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ASTM A521/A521M-06

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use

Standard Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use

ABSTRACT
This specification covers untreated and heat-treated steel closed-impression die forgings for general industrial use. The Grades of forgings are as follows: Grades CA, CC, CC1, CE, CF, CF1, CG, AA, AB, AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, and AH. These Grades shall be annealed, normalized, tempered and quenched. The manufactured forgings shall be free from harmful surface discontinuities, roughness, excessive scale, and fins which are indications of overheating, burning, or other injurious conditions. A tensile test shall be done in order to determine the yield strength of the heat-treated forgings. The forgings shall be furnished in a scale-free condition and may be cleaned by acid pickling, grit blasting, sand blasting, or other abrasive method.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers untreated and heat-treated steel, closed-impression die forgings (Note 1) for general industrial use. Note 1—For the definition of a forging, refer General Requirements Specification A 788/A 788M.
1.2 The Grades of forgings are as follows, the choice depending on design and stress or service to be imposed:
1.2.1 Grade CA Untreated, carbon steel forgings,
1.2.2 Grades CC, CC1, and CE Annealed, normalized and tempered, carbon steel forgings,
1.2.3 Grade CF Normalized and tempered carbon steel forgings,
1.2.4 Grade CF1 Double normalized and tempered carbon steel forgings,
1.2.5 Grade CG Quenched and tempered, or normalized, quenched and tempered carbon steel forgings,
1.2.6 Grade AA Annealed, normalized, or normalized and tempered alloy steel forgings,
1.2.7 Grades AB and AC Normalized and tempered alloy steel forgings, and
1.2.8 Grades AD, AE, AF, AG, and AH Normalized, quenched, and tempered alloy steel forgings.
1.3 Unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation, the forgings shall be furnished with the inch-pound units.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2006
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A521-03 - Standard Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Replaced By
ASTM A521/A521M-06(2011) - Standard Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use
Effective Date
01-Apr-2011

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ASTM A521/A521M-06 - Standard Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial UseASTM A521/A521M-06 - Standard Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use
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ASTM A521/A521M-06 - Standard Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A521/A521M – 06
Standard Specification for
Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial
1
Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA521/A521M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This specification covers untreated and heat-treated 2.1 ASTM Standards:
steel, closed-impression die forgings (Note 1) for general A29/A29M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon andAlloy,
industrial use. Hot-Wrought, General Requirements for
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination
NOTE 1—For the definition of a forging, refer General Requirements
of Steel Forgings
Specification A788/A788M.
A322 Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Standard Grades
1.2 The Grades of forgings are as follows, the choice
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
depending on design and stress or service to be imposed:
of Steel Products
1.2.1 Grade CA—Untreated, carbon steel forgings,
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
1.2.2 GradesCC,CC1,andCE—Annealed,normalizedand
Forgings
tempered, carbon steel forgings,
A576 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,
1.2.3 Grade CF—Normalized and tempered carbon steel
Special Quality
forgings,
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
1.2.4 Grade CF1—Double normalized and tempered car-
quirements
bon steel forgings,
A921/A921M SpecificationforSteelBars,Microalloy,Hot-
1.2.5 Grade CG—Quenched and tempered, or normalized,
Wrought, Special Quality, for Subsequent Hot Forging
quenched and tempered carbon steel forgings,
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
1.2.6 Grade AA—Annealed, normalized, or normalized and
E45 TestMethodsforDeterminingtheInclusionContentof
tempered alloy steel forgings,
Steel
1.2.7 Grades AB and AC—Normalized and tempered alloy
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
steel forgings, and
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
1.2.8 Grades AD, AE, AF, AG, and AH—Normalized,
E340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
quenched, and tempered alloy steel forgings.
E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,
1.3 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-
Blooms, and Forgings
tion designation, the forgings shall be furnished with the
E407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
inch-pound units.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI
3. Ordering Information and General Requirements
(metric) units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within
3.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The
the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; there-
lines additional ordering information, manufacturing require-
fore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
ments, testing and retesting methods and procedures, product
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
analysis variations, marking, certification, and additional
formance with the specification.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as A521–03. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/A0521_A0521M-06. the ASTM website.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A521/A521M – 06
supplementary requirements. Failure to comply with the re- 8. Tensile Properties
quirements of Specification A788/A788M constitutes non-
8.1 The material shall conform to the requirements for
conformance with this specification
tensile properties prescribed in Table 1 when tested in accor-
3.2 In addition to the ordering information required by
dance with the latest issue of Test Methods and Definitions
SpecificationA788/A788M,thepurchasermayrequirethatthe A370.
tolerances stated in the appendices to this specification shall
8.2 The yield strength shall be determined by the offset
apply. method, using an offs
...

