F09 - Tires

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference test tire SW. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction and snow traction but may also be used for other evaluations that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 245/70R19.5 136/134M radial truck standard reference test tire SW. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction and snow traction but may also be used for other evaluations that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 19.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 225/45R17 94H XL radial standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for abrasion rate evaluations of severe snow use tires as defined by ISO 4223-1, but may also be used for other evaluations. For the general requirements of normal, snow and special use tires as defined by ISO 4223-1, refer to Specification F3676.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 17 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 All X-ray systems are subject to changing efficiencies, so a practice for checking the overall operation is needed. This practice will assure the operator of an optimized image when ambient conditions are controlled and the X-ray high voltage generator is adjusted as prescribed.  
5.2 The densities of some tire cord materials are very close to that of the rubber matrix in which they are enclosed, so the resolving capability of an X-ray system is critical to the detection of abnormalities. The rubber-cord pie disk provides a means for optimizing the resolving power in a particular apparatus and for comparing its performance over any period of time.  
5.3 The rubber-cord pie disk can be used to compare the performances of X-ray systems in different laboratories. It can also be used in special cases to optimize system performance for a particular sector or cord-type, as may be required for examining a specific tire.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the construction and use of a rubber-cord pie-shaped standard disk for demonstrating the discernment capability of an X-ray imaging system.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to direct viewing (fluoroscopic) X-ray imaging systems and film, plate or paper (radiographic) X-ray imaging systems that are used for checking the construction consistency of pneumatic tires.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 225/45R17 94V XL radial standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for abrasion rate evaluations of normal, snow and special use tires as defined by ISO 4223-1, but may also be used for other evaluations. For the general requirements of severe snow use tires as defined by ISO 4223-1, refer to Specification F3675.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 17 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification contains the general requirements for the 245/7OR19.5 136/134M radial truck standard reference test. Provided in this specification is a 19.5 rim diameter code standard truck design and construction, standard dimensions, and standard conditions of storage. A reference tire is covered in this specification for braking traction, snow traction, wear evaluations pavement roughness, noise and other forms of test requiring a reference tire. Test methods of the tensile sheet cure, the 300% stress elongation, and tensile sheet strength should be in accordance to the specified testing requirements presented in D3182, and D412. The testing procedure also includes using of Type A durometer centred at the presser foot at a minimum of 6.0 mm, chaking the durometer operation and the state of durometer calibration with rubber reference, determining tire tread hardness by four readings and quickly applying the presser foot to the tire tread without inducing shock.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 245/70R19.5 136/134M radial truck standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 19.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P225/60R16 97S radial standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 16 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 As of 2020 the E1136 P195/75R14 92S Standard Reference Test Tire has ceased production. The F2493 P225/60R16 97S Standard Reference Test Tire is an acceptable replacement for E1136 as the reference tire for Test Methods F1805 and E1337.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference tire. Provided in this specification is a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions and standard condition of storage. This specified tire is primarily used as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, wear performance evaluations, pavement and noise evaluations and other tests that necessitate a reference tire. Testing methods for the tensile sheet cure, the stress at 300% elongation, the tensile strength shall be in accordance with the standards presented by D3182 and D412 respectively. The test methods also include checking of the durometer operation, checking the sate calibration of the durometer, determining the tire tread hardness by averaging four readings and applying the presser foot to the tire tread as rapidly as possible without shock.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Static measurements of tires are important to tire manufacturers, processing engineers, and vehicle design engineers for purposes of commerce (in consumer/vendor agreements) and in tire research and development.  
4.2 The procedures are sufficiently detailed to achieve commercially acceptable reproducibility among laboratories and may therefore be used for specification, compliance, or reference purposes.  
4.3 Changes attributable to growth after inflation may be obtained by comparing measurements made immediately after inflation with those made 18 to 24 h later.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers methods for performing certain mechanical static measurements on tires. The term “static” implies that the tire is not rotating while measurements are being made.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The tread of a tire, the annular band that contacts the pavement, normally contains geometric tread pattern elements that are defined by grooves or voids. These are employed to confer appropriate traction properties to the tire, mainly on wet or snow-covered roads.  
5.2 One characteristic feature of tire tread patterns that is important for both traction and tire wear behavior is the percent or “fractional” groove area. The groove-area fraction is calculated with respect to the total or gross contact area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a technique for measuring the groove or void area of a tire tread pattern. The void area is measured on the inked impression of a tire tread statically loaded against heavyweight paper on a load platen.  
1.2 This procedure is intended to serve as a reference practice for measuring groove or tread pattern void areas in a tire-footprint impression. This technique is usable by any laboratory without special equipment although more sophisticated procedures are also commonly employed, such as optical or video camera processes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Methods D1149 and D1171 can be used to evaluate different aspects of fatigue and weather cracking resistance of sidewall component materials in the form of test specimens. The present method applies to complete tires that are subjected to actual weather exposure conditions. The present method is satisfactory for research and development purposes but is not applicable to regulatory statutes or purchase specifications until standard classifications of state of cracking, similar to those in Test Method D1171, can be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating passenger car tires for sidewall component integrity and cracking resistance, using an outdoor roadwheel.  
1.2 This test method evaluates the resistance of tire sidewalls to dynamic weathering, atmospheric ozone cracking, fatigue cracking, or openings of splices within, or of junctures between, sidewall components and cracking at molded sidewall elements.  
