ASTM C372-94(2016)

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the Dilatometer Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Measurement of thermal expansion is useful for predicting stress within joined materials or single materials under conditions of changing or nonuniform temperature. It can also serve as an indicator of phase composition or changes in structure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of premelted frit (porcelain enamel and glaze) and ceramic whiteware products by the thermal dilatometer method. This test method is applicable to apparatus meeting the reproducibility and accuracy requirements of this test method, which are to produce percent linear expansion accuracy of ±3 % or better and coefficient of linear expansion accuracy of ±5 % or better.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2016
• ICS: 25.220.50 - Enamels
• Technical Committee: C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
• Drafting Committee: C21.03 - Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C372 − 94 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze
Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the
1
Dilatometer Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C372; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 0.01 P
α, mm/mm·°C orin./in.·°C 5
T 2 T
2 1
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear
thermal expansion of premelted frit (porcelain enamel and
where:
glaze)andceramicwhitewareproductsbythethermaldilatom-
α = mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion from
eter method. This test method is applicable to apparatus
temperature T to T , and
1 2
meeting the reproducibility and accuracy requirements of this
P = percent linear thermal expansion as defined in 3.1.2.
test method, which are to produce percent linear expansion
3.1.2 percent linear thermal expansion—from temperature
accuracy of 63% or better and coefficient of linear expansion
T to temperature T (T < T ):
1 2 1 2
accuracy of 65% or better.
L 2 L
2 1
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
P 5 31001A
L
0
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
∆L
5 31001A
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- L
0
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
where:
P = percent linear thermal expansion from temperature T
1
2. Referenced Documents
to T ,
2
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
L = sample length at T (T between 20 and 30°C),
0 0 0
E220Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
L = sample length at T ,
1 1
Comparison Techniques
L = sample length at T , and
2 2
E228Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
A = instrument correction.
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
E230Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
4. Significance and Use
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
4.1 Measurementofthermalexpansionisusefulforpredict-
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
ing stress within joined materials or single materials under
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
conditions of changing or nonuniform temperature. It can also
serve as an indicator of phase composition or changes in
3. Terminology
structure.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 mean coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion—from
5. Apparatus
temperature T to temperature T (T < T ):
1 2 1 2
5.1 Thermal Dilatometer:
5.1.1 General Description—A thermal dilatometer is an
1
apparatus that provides means for varying the temperature of a
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
test specimen in a controlled manner, measuring the specimen
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
length,andmeasuringthetemperatureofthespecimenforeach
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
readingofspecimenlength.Thereareseveraldifferenttypesas
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C372–94(2012).
DOI: 10.1520/C0372-94R16. follows:
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.1.1 Manual—Amanual dilatometer is one in which any
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
oralloftheabovearedonebymanualmeansandthecorrected
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. percent linear thermal expansion curve is plotted by hand.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C372 − 94 (2016)
5.1.1.2 Recording—Arecording dilatometer is an apparatus 6.2 For all samples, test specimens may be of any conve-
bywhichtheabovearerecordedbyinstrumentalmeansbutthe nient length, provided the uniformity of the furnace has been
final corrected percent linear thermal expansion curve is determined over that length. The minimum thickness of the
plotted by hand. specimen shall be 0.2 in. (5.1 mm) and the maximum cross-
2 2
5.1.1.3 Automatic Recording—An automatic recording sectional area shall be 0.45 in. (2.9 cm ). The ends of the
dilatometer is a recording dilatometer with provision for specimen shall be ground flat and perpendicular to the axis of
automatically plotting the corrected percent linear thermal the specimen.
expansion curve.
6.3 Test specimens shall be conditioned in accordance with
5.1.2 Any generally accepted apparatus that is capable of
the history of t
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C372 − 94 (Reapproved 2012) C372 − 94 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze
Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the
1
Dilatometer Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C372; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of premelted frit (porcelain enamel and glaze)
and ceramic whiteware products by the thermal dilatometer method. This test method is applicable to apparatus meeting the
reproducibility and accuracy requirements of this test method, which are to produce percent linear expansion accuracy of 63 %
or better and coefficient of linear expansion accuracy of 65 % or better.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 mean coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion—from temperature T to temperature T (T < T ):
1 2 1 2
0.01 P
α, mm/mm·°C or in./in.·°C 5
T 2 T
2 1
where:
α = mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion from temperature T to T , and
1 2
P = percent linear thermal expansion as defined in 3.1.2.
3.1.2 percent linear thermal expansion—from temperature T to temperature T (T < T ):
1 2 1 2
L 2 L
2 1
P 5 31001A
L
0
ΔL
5 31001A
L
0
where:
P = percent linear thermal expansion from temperature T to T ,
1 2
L = sample length at T (T between 20 and 30°C),
0 0 0
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.03
on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
Current edition approved April 1, 2012Nov. 1, 2016. Published April 2012November 2016. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
C372 – 94 (2012).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/C0372-94R12.10.1520/C0372-94R16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C372 − 94 (2016)
L = sample length at T ,
1 1
L = sample length at T , and
2 2
A = instrument correction.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Measurement of thermal expansion is useful for predicting stress within joined materials or single materials under conditions
of changing or nonuniform temperature. It can also serve as an indicator of phase composition or changes in structure.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Thermal Dilatometer:
5.1.1 General Description—A thermal dilatometer is an apparatus that provides means for varying the temperature of a test
specimen in a controlled manner, measuring the specimen length, and measuring the temperature of the specimen for each reading
of specimen length. There are several different types as follows:
5.1.1.1 Manual—A manual dilatometer is one in which any or all of the above are done by manual means and the corrected
percent linear thermal expansion curve is plotted by hand.
5.1.1.2 Recording—A recording dilatometer is an apparatus by which the above are recorded by instrumental means but the final
corrected percent linear thermal expansion curve is plotted by hand.
5.1.1.3 Automatic Recording—An automatic recording dilatometer is a recording dilatometer with provision for automatically
plotting the corrected percent linear thermal expansion curve.
5.1.2 Any generally accepted apparatus that is capable of measuring the l
...