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ASTM D7790-12

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Preparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids for United Nations (UN) Drop Testing

Standard Guide for Preparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids for United Nations (UN) Drop Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide direction for uniform conditioning methodology when conducting special preparations of plastic packagings as prescribed for conducting United Nations (UN) drop test. This guide provides a uniform approach for conditioning of plastic packaging intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods).  
4.2 The hazardous materials (dangerous goods) regulations certification process requires that plastic packagings undergo special preparations before performing the UN drop test. The regulations do not include uniform procedures for conducting special preparations. Non-uniform procedures allow for differences in methods between test facilities which may result in different test results.  
4.3 The UN Orange Book and 49 CFR 178.603(c) state that drop testing conditioning is required for all plastic drums, plastic jerricans, plastic boxes (other than expanded polystyrene boxes), composite packagings (plastic material), and combination packagings with plastic inner packagings (other than plastic bags intended to contain solids or articles). It further states that drop testing shall be conducted when the temperature of the test sample (packagings and contents) has been reduced to –18°C or lower. Test liquids shall be kept in the liquid state, if necessary, by the addition of antifreeze. Water/antifreeze solutions with a minimum 0.95 specific gravity for testing at –18°C or lower are considered acceptable test liquids.  
4.4 A 24-hour conditioning period may not be sufficient time for the packaging and contents to reach the required temperature.  
4.5 This guide provides additional information not in the regulations that will facilitate consistent test sample conditioning among test facilities. The information and guidance provided here are intended to meet or exceed the minimum requirements of the regulations.  
4.6 For more information on the UN certification tests, refer to Guide D4919.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide intends to provide a standardized method for special preparation conditioning of drop test samples for United Nations (UN) performance-oriented packaging certification.  
1.2 This guide provides guidance on conditioning test samples for drop testing plastic packaging intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods) as required by 49 CFR §178.603(c)(1) and §178.810(b)(4). This guide also provides the minimum information that should be documented when conducting special preparation conditioning.  
1.3 The user of this guide shall be trained in accordance with 49 CFR §172.700 and other applicable hazardous materials regulations including: the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), and carrier rules such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2012
ICS
55.020 - Packaging and distribution of goods in general
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.22 - Hazardous Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7790-19 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids for United Nations (UN) Drop Testing
Effective Date
01-Oct-2019
Referred By
ASTM D7887-20 - Standard Guide for Selection of Substitute, Non-hazardous, Liquid Filling Substances for Packagings Subjected to the United Nations Performance Tests
Effective Date
01-Nov-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4919-23 - Standard Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials (Dangerous Goods) Packagings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2012

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ASTM D7790-12 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids for United Nations (UN) Drop TestingASTM D7790-12 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids for United Nations (UN) Drop Testing
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ASTM D7790-12 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids for United Nations (UN) Drop Testing
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7790 − 12
Standard Guide for
Preparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids for
1
United Nations (UN) Drop Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide intends to provide a standardized method for
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
special preparation conditioning of drop test samples for
Packaging Components for Testing
United Nations (UN) performance-oriented packaging certifi-
D4919 Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials (Danger-
cation.
ous Goods) Packagings
1.2 This guide provides guidance on conditioning test
2.2 Federal Standard:
samples for drop testing plastic packaging intended for liquid
U.S. Department of Transportation Code of Federal Regula-
3
hazardous materials (dangerous goods) as required by 49 CFR
tions Title 49 (49 CFR) Parts 100-185
§178.603(c)(1) and §178.810(b)(4). This guide also provides 2.3 UN Standard:
United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dan-
the minimum information that should be documented when
4
gerous Goods, Model Regulations (UN Orange Book)
conducting special preparation conditioning.
2.4 IATA Standard:
1.3 The user of this guide shall be trained in accordance
International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous
with 49 CFR §172.700 and other applicable hazardous mate- 5
Goods Regulations
rials regulations including: the International Civil Aviation
2.5 ICAO Standard:
Organization(ICAO)TechnicalInstructionsfortheSafeTrans-
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical
port of Dangerous Goods by Air, the International Maritime
InstructionsfortheSafeTransportofDangerousGoodsby
6
Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), and carrier rules such
Air
as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Danger-
2.6 IMDG Standard:
7
ous Goods Regulations.
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are regarded as the
3. Terminology
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1 Definitions:
standard.
3.1.1 ambient, adv—the temperature and humidity of the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
surrounding environment where sample preparation is con-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ducted.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Office, Washington, DC 20402-9371 (website: phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat).