1.3 This test method is useful for evaluating tire black sidewalls, white, or other colored, sidewalls, and coverstrips.  
1.4 This test method is limited to comparative performance testing between a “control” sidewall component or assembly and one or more experimental alternatives that are built onto the same tire (“multisection”) or onto tires that are identical in all respects other than the sidewall variation.  
1.5 This test method is not applicable to evaluation of sidewall resistance to abrasion, as may be experienced in severe cornering or curb scuffing.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statements, see 5.2.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The 1.707-m [67.23-in.] diameter laboratory test roadwheel is one of the most extensively employed testing devices for tire durability and endurance testing.  
5.2 This test apparatus operating in the laboratory at controlled surface speeds, loads, and ambient temperatures simulates, to a degree, tire-operating conditions resembling actual service. Because of the roadwheel curvature, the test tire is fatigued more rapidly than a tire operating on a road.  
5.3 The laboratory roadwheel described in this practice is suitable for comparative evaluation of tires under controlled operating and environmental conditions.  
5.4 While the laboratory roadwheel may not reproduce structural fatigue exactly as it occurs in service, the laboratory wheel can be used to produce fatigue under controlled conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for a 1.707-m [67.23-in.] diameter laboratory roadwheel for durability and endurance testing of tires under controlled operating and environmental conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7 and Note 1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P225/60R16 97S radial low tread depth standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for wet braking traction evaluations for tires in a worn state but may also be used for other evaluations.  
1.2 This specification provides a 16 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Calibration is essential in the use of various test platforms and devices to insure that the test results generated by these test devices are accurate, repeatable and meaningful. This standard gives the necessary instructions for the calibration of all of the test devices cited in the Scope.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice gives procedures for the calibration of:
reference load cells
calibration platform systems by using a reference load cell
static calibration of braking/tractive force on locked wheels of tire test trailers, instrumented vehicles, and laboratory tire testing machines by using the calibration platform system as a calibration fixture.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 All S/H systems change with time and use. Therefore, a calibration procedure for evaluating the operation of an S/H system is desirable. This calibration procedure provides a method of obtaining an optimized interferometric image pattern associated with a given size anomaly.  
5.2 The use of straining blocks as calibration devices provides a means for ensuring the continued optimal performance of the S/H system. Straining blocks can also be used to compare performance of S/H systems in different facilities.  
5.3 At not greater than a three (3) month interval the S/H system shall be calibrated following the procedures described in this practice. When necessary, adjustments, repairs, or modifications shall be made to the S/H system until it is able to observe, in the same image, all anomalies of size within the range of interest contained in the straining blocks.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the construction and use of a calibration device for demonstrating the anomaly detection capability of interferometric laser imaging nondestructive tire inspection system. A common practice within the industry is to refer to these systems as shearographic/holographic (S/H) systems.  
1.2 This standard practice applies to S/H systems that are used for evaluating the structural integrity of pneumatic tires, (for example, presence or absence of anomalies within the tire).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology primarily covers definitions for technical terms that occur in ASTM Committee F09 standards on the characteristics and performance of tires.  
1.2 Definitions for terms that may also be used in other technologies, such as vehicle behavior, are worded to cover both areas.  
1.3 When any definition in this terminology (that does not have the limiting phrase) is quoted out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase in a tire after the dash following the term. This will properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure of test and provides data that can be related to tire strength, but does not measure tire performance or establish specification or tolerances.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tire plunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread area of an inflated tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflation pressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The test requires utilization of a laboratory testing machine capable of slowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plunger having a hemispherical end.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to pneumatic tires for vehicles normally used on the road.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure of comparative testing, for tire strength and dimensional characteristics, for use under the Administrator's Cooperative Approved Tire List (CATL) (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurements for comparative tire strength and dimensional characteristics. This test method covers new and retreaded pneumatic tires, both tube and tubeless types, and flaps when applicable, for mounting on construction, earthmoving, mining and logging equipment, graders, mobile cranes, and similar vehicles operated at low speeds off the road.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tires having reduced groove depth are required in some tire tests to determine changes in performance as a tire wears in service. This guide describes the preparation of artificially worn tires. This guide is not meant to replace the development of worn tires through over-the-road travel when naturally worn tires are required. Further refinements of these techniques may be made with increased field experience.  
5.2 The amount of tread rubber to be removed (groove depth reduction) and the final surface texture are selected according to the requirements of a particular testing program.  
5.3 The type of test program determines the actual tolerance necessary on the final groove depth. For example, snow traction will require very close control of the final groove depth while vehicle handling tests can accommodate a wider tolerance on the final groove depth.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines the preparation of artificially worn tires by tread rubber removal (cutting or grinding, or both) for subsequent performance testing. The purpose is to permit the preparation of test tires with a uniformly reduced tread groove depth and tread geometry that will yield repeatable test results while avoiding the time-consuming and costly over-the-road natural wearing of tires.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measured values are traction properties of tires obtained with the towed trailer described here on a given road surface, under given environmental conditions (ambient and road surface temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, purity and film depth of water used to wet the road surface). They are carried out in accordance with the stated test procedures and reflect the performance of the total tire-vehicle environmental system. A change in any of these factors may change the measurements on a subsequent run of the test.  
