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ASTM D5228-92(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Working Capacity of Activated Carbon

Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Working Capacity of Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The BWC, as determined by this test method, is a measure of the ability of an activated carbon to adsorb and desorb butane from dry air under specified conditions. It is useful for quality control and evaluation of granular activated carbons that are used in applications where the adsorption of butane and desorption with dry air are of interest. The BWC can also provide a relative measure of the effectiveness of the tested activated carbons on other adsorbates.
The butane activity and retentivity can also be determined under the conditions of the test. The butane activity is an indication of the micropore volume of the activated carbon sample. The butane retentivity is an indication of the pore structure of the activated carbon sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the butane working capacity (BWC) of new granular activated carbon. The BWC is defined as the difference between the butane adsorbed at saturation and the butane retained per unit volume of carbon after a specified purge. The test method also produces a butane activity value that is defined as the total amount of butane adsorbed on the carbon sample and is expressed as a mass of butane per unit weight or volume of carbon.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For a specific hazard statement, see 7.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2005
ICS
71.040.30 - Chemical reagents
Technical Committee
D28 - Activated Carbon
Drafting Committee
D28.04 - Gas Phase Evaluation Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5228-92(2000) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Butane Working Capacity of Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D5228-92(2010) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Working Capacity of Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010

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ASTM D5228-92(2005) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Working Capacity of Activated Carbon
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D5228–92(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Butane Working Capacity of Activated
Carbon
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the butane 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
working capacity (BWC) of new granular activated carbon. method, refer to Terminology D2652.
The BWC is defined as the difference between the butane
4. Summary of Test Method
adsorbed at saturation and the butane retained per unit volume
of carbon after a specified purge. The test method also 4.1 An activated carbon bed of known volume and mass is
saturatedwithbutanevapor.Themassadsorbedatsaturationis
produces a butane activity value that is defined as the total
amount of butane adsorbed on the carbon sample and is noted. The carbon bed is then purged under prescribed condi-
tions with dry hydrocarbon free air. The loss of mass is the
expressed as a mass of butane per unit weight or volume of
carbon. BWC and is expressed as mass of butane per unit volume of
carbon.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
5. Significance and Use
standard.
5.1 The BWC, as determined by this test method, is a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
measure of the ability of an activated carbon to adsorb and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
desorb butane from dry air under specified conditions. It is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
useful for quality control and evaluation of granular activated
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
carbons that are used in applications where the adsorption of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
butane and desorption with dry air are of interest. The BWC
hazard statement, see 7.1.
can also provide a relative measure of the effectiveness of the
2. Referenced Documents
tested activated carbons on other adsorbates.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.2 The butane activity and retentivity can also be deter-
minedundertheconditionsofthetest.Thebutaneactivityisan
D2652 Terminology Relating to Activated Carbon
D2854 Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated indication of the micropore volume of the activated carbon
sample. The butane retentivity is an indication of the pore
Carbon
D2867 Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon structure of the activated carbon sample.
D3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration
6. Apparatus
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
6.1 Water Bath,capableofmaintainingatemperatureof25°
ASTM Test Methods
6 0.2°C and of sufficient depth so the entire carbon bed in the
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
sampletubeisimmersedinthewater.A6-mmODcoppertube
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
with an immersed length of 1.9 m (Fig. 1) provides adequate
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
heat transfer for gas temperature control.
6.2 Sample Tube, as shown in Fig. 2. The glass plate with
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D28 on
holes is preferred to a fritted disk to support the carbon, since
Activated Carbon and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D28.04 on Gas
fritted disks can vary widely in pressure drop.
Phase Evaluation Tests.
6.3 Flow Meters, one capable of delivering air at 0 to 500
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally
mL/min, and one capable of delivering butane at 0 to 500
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5228–92 (2000).
DOI: 10.1520/D5228-92R05.
mL/min, both calibrated in accordance with Practice D3195.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.4 Balance, capable of weighing to within 6 0.01 g.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.5 Fill Device—The vibration feed device used in Test
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Method D2854, Figs. 1 through 4, is preferred.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5228–92 (2005)
0.5°C. Its specific gravity is 2.046 relative to air. Butane may
be narcotic in high concentrations and is considered a simple
asphyxiant.Iftheentireapparatusisnotsetupinafumehood,
provision must be made to vent the gas coming from the
discharge stem of the sample tube.)