4
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- Available from the UN Economic Commission for Europe, Information
Service, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland (website: http://
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
www.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.htm).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5
Available from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), 800 Place
Victoria, PO Box 113, Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1M1 Canada (website: http://
www.iata.org).
6
Available from the International Civil Aviation Organization, (ICAO), 999
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD10onPackagingand University St., Montreal, Quebec H3C 5H7 Canada (website: http://www.icao.org).
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Hazardous Materials.
7
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. DOI: Available from the International Marine Organization (IMO), 4 Albert
10.1520/D7790-12. Embankment, London, SE1 7SR United Kingdom (website: http://www.imo.org).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7790 − 12
3.1.2 conditioning period, n—minimum time required for preparations of plastic packagings as prescribed for conducting
test sample(s) and contents to reach the appropriate tempera- United Nations (UN) drop test. This guide provides a uniform
ture. approach for c
...

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ASTM D7790-19(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Preparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids for United Nations (UN) Drop Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide direction for uniform conditioning methodology when conducting special preparations of plastic packagings as prescribed for conducting United Nations (UN) drop test. This guide provides a uniform approach for conditioning of plastic packaging intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods).  
4.2 The hazardous materials (dangerous goods) regulations certification process requires that plastic packagings undergo special preparations before performing the UN drop test. The regulations do not include uniform procedures for conducting special preparations. Non-uniform procedures allow for differences in methods between test facilities which may result in different test results.  
4.3 49 CFR 178.603(c) state that special conditioning for drop testing is required for all plastic drums, plastic jerricans, plastic boxes (other than expanded polystyrene boxes), composite packagings (plastic material), and combination packagings with plastic inner packagings (other than plastic bags intended to contain solids or articles). It further states that drop testing shall be conducted when the temperature of the test sample (packagings and contents) has been reduced to –18 °C or lower. Test liquids shall be kept in the liquid state, if necessary, by the addition of antifreeze. Water/antifreeze solutions with a minimum 0.95 specific gravity for testing at –18 °C or lower are considered acceptable test liquids. These conditioning requirements also apply to IBCs and Large Packagings. Refer to 49 CFR §178.810(b)(4) and §178.965(c), respectively.  
4.4 A 24-hour conditioning period may not be sufficient time for the packaging and contents to reach the required temperature.  
4.5 This guide provides additional information not in the regulations that will facilitate consistent test sample conditioning among test facilities. The information and guidance provided here are intended to meet or exceed the minimum requirements of the regul...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized method and a set of basic instructions for special preparation conditioning of drop test samples being subjected to United Nations (UN) performance-oriented packaging certification as required by United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN).  
1.2 This guide provides guidance on conditioning test samples for drop testing plastic Non-Bulk Packaging, Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC), and Large Packaging designs intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods) as required by 49 CFR §178.603(c)(1), §178.810(b)(4), and §178.965(c), respectively. This guide also provides the minimum information that should be documented when conducting special preparation conditioning.  
1.3 The user of this guide shall be trained in accordance with 49 CFR §172.700 and other applicable hazardous materials regulations including: the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), and carrier rules such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, G...

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ASTM D3951-18(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers the requirements for the commercial preservation, packaging, packing (exterior container), unitization, and marking for supplies and equipment. It provides for multiple handling and shipment by any mode, and storage periods of a minimum of one year in enclosed facilities without degradation or damage to the product within the container. It also provides for package quantities suitable for redistribution without additional repackaging or marking. Planned storage that exceeds one year requires more than minimum requirements for physical and mechanical protection.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to Department of Defense shipments for:  
4.2.1 Items intended for immediate use;  
4.2.2 Items for not-mission-capable supply;  
4.2.3 Items intended for depot operational consumption;  
4.2.4 Small parcel shipments (CONUS), not-for-stock; and  
4.2.5 Direct vendor deliveries (CONUS ONLY).  
4.3 All other Department of Defense shipments shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-2073–1.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for packaging of supplies and equipment, exclusive of ammunition, explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D8135-17(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Substitute, Non-hazardous, Particulate Solid Filling Substances for Packagings Subjected to the United Nations Performance Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Regulations prescribing the test procedures for hazardous materials packaging allow for the substitution of non-hazardous fill materials for packaging performance tests with certain limitations prescribed and guidance offered (see 49 CFR 178.602(c)). This regulatory guidance has proven to be flexible enough, in common industry practice, to produce variations in the selection of fill materials for package performance tests sufficient to cause inconsistent and non-repeatable test results. This variation creates significant problems in product liability, packaging selection and regulatory enforcement in this highly regulated industry. Use of this guide should enhance uniformity in test procedures.  