5.2 These test methods are suitable for research and development purposes, where tires are compared during a single series of tests. They may not be suitable for regulatory statutes or specification acceptance, because the values obtained may not necessarily agree or correlate either in rank order or absolute traction performance level with those obtained on other road surfaces (or the same surface after additional wear), under other environmental conditions, or other towed trailers, or other test devices, or with results obtained with other test procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of braking traction of tires designed for passenger cars or light trucks. Such braking traction measurements are applicable to conditions wherein the vehicle is traveling straight ahead on a wet, paved surface.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods describe techniques for assessing the performance characteristics of tires in a winter environment on snow and ice surfaces in a standardized manner. When only snow is referred to hereafter, it should be understood that ice is implied as appropriate.  
5.2 A series of maneuvers are conducted to characterize several aspects of the tire performance in snow, since a single maneuver is not sufficient to characterize all aspects of a tire's performance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of tire performance on snow and ice surfaces utilizing passenger car or light truck vehicles. Since the tires are evaluated as part of a tire/vehicle system, the conclusions reached may not be applicable to the same tires tested on a different vehicle.  
1.2 These test methods do not purport to identify every maneuver useful for determining tire performance in a winter environment.  
1.3 These test methods are not meant to evaluate vehicle performance. Allowing for the variability of test results with different vehicles, these procedures have been developed and selected to evaluate relative tire-snow performance.  
1.4 These test methods are suitable for research and development purposes, where tires are compared during a single series of tests. They may not be suitable for regulatory statutes or specification acceptance because the values obtained may not necessarily agree or correlate either in rank order or absolute traction performance level with those obtained under other environmental conditions on other surfaces or the same surface after additional use.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure for the test and provides data that can be related to the force required to unseat the bead of a tire inflated with a specified pressure from the rim. This test method does not establish performance limits or tolerances for tire specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the static non-rolling laboratory method of determination of a tubeless tire’s resistance to bead unseating. The test requires the use of a standardized fixture and load machine. The test is conducted using a defined test pressure and method of determining the resultant force to unseat the tire from the rim.  
1.2 This test method is applicable for all passenger, light truck, and temporary spare tires.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure of comparative testing, for tire durability and treadwear, for the use of approving tires under the Administrator's Cooperative Approved Tire List (CATL) (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers comparative tire durability and treadwear. This test method covers commercially available, over the highway pneumatic tires, new and retreaded, both tube type and tubeless, for use on conventional passenger cars, station wagons, pursuit and emergency high speed and pursuit passenger vehicles, light trucks, medium to heavy truck, trailers, buses, and similar vehicles normally operated on public roads and highways. This test method also covers commercially available, special application light truck tires for operation on non-improved road surfaces.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Tire testing operations usually consist of a sequence of tests that involve special “reference” tires in addition to the candidate tires being evaluated for their performance characteristics. Reference tires serve as an “internal benchmark” which may be used to adjust for variation in test results to give improved comparisons among the candidate tires. Numerous approaches have been adopted using different terminology for such testing. This causes confusion and the purpose of this practice is to standardize some of the elementary concepts and terminology on this topic.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents some basic concepts for tire testing and a standard set of terms relating to the use of reference tires frequently used for comprehensive tire testing programs. The tests may be conducted in a laboratory on various dynamometer wheels or other apparatus as well as at outdoor proving ground facilities. The overall objective of this practice is to develop some elementary principles for such testing and standardize the terms used in these operations. This will improve communication among those conducting these tests as well as those using the results of such testing.  
1.2 In addition to the basic concepts and terminology, a statistical model for tire testing operations is also presented in Annex A1. This serves as a mathematical and conceptual foundation for the terms and other testing concepts; it will improve understanding. The annex can also serve for future consultation as this practice is expanded to address additional aspects of the testing process.  
1.3 This overall topic requires a comprehensive treatment with a sequential or hierarchical development of terms with substantial background discussion. This cannot be accommodated in Terminology F538.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure of comparative testing, for driven wheel rim slip, between candidate tire group(s) and a control tire group. This test method is suitable for research and development purposes where tire and rim specimens are compared during a brief testing time period. They may not be suitable for regulatory or specification acceptance purposes because the values obtained may not necessarily agree or correlate, either in rank order or absolute value, with those obtained under other conditions (for example, different locations or different seasonal time periods on the same test course).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is performed to determine the amount of rotational slip occurring at the tire/wheel interface while under heavy longitudinal load conditions.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for research and development purposes where tires are compared during a single series of tests. They may not be suitable for regulatory statutes or specification acceptance because the values obtained may not necessarily agree or correlate either in rank order or absolute performance level with those obtained under other environmental conditions on other surfaces or the same surface after additional use.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the required correction procedures for examining sequential control tire data for any systematic or bias (not random) variation due to changing test conditions that may influence absolute and also comparative performance of candidate tires, as they are tested over any short or extended time period. The procedures provided here may be used for any repetitive tire traction testing in any environment (for example, dry, wet, snow, ice) where test conditions are subject to change. This practice does not address the issue of rejecting outlier data points or test values that might occur among a set of otherwise acceptable data values obtained under identical test conditions in a short time period. Method A uses the initial operational conditions defined by the first control traction test as a reference point. The calculations correct all traction test performance parameters (for example, traction coefficients) to the initial level or condition of the pavement or other testing conditions, or both. With this method, corrections may be made after only a few candidate and control sets have been evaluated. Method B uses essentially the midpoint of any evaluation program, with the grand average traction test value as a reference point. This grand average value is obtained with higher precision than the initial control traction test average of Method A because it contains more values. However, Method B corrections cannot be made until the grand average value is established, which is normally at the end of any program.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the required procedures for examining sequential control tire data for any variation due to changing test conditions. Such variations may influence absolute and also comparative performance of candidate tires, as they are tested over any short or extended time period. The variations addressed in this practice are systematic or bias variations and not random variations. See Appendix X1 for additional details.  
