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ASTM D7357-07(2019)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for cellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious products.  
1.2 This specification provides for measurement of properties, definition of types, typical properties, and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these requirements.  
1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by the waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2019
ICS
91.100.40 - Products in fibre-reinforced cement
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.36 - Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7357-07(2012) - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Effective Date
01-Dec-2019
Refers
ASTM D6942-03(2019) - Standard Test Method for Stability of Cellulose Fibers in Alkaline Environments
Effective Date
01-Dec-2019
Refers
ASTM D6942-03(2012) - Standard Test Method for Stability of Cellulose Fibers in Alkaline Environments
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Refers
ASTM D6942-03(2008) - Standard Test Method for Stability of Cellulose Fibers in Alkaline Environments
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Refers
ASTM D6942-03 - Standard Test Method for Stability of Cellulose Fibers in Alkaline Environments
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Refers
ASTM C1116-03 - Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Refers
ASTM C1116-02 - Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Refers
ASTM C1116-00 - Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002

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ASTM D7357-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteASTM D7357-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
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ASTM D7357-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7357 −07 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Specification for
Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
cellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete, C1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
and other cementitious products. D6942 Test Method for Stability of Cellulose Fibers in
Alkaline Environments
1.2 This specification provides for measurement of
2.2 TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
properties, definition of types, typical properties, and pre-
Industry):
scribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these
T 205 Forming handsheets for physical tests of pulps
requirements.
T 222 Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp
1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent require-
T 231 Zero-span breaking strength of pulp (dry zero-span
ment of a product specification and a requirement of this
tensile)
specification,theproductspecificationshallprevail.Inthecase
T 232 Fiber length of pulp by projection
of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification
T 233 Fiber length of pulp by classification
or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent
T 234 Coarseness of pulp fibers
requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall
T 236 Kappa number of pulp
prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take prece-
T 259 Species identification of non-wood plant fibers
dence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the
T 263 Identification of wood and fibers from conifers
product specification or this specification; for example, by the
2.3 ACI (American Concrete Institute) Documents:
waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement
544.1R Committee Report on Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
less stringent.
2.4 ICC-ES Documents:
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
AC 217 Acceptance Criteria for Concrete with Virgin Cel-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
lulose Fibers
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3. Terminology
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1 Definitions:
with the standard.
3.1.1 alkaline stability, n—resistance to strength loss due to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
exposuretoalkalineenvironments,asmeasuredinTestMethod
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6942.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 coarseness, n—linear density given in units of mg/
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
100m. (See TAPPI T 234.) This unit is termed decigrex, and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
can be converted to the standard textile linear density unit,
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
denier, which is weight in grams of 9000 meters of synthetic
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
fiber.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint Available from TechnicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org.
Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives. Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7357 – 07 (2012). Available from ICC-ES, 5360 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601,
DOI: 10.1520/D7357-07R19. http://www.icc-es.org, under “Approved Criteria.”
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7357 − 07 (2019)
3.1.3 durability/compatibility with concrete, n—resistance (poly-1,4-β-D-anhydroglucopyranose) and hemicellulose
to strength loss based on ZSSR testing (Test Method D6942) (polymers of mixed pentoses and hexoses).
using saturated calcium hydroxide and 1N sodium hydroxide
7.2 Unbleached, semibleached and fully bleached chemical
as alkaline environments. (See ICC-ES AC 217, section 4.6.)
wood pulps have cellulose as the predominant polymer. Unpu-
3.1.4 zero-span stability ratio (ZSSR), n—the ratio of the
rified vegetable fibers will have hemicelluloses as the predomi-
zero-span tensile after exposure to an alkaline environment to
nate polymer.
the zero-span tensile of the control fibers (that is, fibers not
7.3 Mechanical wood pulps will have approximately equal
exposed to an alkaline environment) as defined in Test Method
amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
D6942.
7.4 Purified chemical (“fully bleached”) wood pulps do not
3.1.5 zero-span tensile, n—measurement of individual fiber
contain lignin, but mechanical, unbleached, and semi-bleached
strength, as defined in TAPPI Method T 231 based on testing
pulps still retain some residual lignin. Fibers that are not
standard handsheets made according to TAPPI Method T 205.
lignin-free should be certified by the level of lignin present
using either the kappa number test (TAPPI T 236) or the
4. Classification
acid-insoluble lignin test (TAPPI T 222).
4.1 Cellulose fibers are described in ACI 544.1R-96, chap-
ter 5 as a class of natural fibers. Specification C1116 also uses
8. Physical Properties
the term natural fiber to describe cellulosic fibers.
8.1 The average fiber length of the cellulosic fibers will be
4.2 Unknown cellulosic plant fibers must be identified as
specified based on projected length (TAPPI T 232), classified
such or identified by appropriate microscopic examination.
length (TAPPI T 233) or instrumental determination by a fiber
(TAPPIT 259providesfortheidentificationofnon-woodplant
analyzer.
fibers, and T 263 provides for the identification of fibers from
8.2 The average fiber coarseness of the cellulosic fibers will
conifers.)
be specified based on microscopic examination (TAPPI T 234)
4.3 If known, the common name
...