5.2 Consistent and repeatable test results coupled with clear test fill product descriptions will enhance transportation safety by simplifying packaging selection. This will also increase the general level of confidence that package testing, manufacture, and use are being guided by sound, generally accepted engineering principles. It also aids in clarifying expectations between the packaging industry and the regulatory authorities.  
5.3 The guide will be used by packaging manufacturers and packaging test labs to create packaging test plans that meet customer needs and conform to the HMR. In addition, for the user of a packaging, certain information about the type and physical characteristics of the material used to test the packaging must be available in the test report and/or notification instruction to allow evaluation of whether a particular packaging was tested with a substitute material appropriate for the hazardous material to be shipped.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to clarify the selection, use, and description criteria of non-hazardous particulate solid substitutes used to replace hazardous materials for the purpose of performance testing packagings. This includes identification of the physical parameters of substitute non-hazardous solid test fill materials that may affect packaging performance and test results and should be considered when selecting and describing a test fill material that conforms to the requirements of the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). This guide is intended for use with package testing procedures for particulate solid materials that have flow characteristics. It is not intended for use with hazardous articles.  
1.2 This guide provides information to assist packaging users, manufacturers, and performance testing service suppliers regarding the types of physical properties that should be considered when selecting substitute filling substances for the testing, certification and manufacture of packagings under the United Nations packaging protocols (UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods-Model Regulations) as adopted by US DOT in 49 CFR HMR.  
1.3 This guide provides the suggested minimum information concerning the physical characteristics of the filling substances that should be documented in the certification test report and notification to users to allow for test repeatability and analysis, and to provide guidance to the user of a packaging of pertinent physical differences between potential hazardous lading and the filling substance with which the packaging was tested.  
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ASTM D4919-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials (Dangerous Goods) Packagings

ABSTRACT
This guide identifies the key information required to ensure that selected packaging will pass the United Nations (UN) packaging certification at the level that is appropriate for its intended use. This guide covers test procedures for transportation of hazardous material packagings for net masses except those used for infectious substances, radioactive materials, cylinders, and other receptacles for gases and does not replace domestic or international requlatory requirements for hazardous material packagings. The UN performance tests are based on the degree of hazard posed by the proposed materials to be packaged which are also assigned to a specific packing group. Only packaging designs that meet the UN performance standards are to be marked with a UN mark. Tests include drop test, leakproofness test, stack test, vibration test, pressure differential test, hydrostatic pressure test, and cobb water absorption test.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The UN performance tests are based on the degree of hazard presented by the proposed hazardous material(s) to be packaged.  
4.2 Substances and articles which are hazardous are assigned to a specific packing group as defined in 3.8.1 and may be determined by referencing 49 CFR 172.101 hazardous materials table.  
4.3 Only packaging designs that have been successfully tested to the UN performance standards as defined in 3.8.2 may have the UN specification mark applied to the outer packaging. Hazardous Materials may not be transported in a packaging that does not bear the appropriate UN specification markings unless otherwise authorized by the applicable competent authority.  
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1.1 This guide identifies the key information required for United Nations (UN) packaging certification to ensure the selected packaging will be certified to the appropriate level for its intended use and provides guidance for locating relevant sections of the United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Consult with a regulatory specialist whenever needed.  
1.2 This guide provides assistance in determining the appropriate performance tests required to certify packaging designs to the United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations performance oriented packaging standards based on the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods..  
1.3 This guide covers the testing for transportation of hazardous materials (dangerous goods) packagings for net masses not exceeding 400 kg (880 lb) or capacities not exceeding 450 L (119 gal), excepting packagings for infectious substances, radioactive materials, cylinders and other receptacles for gases.  
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ASTM D996-23(Terminology)
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the packaging and distribution environments. Terms that are generally understood or adequately found in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in discussions.  
1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the name of the organization or ASTM committee.  
1.4 The definitions in this terminology are grouped into related areas under principal concepts. The broad descriptor term for each group is followed in alphabetical order by narrower terms and related terms. Cross-references are included where the concept group is not obvious.  
1.5 Terminology related to flexible barrier packaging is found in Terminology F17.  
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ASTM D4728-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.  
4.2 Resonance buildups during random vibration tests are less intense than during sinusoidal resonance dwell or sweep tests. Therefore, unrealistic fatigue damage due to resonance buildup is minimized.  
4.3 Random vibration tests should be based on representative field data. When possible, confidence levels may be improved by comparing laboratory test results with actual field shipment effects. Refer to Practice D4169 for recommended random vibration tests. (See Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 for related information.)  
4.4 There is no direct equivalence between random vibration tests and sinusoidal vibration tests. Equivalent tests between sine and random, in a general sense, are difficult to establish due to nonlinearities, damping and product response characteristics.  
