ASTM D4510-05(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Counting Partial Cleavages in Wool and Other Animal Fibers (Withdrawn 2018)
Standard Test Method for Counting Partial Cleavages in Wool and Other Animal Fibers (Withdrawn 2018)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D4510 for the counting of partial cleavages, may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised, since information on between-laboratory precision is limited. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
Chemically damaged or tendered fibers are recognizable microscopically by qualified operators and should not be counted as partial cleavages. Such fibers exhibit total loss of cuticle, severe surface erosion, tenderizing cracks, longitudinal fibrillation, or a combination of these features (see Figs. 1 and 2). In a study of deliberately over-carbonized wool at one laboratory, it was found that when more than 24 tendered fibers were seen in 1 m, partial cleavage counts were significantly higher than on similar fibers that were not overcarbonized.
FIG. 1 (A) Partial Cleavage—But do not count if it is at the end of a fiber. The split may have been caused by other means
FIG. 1(B–D) Split ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool and other animal fibers.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool and other animal fibers.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4510 − 05 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Counting Partial Cleavages in Wool and Other Animal
Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4510; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the
4.1 This test method describes a procedure:
microprojector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool
4.1.1 The segmenting of various test specimens in prepara-
and other animal fibers.
tion for testing,
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 4.1.2 The projection on a screen of magnified images of the
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
randomly sampled short segments of fiber from the small test
standard. specimens, and
4.1.3 The measurement of the number of partially cleaved
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
fibers.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Test Method D4510 for the counting of partial
cleavages, may be used for the acceptance testing of commer-
2. Referenced Documents
cial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
advised, since information on between-laboratory precision is
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
limited. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advis-
D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
able.
D2525Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
D4845Terminology Relating to Wool
reportedtestresultswhenusingthistestmethodforacceptance
2.2 Other Document: testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
Wool Products Labeling Act of 1983 plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
3. Terminology
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.13, Wool and Wool
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
Felt, refer to Terminology D4845.
from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
specimensshouldthenberandomlyassignedinequalnumbers
cashmere, coarse hair, cashmere coarse hair content, cashmere
toeachlaboratoryfortesting.Theaverageresultsfromthetwo
down, cashmere hair.
laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
nology D123.
twopartiesbeforethetestingisbegun.Ifabiasisfound,either
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
suppliermustagreetointerpretfuturetestresultsinthelightof
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
the known bias.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally
5.2 Chemicallydamagedortenderedfibersarerecognizable
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D4510–05. DOI:
microscopically by qualified operators and should not be
10.1520/D4510-05R09.
counted as partial cleavages. Such fibers exhibit total loss of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
cuticle,severesurfaceerosion,tenderizingcracks,longitudinal
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
fibrillation, or a combination of these features (see Figs. 1 and
the ASTM website.
2). In a study of deliberately over-carbonized wool at one
Act of Congress, “Wool Products LabelingAct of 1939,” 76th Congress,Third
Session, approved October 14, 1939. laboratory,itwasfoundthatwhenmorethan24tenderedfibers
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4510 − 05 (2009)
FIG. 1 (A) Partial Cleavage—But do not count if it is at the end
of a fiber. The split may have been caused by other means
were seen in 1 m, partial cleavage counts were significantly
higher than on similar fibers that were not overcarbonized.
6. Apparatus and Material
6.1 Microprojector —The microscope shall be equipped
with a fixed body tube, a focusable stage responsive to coarse
and fine adjustments, a focusable substage with condenser and
iris diaphragm, and a vertically installed adequate light source
to give a precise magnification of 500×, that is, a 12.5×eye-
piece and a 21×0.50 numerical aperture objective.
FIG. 1 (B–D) Split Fiber (continued)
6.2 Stage Micrometer —calibrated in intervals of 0.01 mm
for accurate setting and control of the magnification.
6.3 Fiber-Sectioning Apparatus:
6,7
6.3.1 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device — An instrument applying pressure vertically downward, cuts fibers approxi-
comprisedofametalplatewithaslotandcompressingkeyand mately 250 µm in length (Fig. 3).
equipped with a propulsion mechanism by which the fiber
6.4 Microscope Slides, 25 by 75 mm (1 by 3 in.).
bundle may be extruded for sectioning. The instrument is
6.5 Cover Glasses, No. 1 thickness, 22 by 50 mm ( ⁄8 by 2
designed to hold a sliver of top or equivalent bulk of fibers, or
in.).
