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ASTM E1242-97(2008)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Using Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient to Estimate Median Lethal Concentrations for Fish Due to Narcosis

Standard Practice for Using Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient to Estimate Median Lethal Concentrations for Fish Due to Narcosis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This procedure can be used to limit the need for screening tests prior to performing a test for estimating the LC50 of a non-reactive and non-electrolytic chemical to the fathead minnow. By eliminating the screening test, fewer fish need be tested. The time used for preparing and performing the screening test can also be saved. The value obtained in this procedure can be used as the preliminary estimate of the LC50 in a full-scale test.
Estimates can be used to set testing priority of groups of non-reactive and non-electrolytic chemicals.
If the estimated value is more than 0.3 times the experimental value, the mechanism of action is probably narcosis. If less, the effect concentration is considered to reflect a different mechanism of action.
This practice estimates a maximum LC50, that is, non-reactive and non-electrolytic chemicals are at least as toxic as the practice predicts, but may have a lower LC50 if acting by a more specific mechanism. Data on a chemical indicating a lower toxicity than predicted should be considered suspect or an artifact because of limited solubility of the test material.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for estimating the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 96-h LC50 of nonreactive (that is, covalently bonded without unsaturated residues) and nonelectrolytic (that is, require vigorous reagents to facilitate substitution, addition, replacement reactions and are non-ionic, non-dissociating in aqueous solutions) organic chemicals acting solely by narcosis, also referred to as Meyer-Overton toxicity relationship.  
1.2 This procedure is accurate for organic chemicals that are toxic due to narcosis and are non-reactive and non-electrolytic. Examples of appropriate chemicals are: alcohols, ketones, ethers, simple halogenated aliphatics, aromatics, and aliphatic substituted aromatics. It is not appropriate for chemicals whose structures include a potential toxiphore (that structural component of a chemical molecule that has been identified to show mammalian toxicity, for example CN is known to be reponsible for inactivation of enzymes, NO2 for decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, both leading to mammalian toxicity). Examples of inappropriate chemicals are: carbamates, organophosphates, phenols, beta-gamma unsaturated alcohols, electrophiles, and quaternary ammonium salts.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2008
ICS
07.080 - Biology. Botany. Zoology
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.47 - Biological Effects and Environmental Fate
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1242-97(2008) - Standard Practice for Using Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient to Estimate Median Lethal Concentrations for Fish Due to NarcosisASTM E1242-97(2008) - Standard Practice for Using Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient to Estimate Median Lethal Concentrations for Fish Due to Narcosis
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ASTM E1242-97(2008) - Standard Practice for Using Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient to Estimate Median Lethal Concentrations for Fish Due to Narcosis
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1242 − 97(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Practice for
Using Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient to Estimate
1
Median Lethal Concentrations for Fish Due to Narcosis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1023 Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to
Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for estimating the
E1147 Test Method for Partition Coefficient (N-Octanol/
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 96-h LC50 of nonre-
Water) Estimation by Liquid Chromatography (With-
active (that is, covalently bonded without unsaturated residues)
4
drawn 2013)
and nonelectrolytic (that is, require vigorous reagents to
facilitate substitution, addition, replacement reactions and are
3. Terminology
non-ionic, non-dissociating in aqueous solutions) organic
3.1 Definitions:
chemicals acting solely by narcosis, also referred to as Meyer-
2
3.1.1 narcosis—a reversible state of stupor,
Overton toxicity relationship.
unconsciousness, or arrested activity produced by the influence
1.2 Thisprocedureisaccuratefororganicchemicalsthatare
of chemicals on critical sites within membranes or by disrupt-
toxic due to narcosis and are non-reactive and non-electrolytic.
ing the normal functioning of certain proteins by means of
Examples of appropriate chemicals are: alcohols, ketones,
nonspecific binding of organic chemical(s) to hydrophobic
ethers, simple halogenated aliphatics, aromatics, and aliphatic
sites. Death results if exposure is not terminated after a length
substituted aromatics. It is not appropriate for chemicals whose
of time which varies with concentration.
structures include a potential toxiphore (that structural compo-
3.1.2 octanol-water partition coeffıcient (K )—referred to
ow
nent of a chemical molecule that has been identified to show
as P in some literature.
mammaliantoxicity,forexampleCNisknowntobereponsible
for inactivation of enzymes, NO for decoupling of oxidative 3.1.3 toxiphore—a chemical structure substituent group that
2
phosphorylation, both leading to mammalian toxicity). Ex- when present gives rise to an adverse effect in exposed
amples of inappropriate chemicals are: carbamates, organisms.
organophosphates, phenols, beta-gamma unsaturated alcohols,
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this standard, refer
electrophiles, and quaternary ammonium salts.
to Guide E729, Terminology E943, and Guide E1023.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Practice
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 The hydrophobicity of a non-reactive and non-
E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test
electrolytic organic chemical as quantified by log of the
Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-
octanol-water partition coefficient is substituted into an experi-
ians
mentally derived equation and an approximate 96-h log LC50
E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-
for fathead minnow is calculated. This value is a maximum
ronmental Fate
value. The actual LC50 could be lower, but should not be
higher.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environ-
mental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct
5. Significance and Use
responsibility of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental
Fate.
5.1 This procedure can be used to limit the need for
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originally
screening tests prior to performing a test for estimating the
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1242 – 97(2003).
DOI: 10.1520/E1242-97R08. LC50 of a non-reactive and non-electrolytic chemical to the
2
Lipnick, Robert L., “Validation and Extension of Fish Toxicity QSARs and
fathead minnow. By eliminating the screening test, fewer fish
Interspecies Comparisons for Certain Classes of Organic Chemicals,” QSAR in
need be tested.The time used for preparing and performing the
Toxicology and Xenobiochemistry, Elsevier, 1985.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1242 − 97 (2008)
screening test can also be saved. The value
...