7.2 Dry Air, free of organics, with a dew point no higher
than −32°C.
8. Sampling
8.1 For guidance in sampling granular activated carbon,
refer to Practice E300.
9. Calibration of a Sample Tube
9.1 Clean and dry the sample tube to prevent any water
droplets from adhering to the inner surface of the tube.
9.2 Using distilled water, carefully fill the sample tube
throughthenarrowsidestemtopreventtheintroductionofany
air bubbles.
9.2.1 Holdthesampletubeuprightwhileslowlyintroducing
thedistilledwater.Airbubbleshaveatendencytoformdirectly
below the retainer plate of the tube.
9.3 Clamp the filled sample tube in an upright position to a
FIG. 1 Butane Working Capacity Apparatus Schematic
ring stand and stopper the narrow side stem.
9.4 Using a pipet, carefully remove the water from the
sample tube to the top of the retainer plate. Caution must be
taken so no water is removed from below the retainer plate
creating air bubbles that would result in a spurious calibration
of the sample tube. If this occurs, the tube must be refilled by
repeating 9.1 through 9.3.
9.5 Using the buret, fill the sample tube with 16.7 6 0.05
mL of water, then etch the tube at the level of the meniscus.
10. Maintenance of Bath Water
10.1 In order to prevent mold formation, the bath water
should be changed periodically.
11. Procedure
11.1 Dry an adequate sample as prescribed in Test Methods
D2867, Section 4.
11.2 DeterminetheapparentdensityinaccordancewithTest
Method D2854 and record.
11.3 Accurately weigh the empty, dry sample tube and
stoppers to the nearest 0.01 g and record.
1– Ground glass stopper, hollow, medium length, 14/20, from Kontes Catalog
11.4 Filltheadsorptiontubewithcarbontotheetchmarkat
No. K-89100 Schwartz adsorption tube, or equivalent.
2– 5-mm rod, brace.
a rate of 0.35 to 1.0 mL/s using the vibrating feeder apparatus
3– 17-mm O.D. 3 1.2 mm standard wall tubing.
described in Test Method D2854 with a funnel modified to
4– Coor’s perforated porcelain disk or extra coarse fritted disk, or equivalent.
5– 10-mm O.D. 3 1.0 mm standard wall tubing. accommodatetheadsorptiontube.Largerparticleswillrequire
6–
...

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ASTM D5742-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Activity of Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The butane activity as determined by this test method is a measure of the ability of an activated carbon to adsorb butane from dry air under specified conditions. It is useful for the quality control and evaluation of granular activated carbons. The butane activity is an indication of the micropore volume of the activated carbon sample. This activity number does not necessarily provide an absolute or relative measure of the effectiveness of the tested carbon for other adsorbates or at other conditions of operation.  
5.2 The butane activity test can be used as a non-ozone depleting substitute for the carbon tetrachloride activity test in Test Method D3467. Fig. 1 shows an experimental correlation of activity values obtained using the two adsorbates.  
FIG. 1 Butane Versus Carbon Tetrachloride Correlation  
Note 1: This test has not been designed for use with powdered activated carbon, but it has been used successfully when the flow rate or time are adjusted or the sample volume is decreased to keep the pressure drop at an acceptable value.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the activation level of activated carbon. Butane activity (BA) is defined herein as the ratio (in percent) of the mass of butane adsorbed by an activated carbon sample to the mass of the sample, when the carbon is saturated with butane under the conditions listed in this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D5228-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Working Capacity of Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The BWC, as determined by this test method, is a measure of the ability of an activated carbon to adsorb and desorb butane from dry air under specified conditions. It is useful for quality control and evaluation of granular activated carbons that are used in applications where the adsorption of butane and desorption with dry air are of interest. The BWC can also provide a relative measure of the effectiveness of the tested activated carbons on other adsorbates.  
5.2 The butane activity and retentivity can also be determined under the conditions of the test. The butane activity is an indication of the micropore volume of the activated carbon sample. The butane retentivity is an indication of the pore structure of the activated carbon sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the butane working capacity (BWC) of new granular activated carbon. The BWC is defined as the difference between the butane adsorbed at saturation and the butane retained per unit volume of carbon after a specified purge. The test method also produces a butane activity value that is defined as the total amount of butane adsorbed on the carbon sample and is expressed as a mass of butane per unit weight or volume of carbon.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The particle size of fine mesh and powdered activated carbon is sometimes used to evaluate filter cake filtration rates and the filter penetration in filtering applications.  