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5.1 The post-crack behavior of plate-like, fiber-reinforced concrete structural members is well represented by a centrally loaded round panel test specimen that is simply supported on three pivots symmetrically arranged around its circumference. Such a test panel experiences bi-axial bending in response to a central point load and exhibits a mode of failure related to the in situ behavior of structures. The post-crack performance of round panels subject to a central point load can be represented by the energy absorbed by the panel up to a specified central deflection. In this test method, the energy absorbed up to a specified central deflection is taken to represent the ability of a fiber-reinforced concrete to redistribute stress following cracking.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural toughness of fiber-reinforced concrete expressed as energy absorption in the post-crack range using a round panel supported on three symmetrically arranged pivots and subjected to a central point load. The performance of specimens tested by this method is quantified in terms of the energy absorbed between the onset of loading and selected values of central deflection.  
1.2 This test method provides for the scaling of results whenever specimens do not comply with the target thickness and diameter, as long as dimensions do not fall outside of given limits.  
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Standard Practice for Maintenance, Renovation, and Repair of Installed Asbestos Cement Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The inhalation of airborne asbestos fibers has been shown to cause asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.  
5.1.1 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that “Effects on the lung are a major health concern from asbestos, as chronic (long-term) exposure to asbestos in humans via inhalation can result in a lung disease termed asbestosis. Asbestosis is characterized by shortness of breath and cough and may lead to severe impairment of respiratory function. Cancer is also a major concern from asbestos exposure, as inhalation exposure can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma (a rare cancer of the thin membranes lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding internal organs), and possibly gastrointestinal cancers in humans. EPA has classified asbestos as a Group A, known human carcinogen” (1).4  
5.1.2 The World Health Organization states: “Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres primarily from contaminated air in the working environment, as well as from ambient air in the vicinity of point sources, or indoor air in housing and buildings containing friable asbestos materials. The highest levels of exposure occur during repackaging of asbestos containers, mixing with other raw materials and dry cutting of asbestos-containing products with abrasive tools” (2).  
5.1.3 The World Bank states: “Health hazards from breathing asbestos dust include asbestosis, a lung scarring disease, and various forms of cancer (including lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum). These diseases usually arise decades after the onset of asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma, a signal tumor for asbestos exposure, occurs among workers’ family members from dust on the workers’ clothes and among neighbors of asbestos air pollution point sources” (3).  
5.2 Extensive litigation has occurred worldwide as a result of the health effects of asbestos over the past century, resulting in considerable economic consequences. The regulatory response to asbestos haza...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes work practices for asbestos-cement products when maintenance, renovation, and repair are required. This includes common tasks such as drilling and cutting holes in roofing, siding, pipes, etc. that can result in exposure to asbestos fibers if not done carefully. These work practices are supplemented and facilitated by the regulatory, contractual, training, and supervisory provisions of this practice.  
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1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for use only with asbestos-cement products already installed in buildings, facilities, and external infrastructure. They are not intended for use in construction or renovation involving the installation of new asbestos-cement products.  
1.4 The work practices are primarily intended to be used in situations where small amounts of asbestos-cement products must be removed or disturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation, or repair necessary for operation of the building, facility, or infrastructure.  
1.5 The work practices described herein are also applicable for use where the primary objective is the removal of asbestos-cement products from the building or other location, particularly the use of wet methods and other means of dust and fiber control.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this practice should b...