1.1.1 Two types of variation may occur: time or test sequence “trend variations,” either linear or curvilinear, and the less common transient or abrupt shift variations. If any observed variations are declared to be statistically significant, the calculation procedures are given to correct for the influence of these variations. This approach is addressed in Method A.  
1.2 In some testing programs, a policy is adopted to correct all candidate traction test data values without the application of a statistical routine to determine if a significant trend or shift is observed. This option is part of this practice and is addressed in Method B.  
1.3 The issue of rejecting outlier data points or test values that might occur among a set of otherwise acceptable data values obtained under identical test conditions in a short time period is not part of this practice. Specific test method or other outlier rejection standards that address this issue may be used on the individual data sets prior to applying this practice and its procedures.  
1.4 Although this practice applies to various types of tire traction testing (for example, dry, wet, snow, ice), the procedures as given in this practice may be used for any repetitive tire testing in an environment where test conditions are subject to change.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Belt edge separation is a tire condition that can be encountered in tire use, particularly in high tire temperature environments.  
4.2 The goal of this standard is to define a scientifically valid protocol for the laboratory generation of belt edge separation in a tire that has previously completed accelerated laboratory aging as described in Practice F2838. This test method does not establish performance limits or tolerances for tire specifications.  
4.3 However, as stated in the scope, some tires may not develop belt edge separations under the specified test conditions. They may develop other EOT conditions that are not due to belt edge separation. Also, some tires may not develop any EOT conditions during the course of the test prior to a DCT.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes a laboratory method to evaluate tires for their tendency to develop belt edge separation, via the use of a standard roadwheel (Practice F551/F551M). This evaluation is conducted on tires that have undergone accelerated laboratory aging as described in Practice F2838.  
1.2 The End-of-Test (EOT) conditions that can be produced by this method include target (belt-edge separation), non-target (conditions other than belt-related separations that can be developed in passenger and light truck tires through on-road use), and non-representative (conditions that are typically developed only on laboratory roadwheels). There is also the possibility that no visible EOT conditions may be generated during the course of this test. In this instance the user may choose to select a designated completion time (DCT) as the EOT condition.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in the data log in Appendix X1 in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The groove (void) depth affects the tire’s ability to develop tractive forces in various operating environments. Groove (void) depth also defines the state of wear of a tire and is used in the determination of the rate of wear.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes standard procedures for measuring the groove and void depth in passenger car tires.  
1.2 Any mechanical, optical, or electronic device capable of measuring groove (void) depth can be used, but only the contact methodology is described here. Noncontact methodology is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Braking traction is an important factor in vehicle control especially on wet pavements. These test methods permit an evaluation of tires for their relative or comparative performance on an ABS-equipped vehicle. See Annex A1 for background information for interpretation of results and meaningful evaluation of tire design features for their influence on wet traction performance.  
5.2 Although stopping distance is important for vehicle control, the ability to steer the vehicle on a selected trajectory is equally or, in some instances, more important. The wet traction capability of tires influences both of these measured parameters since the tires are the link between the ABS and the pavement and provide the traction or tire adhesion level that permits the ABS to function as intended.  
5.3 The absolute values of the parameters obtained with these test methods are highly dependent upon the characteristics of the vehicle, the design features of the ABS, the selected test pavement(s), and the environmental and test conditions (for example, ambient temperature, water depths, test speeds) at the test course. A change in any of these factors may change the absolute parameter values and may also change the relative rating of tires so tested.  
5.4 These test methods are suitable for research and development purposes where tire sets are compared during a brief testing time period. They may not be suitable for regulatory or specification acceptance purposes because the values obtained may not necessarily agree or correlate, either in rank order or absolute value, with those obtained under other conditions (for example, different locations or different seasonal time periods on the same test course).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of two types of ABS vehicle behavior that reflect differences in tire wet traction performance when the vehicle is fitted with a series of different tire sets to be evaluated.  
1.1.1 The stopping distance from some selected speed at which the brakes are applied.  
1.1.2 The lack of control of the vehicle during the braking maneuver. Uncontrollability occurs when the vehicle does not follow the intended trajectory during the period of brake application despite a conscious effort on the part of a skilled driver to maintain trajectory control. Uncontrollability is measured by a series of parameters related to this deviation from the intended trajectory and the motions that the vehicle makes during the stopping maneuver.  
1.1.3 Although anti-lock braking systems maintain wheel rotation and allow for a high degree of trajectory control, different sets of tires with variations in construction, tread pattern, and tread compound may influence the degree of trajectory control in addition to stopping distance. Thus vehicle uncontrollability is an important evaluation parameter for tire wet traction performance.  
1.2 These test methods specify that the wet braking traction tests be conducted on two specially prepared test courses: (1) a straight-line (rectilinear) “split-µ” (µ = friction coefficient) test course, with two test lanes deployed along the test course (as traveled by the test vehicle); the two lanes have substantially different friction levels such that the left pair of wheels travels on one surface while the right pair of wheels travels on the other surface; and (2) a curved trajectory constant path radius course with uniform pavement for both wheel lanes.  
