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ASTM E1139-07

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries

Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
p>Acoustic emission examination of a structure requires application of a mechanical or thermal stimulus. In this case, the system operating conditions provide the stimulation. During operation of the pressurized system, AE from active discontinuities such as cracks or from other acoustic sources such as leakage of high-pressure, high-temperature fluids can be detected by an instrumentation system using sensors mounted on the structure. The sensors are acoustically coupled to the surface of the structure by means of a couplant material or pressure on the interface between the sensing device and the structure. This facilitates the transmission of acoustic energy to the sensor. When the sensors are excited by acoustic emission energy, they transform the mechanical excitations into electrical signals. The signals from a detected AE source are electronically conditioned and processed to produce information relative to source location and other parameters needed for AE source characterization and evaluation.
AE monitoring on a continuous basis is a currently available method for continuous surveillance of a structure to assess its continued integrity. The use of AE monitoring in this context is to identify the existence and location of AE sources. Also, information is provided to facilitate estimating the significance of the detected AE source relative to continued pressure system operation.
Source location accuracy is influenced by factors that affect elastic wave propagation, by sensor coupling, and by signal processor settings.
It is possible to measure AE and identify AE source locations of indications that cannot be detected by other NDT methods, due to factors related to methodological, material, or structural characteristics.
In addition to immediate evaluation of the AE sources, a permanent record of the total data collected (AE plus pressure system parameters measured) provides an archival record which can be re-evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure boundaries in industrial systems during operation. Examples are pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries other than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by this document.
1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These sources are those activated during system operation, that is, no special stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the significance of detected AE sources.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2007
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1139-02 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Replaced By
ASTM E1139/E1139M-12 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
Effective Date
15-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1139–07
Standard Practice for
Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal
1
Pressure Boundaries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1139; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-
tic Emission Sensor Response
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous moni-
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
toring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure bound-
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance
aries in industrial systems during operation. Examples are
Verification
pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which
3
2.2 Aerospace Industries Association:
serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries other
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by
Testing Personnel
this document.
4
2.3 Other Documents:
1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate,
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
sources are those activated during system operation, that is, no
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
special stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of
nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure
3. Terminology
boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the
3.1 Definitions:
significance of detected AE sources.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Terminology E1316.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 continuous monitoring—the process of monitoring a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
pressure boundary continuously to detect acoustic emission
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
during system operation and also during system shut-down
precautionary statements, see Section 6.
testing such as hydrostatic testing.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.2 raw data—data values determined directly from mea-
2
surement of analog inputs.These could include emission count
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or emission event count, or both, relative time of signal arrival
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-
at different sensors (delta time), signal rise time, peak signal
tive Testing
amplitude, RMS signal level, pressure system pressure and
E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-
temperature, and the like.
tures During Controlled Stimulation
3.2.3 processed data—data resulting from analysis of raw
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
data. Included would be AE source location coordinates, AE
Sensors
versus time from a given source area, AE signal amplitude
E750 Practice for CharacterizingAcoustic Emission Instru-
versus time, and the like.
mentation
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice describes the use of a passive monitoring
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
system to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources, in order
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
to evaluate their significance to the integrity of metal pressure
Acoustic Emission Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally boundaries.
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1193 - 02. DOI:
10.1520/E1139-07.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
the ASTM website. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1139–07
4.2 The practice provides guidelines for selection, qualifi- 7.2 Personnel Qualification
ca
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1139–02 Designation:E1139–07
Standard Practice for
Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal
1
Pressure Boundaries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1139; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure boundaries in
industrial systems during operation. Examples are pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which serve to contain
system pressure. Pressure boundaries other than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by this document.
1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their
significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These sources are those activated during system operation, that is, no special
stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure boundary is
accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the significance of detected AE sources.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 543Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Nondestructive Testing Specification for Agencies Performing Nonde-
structive Testing
E 569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation
E 650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E 750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
2
E 1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E 2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
3
2.2 Aerospace Industries Association Aerospace Industries Association:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
4
2.3 Other Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology E 1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 continuous monitoring—the process of monitoring a pressure boundary continuously to detect acoustic emission during
system operation and also during system shut-down testing such as hydrostatic testing.
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE07onNondestructiveTestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE07.04onAcousticEmission.
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002. Originally published as E1139–87. Last previous edition E1139–97.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on NondestructiveTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission
Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1193 - 02.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Plaza, PO Box 28518, Columbus, Ohio 43228-0518.
3
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 IEM Applications and Capabilities—IEM has been successfully applied to a wide range of NDT applications in the manufacture, maintenance, and repair of metallic and non-metallic parts. Examples of anomalies detected are discussed in 1.1 and 6.2. IEM has been proven to provide fast, cost-effective, and accurate NDT solutions in nearly all manufacturing, maintenance, or repair modalities. Examples of the successful application focuses include, but are not limited to: sintered powder metals, castings, forgings, stampings, ceramics, glass, wood, weldments, heat treatment, composites, additive manufacturing, machined products, and brazed products.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural frequency measurement and detection of defects and material variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These recorded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference population or within subgroups/families of examples of the same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
4.2 The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
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SCOPE
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4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
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5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units.  
1.2 The procedures are designed to measure search units as individual components (separate from the ultrasonic test instrument) using commercial search unit characterization systems or using laboratory instruments such as signal generators, pulsers, amplifiers, digitizers, oscilloscopes, and waveform analyzers.  
1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life.  
1.4 The procedures in Annex A1 – Annex A6 are generally applicable to ultrasonic search units operating within the 0.4 to 10 MHz range. Annex A7 is applicable to higher frequency immersion search unit evaluation. Annex A8 describes a practice for measuring sound beam profiles in metals from contact straight-beam search units. Additional Annexes, such as sound beam profiling for angle-beam search units in metal and alternate means for search unit characterization, will be added when developed.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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