4.5 Vibration exposure affects the shipping container, its interior packing, means of closure, and contents. This test allows analysis of the interaction between these components. Design modification to one or all of these components may be used to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment.  
4.6 Random vibration tests may be simultaneously performed with transient or periodic data to simulate known stresses of this type, that is, rail joints, pot holes, etc.  
4.7 Random vibration may be conducted in any axis (vertical or horizontal) or in any package orientation. However, different test levels may be utilized for each axis depending on the field environment that is to be simulated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.
Note 1: Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-11).2  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 6.  
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ASTM D4332-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Many materials from which containers and packages are made, especially cellulosic materials, undergo changes in physical properties as the temperature and the relative humidity (RH) to which they are exposed are varied. Therefore, the package should be placed and kept in a specified atmosphere for a length of time such that subsequent measurements of physical properties will be meaningful and reproducible.  
4.2 The conditions described in this practice are either historically accepted standard conditions or special laboratory conditions chosen to represent particular phases of the distribution environment. These special conditions do not necessarily duplicate actual field conditions, but tend to simulate them and have effects on packages and materials which may be related to their field performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides for standard and special conditioning and testing atmospheres that may be used to simulate particular field conditions that a container, package, or packaging component may encounter during its life or testing cycle.  
1.2 This practice describes procedures for conditioning these containers, packages, or packaging components so that they approach or reach equilibrium with the atmosphere to which they may be exposed. This standard is commonly used for conditioning when conducting transit simulation tests.  
1.3 Practice D685 should be used as the relevant conditioning standard when quantification of box compression strength at standard atmosphere conditions is required.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5445-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Packages are often marked with handling instructions in the language of the country of origin. While this may safeguard the consignment to some extent, it is of little value for goods consigned to, or through, countries using different languages, and of no value at all if people unloading the packages are illiterate. Pictorial symbols offer the most likely means of conveying the consignor’s intention and their adoption will, therefore, undoubtedly reduce loss and damage through incorrect handling. The use of pictorial symbols does not provide any guarantee of satisfactory handling; proper protective packaging is therefore of primary importance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a set of symbols to be used for marking of packages or containers to indicate special handling and storage requirements.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide a measure of a shipping container's ability to protect a product from failure due to horizontal impacts. These measures are based on controlled levels of shock input and may be used for arriving at the optimum design of a container or system to protect a product against a specified level of shipping environment hazard.  
4.2 These test methods provide a measure of a packaged product's ability to withstand the various levels of shipping environment hazards. These measures may be used to prescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not induce damage to the packaged product or to define the required levels of protection that must be provided by its packaging.  
4.3 Test Method A is intended to simulate the rail car coupling environment. Refer to Methods D5277 for simulating the standard draft gear portion of that environment.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to determine the ability of a package or product to withstand laboratory simulated horizontal impact forces.  
1.2 The horizontal impacts used in these test methods are programmed shock inputs that represent the hazards as they occur in the shipping and handling environments. The environmental hazards may include rail switching impacts, lift truck marshalling impacts, and so forth. The following test methods apply:  
1.2.1 Method A, Rail Car Switching Impact—This test method simulates the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail car switching, with the use of a rigid bulkhead on the leading edge of the test carriage, to simulate the end wall of a railcar and shock programming devices to produce representative shock pulses. With the use of backloading, this test method may also be used to simulate compressive forces experienced by lading loads during rail car switching. It is suitable for tests of individual containers or systems as they are shipped in rail cars. It may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of pallet patterns to determine the effect of interaction between containers during rail switching operation impacts.  
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1.3 The test levels may be varied to represent the mode on shipping and handling used for the item under test.  
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ASTM D6344-04(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the ability of packaging to resist the force of concentrated impacts from outside sources, such as those encountered in various modes of transportation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted by adjacent freight jostling against the package in a carrier vehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loaded or unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against one another during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many other circumstances.  
4.2 This test method is intended to determine the ability of packaging to protect contents from such impacts, and to evaluate if there is sufficient clearance or support or both between the package wall and its contents.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for testing complete filled transport packages for resistance against concentrated low-level impacts typical of those encountered in the distribution environment. The test is most appropriate for packages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes or stretch-wrapped packaging.  
1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based on acceptance criteria previously established, and a record of the energy dissipated by the complete filled transport package during a low level concentrated impact.
Note 1: This test method discusses the conduct of the test from a prescribed height that either meets or does not meet specific acceptance criteria. It may be possible to conduct this type of testing using modified procedures that provide a numerical response. These might include an incremental test where the drop height (or mass) is increased until a specific failure occurs or an up-and-down or staircase procedure used to find the average height to failure.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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