1.3 As with all traction testing where vehicle uncontrollability is a likely outcome, sufficient precautions shall be taken to protect the driver, the vehicle, and the test site facilities from damage due to vehicle traction breakaway during testing. Standard precautions are roll-bars, secure mounting of all internal instrumentation, driver helmet, and secure seat belt harness, etc.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis a...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to standardize the meaning and derivation of some terms and indexes that are commonly used to characterize treadwear.  
5.1.1 There is no intent to recommend either of the two treadwear performance indexes: distance per unit loss of tread depth or loss of tread depth per distance unit.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the elementary linear regression analysis of basic treadwear data as obtained according to Test Method F421 and Test Method F762.  
1.2 The basic treadwear data are obtained as groove depth loss measurements by procedures described in Test Method F421 after a series of test cycles (test distances under specified conditions) according to Test Method F762.  
1.3 A linear regression analysis is performed for the relationship between average tire tread depth and the test distance traveled by the test vehicle, on which the test tires are mounted. From this analysis a rate of wear is determined: groove depth loss per unit distance.  
1.4 Linear treadwear is defined as an essentially constant rate of wear, after break-in, which results in a linear regression coefficient of determination, R2, equal to or greater than 0.95 when obtained for a data set where the number of measurement intervals, n, is at least 3. Each measurement interval represents a specific test distance.  
1.5 This practice is not applicable to the prediction of treadlife for tires that exhibit non-linear or irregular treadwear.  
1.6 Evaluation parameters are given for both SI and inch-pound units; either may be used. The evaluation parameters as defined are ones typically used in the tire testing industry and no special claim is made for superiority of these parameters and terms over other terms and parameters that may be developed.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes a technique for assessing the performance characteristics of tires in a winter environment on snow and ice surfaces. When snow is referred to hereafter, ice is implied as appropriate.  
5.2 The measured values quantify the dynamic longitudinal traction properties of tires under driving torque. Dynamic traction properties are obtained on snow surfaces prepared in accordance with the stated test procedures and attempts to quantify the tires' performance when integrated into a vehicle-environmental system. Changing any one of these environmental factors will change the measurements obtained on a subsequent test run.  
5.3 This test method addresses longitudinal driving traction properties only on snow and ice surfaces. Refer to Test Methods F1572 for test methods for braking and lateral traction properties on snow or ice, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the driving traction of passenger car and light truck tires while traveling in a straight line on snow- or ice-covered surfaces.  
1.2 This test method utilizes a dedicated, instrumented, four-wheel rear-wheel drive test vehicle with a specially instrumented drive axle to measure fore-aft and vertical forces acting on a single driven test tire.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for research and development purposes where tires are compared during a single series of tests. They may not be suitable for regulatory statutes or specification acceptance because the values obtained may not necessarily agree or correlate either in rank order or absolute traction performance level with those obtained under other environmental conditions on other surfaces or the same surface after additional use.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Ordinarily, N and kN should be used as units of force. This standard may utilize kgf as a unit of force in order to accommodate the use of load and pressure tables, as found in other standards both domestic and global that are commonly used with this standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test data obtained with this test method may be used to compare the performance of various tires for the conditions under which they were tested.  
5.2 This test method is suitable for a variety of quality assurance, research, and development purposes, when tires are to be compared during a single series of tests. The procedure described may not be suitable for regulatory statutes or specification acceptance because the values obtained may not agree, or correlate either in rank order or absolute tread wear performance level, with values obtained on other road surfaces, or on the same surface after additional wear, under other environmental conditions, on other test vehicles, or with results obtained by other test procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to be used to obtain data for determining the changes in tire tread depth over any specified course and test period.  
1.2 The tire tread depth loss data obtained according to the procedures for this test method may be used to calculate tire tread wear by way of the procedures described in Practice F1016.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice fulfills the need for a standardized system for identifying and describing the tread pattern features of tires that are characteristic of intermediate states of treadwear short of total wear out. This descriptive capability is especially important in testing programs devoted to the development of improved performance tires. It is also important in assessing and evaluating tires after periods of typical tire usage.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the instructions and nomenclature to evaluate the wear features of the tread pattern on a tire for some intermediate state prior to wear out.  
1.2 A tire may be characterized by certain worn tread pattern conditions that are collectively referred to as “irregular wear” features. Definitions for these features are given in a special logical and conceptual sequence. First, basic tread pattern definitions are given. Then, additional tread pattern definitions directly related to the basic tread pattern definitions are given. Understanding these secondary definitions requires the knowledge of the basic definitions.  
1.3 Based on the terms of this developed system of tread pattern definitions or descriptions, a set of treadwear descriptions is presented that encompasses both regular wear and irregular wear features.  
1.4 This hierarchical arrangement produces the accurate and concise definitions needed to evaluate the complex irregular wear conditions of tires.  
1.5 See Fig. 1 for tread pattern features or characteristics. See Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 for typical illustrations of regular or uniform and irregular treadwear features.
FIG. 1 Tread Pattern Characteristics  
FIG. 2 Uniform or Regular Wear  
FIG. 3 Types of Irregular Wear
FIG. 3 Types of Irregular Wear (continued)
FIG. 3 Types of Irregular Wear (continued)
FIG. 3 Types of Irregular Wear (continued)
FIG. 3 Types of Irregular Wear (continued)
Note 1: Images courtesy of The Technology & Maintenance Council of the American Trucking Associations, reference Radial Tire Conditions Analysis Guide, Item # T0121. For more information, contact TMC: (703) 838-1763; tmc@trucking.org; http://tmc.trucking.org.