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ASTM D7337/D7337M-12(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Creep Rupture of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method for investigating creep rupture of FRP bars is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars, magnitude of applied force, and duration of force application. Unlike steel reinforcing bars or prestressing tendons subjected to significant sustained stress, creep rupture of FRP bars may take place below the static tensile strength. Therefore, the creep rupture strength is an important factor when determining acceptable stress levels in FRP bars used as reinforcement or tendons in concrete members designed to resist sustained loads. Creep rupture strength varies according to the type of FRP bars used.  
5.2 This test method measures the creep rupture time of FRP bars under a given set of controlled environmental conditions and force ratios.  
5.3 This test method is intended to determine the creep rupture data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the million-hour creep rupture capacity of the specimen.  
5.4 Creep properties of reinforced, post-tensioned, or prestressed concrete structures are important to be considered in design. For FRP bars used as reinforcing bars or tendons, the creep rupture shall be measured according to the method given herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines requirements for tensile creep rupture testing of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.  
1.2 Data obtained from this test method are used in design of FRP reinforcements under sustained loading. The procedure for calculating the one-million hour creep-rupture capacity is provided in Annex A1.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2356-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Management of asbestos-containing materials in buildings and facilities requires knowledge of the location, type, quantity, and condition of the material. The more complete and accurate the information available, the more appropriate and cost-effective are the control measures used to reduce possible exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. This is true whether the asbestos-containing materials remain undisturbed and completely intact, are selectively removed for maintenance or prior to renovation, or are removed to the greatest extent feasible before demolishing the building or facility.  
4.2 This practice describes three types of surveys that support different objectives. These are the Baseline Survey, the Project Design Survey, and the Pre-Construction Survey.  
4.2.1 The Baseline Survey is a building-wide or facility-wide inspection that provides a general sense of the overall location, type, quantity, and condition of asbestos-containing materials present. It is thorough in that most accessible functional spaces are inspected and bulk samples taken of suspect materials observed. The baseline survey provides information for long-term management of asbestos-containing materials and prioritization of response actions. The presence of asbestos in suspect materials may be assumed or presumed in some cases without bulk samples being taken or analyzed. However, the baseline survey is unobtrusive in that samples are not taken where doing so would result in objectionable damage to surfaces or where institutional barriers preclude access. In a baseline survey, destructive testing is avoided. Posting of signs and labels required for compliance with OSHA regulations would use the information generated during a Baseline Survey.
Note 1: A Baseline Survey is sometimes called an “AHERA” survey because it provides the type of information used for management of asbestos-containing materials in schools. However, the baseline survey described in this practice requires inspec...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting comprehensive surveys of buildings and facilities for the purpose of locating, identifying, quantifying, and assessing asbestos-containing materials.  
1.2 The results of a Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey are intended to be used for ongoing management of asbestos-containing materials, including Operations and Maintenance (O&M), removal, and other response actions. This includes response actions associated with renovations. A Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey is also intended to provide information required for removal of asbestos-containing materials prior to demolition of a building or facility.  
1.3 This practice discusses three types of surveys: Baseline Surveys, Project Design Surveys, and Pre-Construction Surveys.  
1.4 This practice discusses the following activities for each of the above types of surveys:  
1.4.1 Planning the survey to meet defined objectives;  
1.4.2 Obtaining and reviewing information on the building or facility including previous surveys and response actions;  
1.4.3 Conducting the physical activities of inspecting the premises and collecting bulk samples of suspect materials;  
1.4.4 Analyzing the bulk samples for asbestos type and content;  
1.4.5 Assessing the Current Condition and Potential for Disturbance of asbestos-containing materials; and  
1.4.6 Preparing a report that includes a narrative discussion of the findings, tabulations of inspection, sampling and analysis results, graphical depiction of the areas inspected, and the results of the assessment.  
1.5 This practice does not include air sampling or surface (dust) sampling for purposes of evaluating a potential exposure hazard from airborne asbestos fibers. The reader may find assistance with exposure assessment determination by reviewing Practice D7886.  
1.6 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in d...

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ASTM
ASTM C318/C318M-13(2018)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Gypsum Formboard

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the minimum requirements for gypsum formboard designed for use as a permanent form for poured-in-place reinforced gypsum concrete roof decks. Gypsum formboard shall consist of a noncombustible core, essentially gypsum, either mineral or organic, synthetic or natural. The face surface shall be specifically treated to resist fungus growth. Specimens shall be subjected to the following test methods: flexural strength; humidified deflection; core, end, and edge hardness; and resistance to fungi. Specimens shall be tested to determine thickness, width, length, end squareness, and edges and ends. The surfaces of gypsum formboard shall be true and free from imperfections that would render it unfit for use with or without decoration.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for gypsum formboard designed for use as a permanent form for poured-in-place reinforced gypsum concrete roof decks.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system shall be used independent of the other. Values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes which provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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