selection of the most appropriate central deflection to specify depends on the intended application for the material. The energy absorbed up to 5 mm central deflection is applicable to situations in which the material is required to hold cracks tightly closed at low levels of deformation. Examples include final linings in underground civil structures such as railway tunnels that may be required to remain water-tight. The energy absorbed up to 40 mm is more applicable to situations in ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural toughness of fiber-reinforced concrete expressed as energy absorption in the post-crack range using a round panel supported on three symmetrically arranged pivots and subjected to a central point load. The performance of specimens tested by this method is quantified in terms of the energy absorbed between the onset of loading and selected values of central deflection.  
1.2 This test method provides for the scaling of results whenever specimens do not comply with the target thickness and diameter, as long as dimensions do not fall outside of given limits.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1.2 The World Health Organization states: “Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres primarily from contaminated air in the working environment, as well as from ambient air in the vicinity of point sources, or indoor air in housing and buildings containing friable asbestos materials. The highest levels of exposure occur during repackaging of asbestos containers, mixing with other raw materials and dry cutting of asbestos-containing products with abrasive tools” (2).  
5.1.3 The World Bank states: “Health hazards from breathing asbestos dust include asbestosis, a lung scarring disease, and various forms of cancer (including lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum). These diseases usually arise decades after the onset of asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma, a signal tumor for asbestos exposure, occurs among workers’ family members from dust on the workers’ clothes and among neighbors of asbestos air pollution point sources” (3).  
5.2 Extensive litigation has occurred worldwide as a result of the health effects of asbestos over the past century, resulting in considerable economic consequences. The regulatory response to asbestos haza...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes work practices for asbestos-cement products when maintenance, renovation, and repair are required. This includes common tasks such as drilling and cutting holes in roofing, siding, pipes, etc. that can result in exposure to asbestos fibers if not done carefully. These work practices are supplemented and facilitated by the regulatory, contractual, training, and supervisory provisions of this practice.  
1.2 Materials covered include those installed in or on buildings and facilities and those used in external infrastructure such as water, wastewater, and electrical distribution systems. Also included is pavement made from asbestos-cement manufacturing waste.  
1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for use only with asbestos-cement products already installed in buildings, facilities, and external infrastructure. They are not intended for use in construction or renovation involving the installation of new asbestos-cement products.  
1.4 The work practices are primarily intended to be used in situations where small amounts of asbestos-cement products must be removed or disturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation, or repair necessary for operation of the building, facility, or infrastructure.  
1.5 The work practices described herein are also applicable for use where the primary objective is the removal of asbestos-cement products from the building or other location, particularly the use of wet methods and other means of dust and fiber control.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this practice should b...

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ASTM
ASTM D7357-07(2019)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for cellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious products.  
1.2 This specification provides for measurement of properties, definition of types, typical properties, and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these requirements.  
1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by the waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7337/D7337M-12(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Creep Rupture of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method for investigating creep rupture of FRP bars is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars, magnitude of applied force, and duration of force application. Unlike steel reinforcing bars or prestressing tendons subjected to significant sustained stress, creep rupture of FRP bars may take place below the static tensile strength. Therefore, the creep rupture strength is an important factor when determining acceptable stress levels in FRP bars used as reinforcement or tendons in concrete members designed to resist sustained loads. Creep rupture strength varies according to the type of FRP bars used.  
5.2 This test method measures the creep rupture time of FRP bars under a given set of controlled environmental conditions and force ratios.  
5.3 This test method is intended to determine the creep rupture data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the million-hour creep rupture capacity of the specimen.  
5.4 Creep properties of reinforced, post-tensioned, or prestressed concrete structures are important to be considered in design. For FRP bars used as reinforcing bars or tendons, the creep rupture shall be measured according to the method given herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines requirements for tensile creep rupture testing of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.  
1.2 Data obtained from this test method are used in design of FRP reinforcements under sustained loading. The procedure for calculating the one-million hour creep-rupture capacity is provided in Annex A1.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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