Note 2: Images courtesy of the Tire Industry Association, reference Passenger and Light Truck Tire Conditions Manual, www.tireindustry.org.
Note 3: In illustrations (h), (l), and (m), the ‘light’ or ‘featureless’ areas indicate high wear rate zones.
Note 4: Images courtesy of the U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association, reference Care and Service of Passenger and Light Truck Tires Manual, www.ustires.org.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements for the 225/75R16C 116/114S radial light truck (European light duty vehicle) standard reference test. In this specification, a 16.0 rim diameter code standard tire design and constructions, standard dimensions, and specific conditions of storage are provided. Tire used in this specification was used as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluation. The reference tire may also be used for testing pavement roughness, noise and other evaluations requiring a reference tire. Testing procedures for the tensile sheet, the 300% stress elongation, the elongation and the tire tread hardness shall be in accordance with the requirements detailed in the Practice D3182 and Test Methods D412 and D2240. Other specifies testing procedures are using of Type A durometer positioned in the centre of a pressure foot at a minimum of 6.0 mm, checking durometer operation and calibration, determining tired tread hardness and eliminating shock in the application of pressure foot.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 225/75R16C 116/114S radial light truck (or European light duty vehicle) standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 16.0 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements for a radial-ply standard reference test tire for use as a reference for tire traction performance evaluations and for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire. The test tire shall be of the specified size, current technology All Season tread design steel-belted radial. Tread compounding, fabric processing, and all the manufacturing steps shall be controlled for minimum variability between tires. The tire shall be as originally molded without any tread grinding or repairs. The oil-extended styrene-butadiene blend rubber tread shall conform to the prescribed composition for: SBR 1778, SBR 1502, CIS 1 polybutadiene, N351 black, naphthenic oil, zinc oxide, stearic acid, 6 PPD, TMQ, antidegradant wax, tackifying hydrocarbon resin, TBBS, DPG, and sulfur. The tire shall be constructed as one-ply sidewall and a three-ply thread. The tread compound shall conform to the physical property requirements for: tensile sheet cure, stress at elongation, tensile strength, elongation, Durometer hardness, and restored energy (rebound or resilience). The dimensional requirements for (1) inflated dimensions and cured cord angles, (2) ribs, (3) grooves, and (4) wear indicators are specified. The prescribed physical property test methods including tire tread hardness test shall be used. Tire storage requirements and recommendations for tire use and operational requirements are detailed. The front and side views of a radial reference tire, the cross section including inflated tire dimensions, and the tread radius measurement using three point drop method are illustrated.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P195/75R14 radial standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a rim code diameter of 14, standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 As of 2020 the E1136 P195/75R14 92S Standard Reference Test Tire is expected to cease production. Upon that occurrence, the F2493 P225/60R16 97S Standard Reference Test Tire is an acceptable replacement for E1136 as the reference tire for Test Methods F1805 and E1337.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Inflation pressure retention is an important property of tire performance because underinflation can adversely affect tire rolling resistance, handling, structural integrity, and tread life.  
5.2 This test method is useful for research and development evaluation of the effects of tire component formulations and geometry on inflation pressure retention. Testing for rate of pressure loss under static conditions is practical because of the following:  
5.2.1 Tires in normal use are predominantly at rest, and  
5.2.2 Relative air diffusion rates of various tires in normal intermittent road service will correlate with static relative rates, to a first approximation. The relative air diffusion rates of different tires may not be quite the same under dynamic flexing as when tested statically, but the difference is believed to be small.  
5.3 The results from this test method are not suitable for inferring tire inflation retention under severe service conditions, such as heavy cornering or impacts, that might cause significant air loss at the tire-rim seal.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate of inflation pressure loss resulting from air diffusion through the structures of tubeless tires under constant temperature conditions. The testing is done under static conditions, that is, nonrotating, nonloaded tires.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Occasions exist where static charges on the vehicle must be dissipated by way of the tires. Electrical resistance inversely measures the tire's ability to dissipate static charge from the vehicle.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the electrical resistance between the wheel of a mounted and inflated tire-wheel assembly and a flat conducting surface in loaded contact with the tire.  
1.2 This test method specifies procedures and equipment such that electrical resistance can be accurately determined for tires with values up to 1012  Ω (ohms).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard practice establishes a method for conducting accelerated laboratory aging of radial passenger or light truck tires, or both, in an oven.  
5.2 The goal of this practice is to define a scientifically valid protocol for the accelerated laboratory aging of a tire such that certain of its material properties correlate to those of in-service tires (see Appendix X1). This practice does not establish performance limits or tolerances for tire specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a method to laboratory age a new tire in an oven to produce changes in certain chemical and physical properties at the belt edges similar to those of tires in-service (see Appendix X1).  
1.2 This practice is a precursor to conducting an ASTM standard roadwheel test method for laboratory generation of belt separation in radial passenger car and light truck tires.  
1.3 This practice may not produce representative chemical and physical property changes in any part of the tire except the belt edge.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for calibration of speed and distance measurement systems used on tire test vehicles and tire test trailers, or any land-based vehicle that contacts the road and that uses a trailing-wheel system for measurement of speed and distance. This test method applies only to hard, dry, smooth surfaces and is not accurate for highly curved vehicle paths. This test method does not encompass optical types of devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of vehicle speed and cumulative distance traveled using a device termed a fifth wheel and using appropriate associated instrumentation.  