5.2 The selection and handling of fine mesh or powdered activated carbon, and operation of processes using fine mesh or powdered activated carbon, requires the knowledge of the particle size.  
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SCOPE
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ASTM D8176-18(2023)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the density expressed in g/mL for powdered or fine mesh carbon. Due to the nature of the small particles, the density of these carbon types cannot be measured using the same procedure as granular carbon.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanically tapped density of powdered and fine mesh activated carbon. For the purpose of this test method, “powdered carbon” is defined as having a mean particle diameter less than 45 µm, and “fine mesh carbon” is defined as having a particle size predominately between 80 and 325 U.S. Standard mesh.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The moisture content of activated carbon is often required to define and express its properties in relation to the net weight of the carbon.  
4.2 The moisture content of activated carbon packed in typical shipping containers will usually increase during transportation and storage. Users of activated carbon in applications where low moisture content is important should be aware of this effect.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide three procedures for the determination of the moisture content of activated carbon. The procedures may also be used to dry samples required for other tests. The oven drying and moisture balance methods are used when water is the only volatile material present and is in significant quantities, and the activated carbon is not heat sensitive (some activated carbons can ignite spontaneously at temperatures as low as 150 °C). The xylene extraction method is used when a carbon is known or suspected to be heat sensitive or to contain miscible organic compounds instead of or in addition to water. The interferences posed by miscible inorganic compounds has not been determined. The oven drying method described in these test methods may be used as the reference for development of instrumental techniques for moisture determination in activated carbon.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of virgin, newly impregnated or in-service, granular or pelletized activated carbon for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from an air stream, under the laboratory test conditions described herein. A humidified air stream containing 1 % (by volume) hydrogen sulfide is passed through a carbon bed until 50 ppm breakthrough of H2S is observed. The H2S adsorption capacity of the carbon per unit volume at 99.5 % removal efficiency (g H2S/cm3 carbon) is then calculated. This test is not necessarily applicable to non-carbon adsorptive materials.  
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ASTM D3803-91(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Nuclear-Grade Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test method give a conservative estimate of the performance of nuclear-grade activated carbon used in all nuclear power plant HVAC systems for the removal of radioiodine.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a very stringent procedure for establishing the capability of new and used activated carbon to remove radio-labeled methyl iodide from air and gas streams. The single test method described is for application to both new and used carbons, and should give test results comparable to those obtained from similar tests required and performed throughout the world. The conditions employed were selected to approximate operating or accident conditions of a nuclear reactor which would severely reduce the performance of activated carbons. Increasing the temperature at which this test is performed generally increases the removal efficiency of the carbon by increasing the rate of chemical and physical absorption and isotopic exchange, that is, increasing the kinetics of the radioiodine removal mechanisms. Decreasing the relative humidity of the test generally increases the efficiency of methyl iodide removal by activated carbon. The water vapor competes with the methyl iodide for adsorption sites on the carbon, and as the amount of water vapor decreases with lower specified relative humidities, the easier it is for the methyl iodide to be adsorbed. Therefore, this test method is a very stringent test of nuclear-grade activated carbon because of the low temperature and high relative humidity specified. This test method is recommended for the qualification of new carbons and the quantification of the degradation of used carbons.  
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ASTM D5159-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Dusting Attrition of Granular Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Three forces can mechanically degrade a granular activated carbon: impact, crushing, and attrition. Of these three, attrition, or abrasion, is the most common cause of dust formation in actual service. Published test procedures to determine the “hardness” of activated carbons produce results that in general cannot be correlated with field experience. For example, the ball-pan hardness test applies all three forces to the sample in a variable manner determined by the size, shape, and density of the particles. The “stirring bar” abrasion test measures attrition so long as the particle size is smaller than 12 mesh. There is some evidence, however, that the results of this test method are influenced by particle geometry. The procedure set forth in this guide measures the effect of friction forces between vibrating or slowly moving particles during the test and may be only slightly dependent on particle size, shape, and density effects.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a procedure for evaluating the resistance to dusting attrition of granular activated carbons. For the purpose of this guide, the dust attrition coefficient, DA, is defined as the weight (or calculated volume) of dust per unit time, collected on a preweighed filter, in a given vibrating device during a designated time per unit weight of carbon. The initial dust content of the sample may also be determined. Granular activated carbon is defined as a minimum of 90 % being larger than 80 mesh (0.18 mm) (see Test Methods D2867).  