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Standard Practice for Using Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient to Estimate Median Lethal Concentrations for Fish Due to Narcosis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This procedure can be used to limit the need for screening tests prior to performing a test for estimating the LC50 of a non-reactive and non-electrolytic chemical to the fathead minnow. By eliminating the screening test, fewer fish need be tested. The time used for preparing and performing the screening test can also be saved. The value obtained in this procedure can be used as the preliminary estimate of the LC50 in a full-scale test.  
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for estimating the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 96-h LC50 of nonreactive (that is, covalently bonded without unsaturated residues) and nonelectrolytic (that is, require vigorous reagents to facilitate substitution, addition, replacement reactions and are non-ionic, non-dissociating in aqueous solutions) organic chemicals acting solely by narcosis, also referred to as Meyer-Overton toxicity relationship.2  
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1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Guide  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Safety Precautions  
6  
Apparatus  
7  
Water for Culturing Xenopus  adults  
8  
Requirements  
8.1  
Source  
8.2  
Treatment  
8.3  
Characterization  
8.4  
FETAX Solution Water  
9  
Requirements  
9.1  
Formulation  
9.2   ...

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1.1 This document is composed of terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, and acronyms used in ASTM documents related to the field of bioenergy and industrial chemicals from biomass. Terms that are adequately defined in a general dictionary are not defined in this terminology standard.  
1.2 This standard includes terminology used in areas related to bioenergy and industrial chemicals from biomass, such as, but not limited to: characterization and identification of biomass, aseptic sampling, preservation of biological samples, sustainability, denatured fuel ethanol, cooking fuels and biomass conversion.  
1.2.1 The bylaws for Committee E48 allow the definitions approved in current E48 standards to be added to this terminology standard editorially. The definitions will have an attribution to indicate the standard(s) containing the definition. Subcommittee E48.91 can also develop definitions for the terminology standard. Those definitions will be attributed to the subcommittee.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E943-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology document defines terms commonly used in standards developed by ASTM Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate. This terminology document is intended to be consistent with the use of terms in ASTM standards related to this field and, to the extent possible, with use by other organizations.  
1.1.1 If a specific Subcommittee E50.47 standard uses one of these terms in a different context, then the term should be defined in that standard. A term used only in a specific ASTM standard need not be included in this terminology document.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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