1.2 This test method also describes the calibration technique applicable to digital or analog speed and distance measurement systems employing a fifth wheel.  
1.3 The values stated in SI (millimetre-kilogram) units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Maps, automobile odometers, and highway and distance markers are not sufficiently accurate to describe the length of a route for tire testing purposes. The proposed procedure describes a test method for measuring the length of a road course with sufficient accuracy for tire testing purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the accurate length measurement of road courses used for testing all types of pneumatic tires on various associated vehicles.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use on public highways or closed circuit test courses, or both, that cannot be measured practically by surveying techniques.  
1.3 Use of this test method requires that the surface of the test course to be measured shall be sufficiently smooth to preclude bounce or hop of the fifth wheel, which will affect the accuracy of the measurement. The normal highway surface is adequate for this test method.  
1.4 It is not the intent or scope of this test method to encompass distance measurements of test courses whose surfaces are irregular, broken up, jagged, and so forth, such as rock courses, Belgian block, “rumble” surfaces, and the like. Snow- and ice-covered surfaces also are excluded.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Historically, tires have been tested for endurance by a variety of test methods. Some typical testing protocols have been: (1) proving grounds or highway testing over a range of speeds, loads, and inflations, (2) testing on fleets of vehicles for extended periods of time, and (3) indoor (laboratory) testing of tires loaded on a rotating 1.707-m diameter roadwheel; however, the curved surface of a 1.707-m diameter roadwheel results in a significantly different tire behavior from that observed on a flat or highway surface.  
5.1.1 This practice addresses the need for providing equivalent test severity over a range of typical tire operating conditions between a 1.707-m diameter roadwheel surface (Practice F551) and a flat surface. There are different deformations of the tire footprint on curved versus flat surfaces resulting in different footprint mechanics, stress/strain cycles, and significantly different internal operating temperatures for the two types of contact surface. Since tire internal temperatures are key parameters influencing tire endurance or operating characteristics under typical use conditions, it is important to be able to calculate internal temperature differentials between curved and flat surfaces for a range of loads, inflation pressures and rotational velocities (speeds).  
5.2 Data from lab and road tire temperature measurement trials were combined, statistically analyzed, and tire temperature prediction models derived.2  
5.2.1 The fit of the models to the data is shown as the coefficient of determination, R2, for the critical belt edge:
R2 = 0.90
Two Standard Deviations (2-sigma) = 3.2°C
(that is, 95 % of the variation from the means
is within ±3.2°C)  
5.2.2 These prediction models were used to develop the prediction profilers outlined in Section 7 and Annex A1.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure to identify equivalent test severity conditions between a 1.707-m diameter laboratory roadwheel surface and a flat or highway surface for radial pneumatic light truck (LT) tires.  
1.1.1 Tire operational severity, as defined as the running or operational temperature for certain specified internal tire locations, is not the same for these two test conditions. It is typically higher for the laboratory roadwheel at equal load, speed and inflation pressure conditions due to the curvature effect.  
1.1.2 The practice applies to specific operating conditions of light truck tires up through load range E for such tires used on vehicles having a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) ≤4536 kg (10000 lb).  
1.1.3 The specific operating conditions under which the procedures of the practice are valid and useful are completely outlined in Section 6, (Limitations) of this standard.  
1.1.4 It is important to note that this standard is composed of two distinct formats:
1.1.4.1 The usual text format as published in this volume of the Book of Standards (Vol. 09.02).
1.1.4.2 A special interactive electronic format that uses a special software tool, designated as prediction profilers or profilers. This special profiler may be used to determine laboratory test conditions that provide equivalent tire internal temperatures for the belt edge region for the two operational conditions, that is, the curved laboratory roadwheel and flat highway test surfaces.  
1.2 The prediction profilers are based on empirically developed linear regression models obtained from the analysis of a large database that was obtained from a comprehensive experimental test program for roadwheel and flat surface testing of typical radial light truck (LT) tires. See Section 7 and the research report2 for more details.  
1.2.1 For users viewing the standard on CD-ROM or PDF, with an active and working internet connection, the profilers can be accessed on the ASTM website by clicking on the links in 7.5 and 7.6.  
1.2.2 For users viewing the standard in a printed format, the profilers can be a...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Historically, tires have been tested for endurance by a variety of test methods. Some typical testing protocols have been: (1) proving grounds or highway testing over a range of speeds, loads, and inflations, (2) testing on fleets of vehicles for extended periods of time, and (3) indoor (laboratory) testing of tires loaded on a rotating 1.707-m diameter roadwheel; however, the curved surface of a 1.707-m diameter roadwheel results in a significantly different tire behavior from that observed on a flat or highway surface.  
5.1.1 This practice addresses the need for providing equivalent test severity over a range of typical tire operating conditions between a 1.707-m diameter roadwheel surface (Practice F551) and a flat surface. There are different deformations of the tire footprint on curved versus flat surfaces resulting in different footprint mechanics, stress/strain cycles, and significantly different internal operating temperatures for the two types of contact surface. Since tire internal temperatures are key parameters influencing tire endurance or operating characteristics under typical use conditions, it is important to be able to calculate internal temperature differentials between curved and flat surfaces for a range of loads, inflation pressures and rotational velocities (speeds).  