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ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.  
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
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ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
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This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
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This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
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This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
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ASTM A788/A788M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless covered by the individual product specification in another ASTM document, applies to steel forgings for general use. Materials shall be produced primarily by either electric-furnace, basic oxygen, vacuum-induction (VIM), or open-hearth melting process. The primary melting may incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting, using electro slag (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Steel shall be forged by any of these three classes based on forging temperature: cold-worked forging, hot-cold-worked forging, or hot-worked forging. After forging, specimens shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating for heat treatment. Details of heat and product analyses for the evaluation of chemical composition are thoroughly discussed. Tension and hardness tests shall be conducted to evaluate mechanical properties such as percentage of elongation and reduction of area. Repair welding shall not be allowed unless permitted by the product specification.
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ASTM Designation  
Title  
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Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts    
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Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts    
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Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels  
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Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels  
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Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
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High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure Vessels  
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Magnetic Particle Examination of Cont...

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ASTM A181/A181M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the carbon steel forgings used for general-purpose piping. Two classes of material are covered, Classes 60 and 70, and classified according to their mechanical properties. Except for flanges of all types, up to and including NPS 4 may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar. Elbows, return bends, tees, and header tees shall not be machined directly from bar stock. Forgings shall be protected against sudden or too rapid cooling from the rolling or forging while passing through critical range. Heat treatment is neither required nor prohibited, but when applied, it shall consist of tempering, annealing, normalizing, or normalizing and tempering. Heat analysis shall be made to determine the percentage of the following elements: carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. The mechanical properties of the material shall conform to the required tensile properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers nonstandard as-forged fittings, valve components, and parts for general service. Forgings made to this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered to Specification A266/A266M.  
1.2 Two classes of material are covered, designated as Classes 60 and 70, respectively, and are classified in accordance with their mechanical properties as specified in 6.1.  
1.3 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
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Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers age-hardening stainless steel forgings for general use. Materials for forgings shall consist of billets or bars and shall either be forged, rolled, or cast or a section cut from an ingot. The steel specimens shall be solution annealed and age hardened and shall conform to the required values of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, hardness and impact Charpy-V. The steel materials shall conform to the required chemical compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, aluminum, molybdenum, titanium, copper, nitrogen, columbium, and tantalum.
SCOPE
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A638/A638M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot-finished or cold-finished precipitation hardening iron base superalloy bars, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. The mechanical properties of these alloys are developed by suitable solution treating and precipitation hardening treatments. Two grades of iron base alloy are covered; Grade 660 and Grade 662 (bars and forgings). The material shall meet the requirements as to stress rupture properties specified. The material shall conform to the chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot-finished or cold-finished precipitation hardening iron base superalloy bars, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. The mechanical properties of these alloys are developed by suitable solution treating and precipitation hardening treatments.  
1.2 Two grades of iron base alloy are covered. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and elevated temperature characteristics.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A668/A668M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the standard requirements for untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. This specification covers six classes of carbon steels (Class A to F) and seven classes of alloy steels (Class G, H, and J to N). Materials shall be forged by hot mechanical work. Except for Class A, all forgings shall be heat treated, depending on class, by the following techniques: annealed, or normalized, or normalized and tempered (Classes B, C, D, and G); normalized and tempered, or double-normalized and tempered (Class E); quenched and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes F); normalized and tempered (Class H); normalized and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Class J); and normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes K, L, M, and N). Steel specimens shall undergo heat and product analyses, and shall conform to required chemical compositions for manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. Steel forgings shall also be tested on their conformance to the following tensile requirements: tensile strength, yield point, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. Other ASTM specifications for forgings are available for specific applications such as pressure vessels, railroad use, turbine generators, gearing, and others involving special temperature requirements.  
1.2 Hot-rolled or cold finished bars are not within the scope of this specification.  
1.3 Six classes of carbon steel and seven classes of alloy steel forgings are listed (see Section 7), which indicate their required heat treatments, as well as mechanical properties.  
1.4 Provision, with the suffix H for certification and marking, for the supply of forgings after hardness testing only.  
1.5 Supplementary requirements, including those in Specification A788/A788M, of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser.  
1.6 Appendix X1 lists the current classes corresponding to the various classes of Specifications A235, A237, and A243, which have been superseded by this specification.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard; within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.8 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification, the forgings shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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