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ASTM D6586-03(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for the Prediction of Contaminant Adsorption on GAC in Aqueous Systems Using Rapid Small-Scale Column Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Granular activated carbon (GAC) is commonly used to remove contaminants from water. However if not used properly, GAC can not only be expensive but can at times be ineffective. The development of engineering data for the design of full-scale adsorbers often requires time-consuming and expensive pilot plant studies. This rapid standard practice has been developed to predict adsorption in large-scale adsorbers based upon results from small column testing. In contrast to pilot plant studies, the small-scale column test presented in this practice does not allow for a running evaluation of factors that may affect GAC performance over time. Such factors may include, for example, an increased removal of target compounds by bacterial colonizing GAC3 or long-term fouling of GAC caused by inorganic compounds or background organic matter.4 Nevertheless, this practice offers more relevant operational data than isotherm testing without the principal drawbacks of pilot plant studies, namely time and expense; and unlike pilot plant studies, small-scale studies can be performed in a laboratory using water sampled from a remote location.  
5.2 This practice known as the rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) uses empty bed contact time (EBCT) and hydraulic loading to describe the adsorption process. Mean carbon particle diameter is used to scale RSSCT results to predict the performance of a full-scale adsorber.  
5.3 This practice can be used to compare the effectiveness of different activated carbons for the removal of contaminants from a common water stream.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a test method for the evaluation of granular activated carbon (GAC) for the adsorption of soluble pollutants from water. This practice can be used to estimate the operating capacities of virgin and reactivated granular activated carbons. The results obtained from the small-scale column testing can be used to predict the adsorption of target compounds on GAC in a large column or full-scale adsorber application.  
1.2 This practice can be applied to all types of water including synthetically contaminated water (prepared by spiking high-purity water with selected contaminants), potable waters, industrial wastewaters, sanitary wastes, and effluent waters.  
1.3 This practice is useful for the determination of breakthrough curves for specific contaminants in water, the determination of the lengths of the adsorbates mass transfer zones (MTZ), and the prediction of GAC usage rates for larger scale adsorbers.  
1.4 The following safety caveat applies to the procedure section, Section 10, of this practice: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4069-95(2020)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Impregnated Activated Carbon Used to Remove Gaseous Radio-Iodines from Gas Streams

ABSTRACT
This standard covers the specifications for physical properties and performance requirements of virgin impregnated activated carbon to be used for the removal of gaseous radioiodine species from gas streams. The activated carbon furnished under this specification shall be virgin material. Each batch of impregnated activated carbon shall conform to the requirements for physical properties prescribed. The following test methods shall used to determine the physical properties and performance capability of the sample: apparent density; particle size distribution; ash content; moisture content; ignition temperature; ball-pan hardness; and pH.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Activated carbons used in containment systems for nuclear reactors must be capable of functioning under both normal operating conditions and those conditions which may exist following a design basis accident (DBA). Adsorbent beds that are part of recirculatory systems inside containment may be exposed to the peak pressure, temperature, and steam content of a post-DBA condition.  
5.2 Carbon beds outside containment will be protected by fast-acting shutoff valves from the sudden rise in pressure, temperature, and humidity of the containment atmosphere which would exist following a DBA. However, some rise in temperature and humidity will be experienced even by beds outside containment if they are reconnected to containment after the initial pressure rise (due to escape of steam into the containment volume) has been reduced by containment coolers. The amount of radioactivity that can reach either type of adsorption system is conceivably quite high; hence, there is a possibility of a bed temperature rise due to decay heating. The gaseous radioactive contaminants of most interest are organic iodides. In this test, CH3I is used to typify the performance of the carbon on organic iodine compounds in general. The test described here provide a reasonable picture of the effectiveness of an activated carbon for organic iodides under normal and post-DBA conditions. The equipment and methods described can be used, with discretion, for similar tests at different gas flow conditions and, to some extent, on different gaseous radioactive contaminants and other adsorbents.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the specifications for physical properties and performance requirements of virgin impregnated activated carbon to be used for the removal of gaseous radioiodine species from gas streams.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
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