5.2 Data from lab and road tire temperature measurement trials were combined, statistically analyzed, and tire temperature prediction models derived.3  
5.2.1 The fit of the models to the data is shown as the coefficient of determination, R2, for the two critical crown area temperatures, i.e. tread centerline and belt edge, as well as the ply ending area:
R2 = 0.89, 0.90, and 0.89 respectively  
5.2.2 These prediction models were used to develop the prediction profilers described in Section 7 and Annex A1.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure to identify equivalent test severity conditions between a 1.707-m diameter laboratory roadwheel surface and a flat or highway surface for commercial radial truck-bus tires.  
1.1.1 Tire operational severity, as defined as the running or operational temperature for certain specified internal tire locations, is not the same for these two test conditions. It is typically higher for the laboratory roadwheel at equal load, speed and inflation pressure conditions due to the curvature effect.  
1.1.2 The practice applies to specific operating conditions of load range F through L for such commercial radial truck-bus tires.  
1.1.3 The specific operating conditions under which the procedures of the practice are valid and useful are completely outlined in Section 6 (Limitations) of this standard.  
1.1.4 It is important to note that this standard is composed of two distinct formats:
1.1.4.1 The usual text format as published in this volume of the Book of Standards (Vol 09.02).
1.1.4.2 A special interactive electronic format that uses a special software tool, designated as prediction profilers or profilers. This special profiler may be used to determine laboratory test conditions that provide equivalent tire internal temperatures for the tread centerline, belt edge, or ply ending region for the two operational conditions, that is, the curved laboratory roadwheel and flat highway test surfaces.  
1.2 The prediction profilers are based on empirically developed linear regression models obtained from the analysis of a large database that was obtained from a comprehensive experimental test program for roadwheel and flat surface testing of typical commercial truck and bus tires. See Section 7 and References (1, 2)2,3 for more details.  
1.2.1 For users viewing the standard on CD-ROM or PDF, with an active and working internet connection, the profilers can be accessed on the ASTM website by clicking on the links in 7.5 and 7.6.  
1.2.2 For users viewing the standard in a printed format, the profilers can be accessed by entering the links to the ASTM ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The measured accelerometer output can be used to calculate traction properties of combined tire-vehicle systems for passenger cars, light trucks, and heavy trucks through use of applicable methods of testing.  
4.2 This practice is intended to achieve uniformity in test vehicle accelerometer use and in accelerometer signal processing. Through such usage, a basis for meaningful comparisons of test results from different sources will be obtained.  
4.3 This practice is not applicable to accelerometers used in destructive testing, such as vehicle crash tests or vehicle vibration measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for using accelerometers in test vehicles to evaluate dynamic accelerations resulting from various maneuvers such as braking, accelerating, or cornering.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to accelerometers that are rigidly attached to the body of the test vehicle or stabilized to the earth-fixed axis system by means of a gyroscope.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 6.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P225/60R16 97S radial low tread depth standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for wet braking traction evaluations for tires in a worn state but may also be used for other evaluations.  
1.2 This specification provides a 16 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure for the test and provides data that can be related to the force required to unseat the bead of a tire inflated with a specified pressure from the rim. This test method does not establish performance limits or tolerances for tire specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the static non-rolling laboratory method of determination of a tubeless tire’s resistance to bead unseating. The test requires the use of a standardized fixture and load machine. The test is conducted using a defined test pressure and method of determining the resultant force to unseat the tire from the rim.  
1.2 This test method is applicable for all passenger, light truck, and temporary spare tires.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology primarily covers definitions for technical terms that occur in ASTM Committee F09 standards on the characteristics and performance of tires.  
1.2 Definitions for terms that may also be used in other technologies, such as vehicle behavior, are worded to cover both areas.  
1.3 When any definition in this terminology (that does not have the limiting phrase) is quoted out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase in a tire after the dash following the term. This will properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P225/60R16 97S radial standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a rim code diameter of 16 standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 As of 2020 the E1136 P195/75R14 92S Standard Reference Test Tire is expected to cease production. Upon that occurrence, the F2493 P225/60R16 97S Standard Reference Test Tire is an acceptable replacement for E1136 as the reference tire for Test Methods F1805 and E1337.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference tire. Provided in this specification is a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions and standard condition of storage. This specified tire is primarily used as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, wear performance evaluations, pavement and noise evaluations and other tests that necessitate a reference tire. Testing methods for the tensile sheet cure, the stress at 300% elongation, the tensile strength shall be in accordance with the standards presented by D3182 and D412 respectively. The test methods also include checking of the durometer operation, checking the sate calibration of the durometer, determining the tire tread hardness by averaging four readings and applying the presser foot to the tire tread as rapidly as possible without shock.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P225/60R16 97S radial standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a rim code diameter of 16 standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 As of 2020 the E1136 P195/75R14 92S Standard Reference Test Tire is expected to cease production. Upon that occurrence, the F2493 P225/60R16 97S Standard Reference Test Tire is an acceptable replacement for E1136 as the reference tire for Test Methods F1805 and E1337.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference tire. Provided in this specification is a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions and standard condition of storage. This specified tire is primarily used as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, wear performance evaluations, pavement and noise evaluations and other tests that necessitate a reference tire. Testing methods for the tensile sheet cure, the stress at 300% elongation, the tensile strength shall be in accordance with the standards presented by D3182 and D412 respectively. The test methods also include checking of the durometer operation, checking the sate calibration of the durometer, determining the tire tread hardness by averaging four readings and applying the presser foot to the tire tread as rapidly as possible without shock.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.