yarn. (Fig. 3)
6.3.2 Safety Razor Blades—Single-edge or double-edge
6.6 Mounting Medium —Colorless immersion oil with a
blades (if used with blade holder). refractive index of 1.480 6 0.005 at 20°C (68°F), and a
6.3.3 FRL Fiber Cutter —Adevice comprised of two razor
viscosity of 78.81 SUS at 37.8°C (100°F).
blades, a threaded pin and an assemblage that will hold the
6.7 Length Gage, made of stiff, white paper 155 mm long,
blades rigidly in position. The device, which is operated by
and having thin transverse lines inscribed on it 10 mm from
each end, so that the distance between the lines shall be 135.0
6 2.5 mm. The length gage shall be of convenient width (for
Available from R&B Instruments, Leeds Wortly Low Mills, 318 Whitehall
example, 30 mm). A satisfactory length gage may also be
Road, Leeds L512 4RJ England.
constructed of cardboard by inscribing thereon concentric
Available from most scientific laboratory instrument supply companies.
Available from Joe Opherkens, 426 Adams, Ogden, UT 84403.
circles having diameters of 135 mm and 155 mm. This length
Shirley Fibre Microtome available from Crosroe, Inc., P.O. Box 6408, Tower
Drive, Greenville, SC 29606.
Available from Albany International Research Co., 777 West St., P.O. Box
9114, Mansfield, MA 02048-9114. Available from Yocom-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc.
D4510 − 05 (2009)
sampling plan with a meaningful producers’ risk, consumers’ risk,
acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample for Bulk Wool— Consider each unit
in the lot sample as a unit in the laboratory sample.
7.3 Test Specimens for Bulk Wool—Take two test specimens
fromeachunitinthelaboratorysampleasdescribedinPractice
D2525.
8. Sampling
8.1 Wool Yarns:
8.1.1 Lot Sample for Wool Yarn—As a lot sample for
acceptance testing, take at random the number of shipping
cases directed in an applicable material specification or other
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, such as an
agreement to use Practice D2258. Consider shipping cases to
be the primary sampling units. (Note 1)
8.1.2 Laboratory Sample for Wool Yarn— As a laboratory
sample for acceptance testing, take at random from each
shipping case in the lot sample the number of packages
directed in an applicable material specification or other agree-
ment to use Practice D2258. Preferably, the same number of
packages should be taken from each shipping case in the
sample. If differing numbers of packages are to be taken from
shipping cases in the lot sample, determine at random which
FIG. 2 Fiber With Transverse Cracks
shipping cases are to have each number of packages drawn.
8.1.3 Test Specimens for Wool Yarn—From each package in
the laboratory sample, take two test specimens as follows.
Inspect each package after withdrawing at least five layers of
yarn from the outside of the package. If there is visible
evidenceofdamagetothepackage,continuetowithdrawunits
of five layers and reinspect. Take specimens of about 1 m (1
yd.) long. Discard specimen lengths that are damaged. Discard
at least 2 m (2 yds) of strand between specimens from a single
package.
8.2 Wool Fabric:
8.2.1 Lot Sample for Wool Fabric—As a lot sample for
acceptancetesting,takeatrandomthenumberofrollsoffabric
directed in an applicable material specification or other agree-
ment between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of
FIG. 3 Heavy Duty Cross-Section Device
fabric to be the primary sampling units. (Note 1)
8.2.2 Laboratory Sample for Wool Fabric—As a laboratory
gage has been found most suitable for the projected field of
sample for acceptance testing, take a full width swatch ap-
vision of the microprojector recommended with this length
proximately 1 meter (1 yd) long from the end of each roll of
gage.
fabricinthelotsample,afterfirstdiscardingallfabricfromthe
outside of the roll that contains creases, fold marks,
6.8 Dissecting Needle.
delamination, or disturbed weave.
7. Sampling Bulk Wool
8.2.3 Test Specimens for Wool Fabric— Cut two specimens
from each swatch in the laboratory sample with each specimen
7.1 Lot Sample for Bulk Wool—As a lot sample for the
between 230 mm (9.0 in.) square, with one side of the
acceptancetestingofbulkwool,suchaswooltop,intermediate
specimensparalleltothewarpendsintheswatch,andwiththe
products, and rovings, take at random the number of shipping
specimens from a single swatch spaced along a diagonal line
containers directed in an applicable material specification or in
ontheswatchsothateachspecimenwillcontaindifferentwarp
an agreement between the purchaser and supplier, such as an
ends and filling picks.
agreementtousePracticeD2525.Considershippingcontainers
to be the primary sampling unit.
9. Calibration of Microprojector
NOTE 1—An adeq
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