ASTM F414-21

Standard Test Method for Energy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-Moving Plunger

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure of test and provides data that can be related to tire strength, but does not measure tire performance or establish specification or tolerances.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tire plunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread area of an inflated tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflation pressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The test requires utilization of a laboratory testing machine capable of slowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plunger having a hemispherical end.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to pneumatic tires for vehicles normally used on the road.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2021
• ICS: 83.160.10 - Road vehicle tyres
• Technical Committee: F09 - Tires
• Drafting Committee: F09.30 - Laboratory (Non-Vehicular) Testing

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F414 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Energy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-Moving
1
Plunger
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF414;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F538Terminology Relating to Characteristics and Perfor-
mance of Tires
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tire
F1082Practice for Tires—Determining Precision for Test
plunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread area
3
Method Standards (Withdrawn 2005)
of an inflated tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflation
IEEE/ASTM SI10-02American National Standard for Use
pressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The test
of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern
requires utilization of a laboratory testing machine capable of
Metric System
slowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plunger
having a hemispherical end.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method is applicable to pneumatic tires for
3.1 Definitions:
vehicles normally used on the road.
3.1.1 bottom out, v—to deform a tire by radial load on the
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
tread until radial movement of the inside surface is stopped by
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
the rim or other tire inside surface. F538
information only.
3.1.2 groove, n—a void that is relatively narrow compared
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
to its length. F538
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 load range, n—aletterdesignation(A,B,C,D)or,for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
P-metrictires,standardload(SL),lightload(LL),orextraload
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
(XL), used to identify a given size tire with its load and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
inflation limits when used in a specific type of service. F538
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.4 load rating [M], n—the maximum load a tire is rated
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
to carry for a given usage at a specific cold inflation pressure.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
F538
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.5 maximum load rating [M], n—of a passenger tire, the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
load rating at the maximum permissible cold inflation pressure
for that tire. F538
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.6 maximum plunger travel [L], n—in tire testing, the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
relative displacement of tread surface by a plunger, measured
D4483Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method
from the point of initial contact of the plunger with the tread
StandardsintheRubberandCarbonBlackManufacturing
surface to the point of maximum force at rupture or at the
Industries
bottom-out point. F538
E4Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
ing Machines 3.1.7 nominal plunger energy,W=(F× P)/2, n—in tire
testing, one half of the product of a peak force (required to
rupture the tire structure in tread area) and maximum plunger
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires
travel into a tire at the time of rupture. F538
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-
Vehicular) Testing.
3.1.8 plunger, n—in tire testing, a cylindrical rod with a
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally
hemispherical end. F538
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F414–15. DOI:
10.1520/F0414-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F414 − 21
TABLE 1 Plunger Diameter
3.1.9 void, n—a volume (in the tread band) defined by the
A
lack of rubber; the depth dimension of this volume may vary Tire Load Identification Tire Characteristics Plunger Diameter, mm (in.)
from point to point in (on) the tread band. F
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F414 − 15 F414 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Energy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-Moving
1
Plunger
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F414; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tire plunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread area of an inflated
tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflation pressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The test requires utilization
of a laboratory testing machine capable of slowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plunger having a hemispherical end.
1.2 This test method is applicable to pneumatic tires for vehicles normally used on the road.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing Industries
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
F538 Terminology Relating to Characteristics and Performance of Tires
3
F1082 Practice for Tires—Determining Precision for Test Method Standards (Withdrawn 2005)
IEEE/ASTM SI10-02 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bottom out, v—to deform a tire by radial load on the tread until radial movement of the inside surface is stopped by the rim
or other tire inside surface. F538
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-Vehicular)
Testing.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015Sept. 1, 2021. Published August 2015October 2021. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
F414 – 09.F414 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/F0414-15.10.1520/F0414-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F414 − 21
3.1.2 groove, n—a void that is relatively narrow compared to its length. F538
3.1.3 load range, n—a letter designation (A, B, C, D) or, for P-metric tires, standard load (SL), light load (LL), or extra load (XL),
used to identify a given size tire with its load and inflation limits when used in a specific type of service. F538
3.1.4 load rating [M], n—the maximum load a tire is rated to carry for a given usage at a specific cold inflation pressure. F538
3.1.5 maximum load rating [M], n—of a passenger tire, the load rating at the maximum permissible cold inflation pressure for
that tire. F538
3.1.6 maximum plunger travel [L], n—in tire testing, the relative displacement of tread surface by a plunger, measured from the
point of initial contact of the plunger with the tread surface to the point of maximum force at rupture or at the bottom-out point.
F538
3.1.7 nominal plunger energy, W = (F × P)/2, n—in tire testing, one half of the product of a peak force (required to rupture the
tire structure in tread area) and maximum plunger travel into a tire at the time of rupture. F538
3.1.8 plunger, n—in tire testing, a cylindrical rod with a hemispherical end. F538
...