ASTM D5500-98(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Standard Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method—It was determined through field testing that intake valve deposits could adversely affect the driveability of certain automobiles.7 Southwest Research Institute and BMW of North America (BMW NA) jointly conducted testing to develop this test method to determine an unleaded automotive spark-ignition engine fuel's propensity to form intake valve deposits. This testing concluded that if an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel could keep intake valve deposits at or below a certain average weight per valve at the end of mileage accumulation, then that automotive spark-ignition engine fuel could be used in the BMW vehicle-engine combination for a specified period without intake valve deposits causing driveability degradation. Minimizing intake valve deposits may be necessary to maintain vehicle driveability and tailpipe emissions control.
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory Action—Legislative activity and rulemaking primarily by California Air Resources Board8 and the Environmental Protection Agency9 necessitate the acceptance of a standardized test method to evaluate the intake system deposit forming tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and design of the engine and vehicle used in this test method are not representative of all modern automobiles. These factors shall be considered when interpreting test results.
5.2 Test Validity:
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not considered valid unless the test is completed in compliance with all requirements of this test method. Deviations from the parameter limits presented in Sections 10 and 11 will result in an invalid test. Engineering judgment shall be applied during conduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies to ensure validity of the test results.
5.2.2 Vehicle Compliance—A test is not considered valid unless the vehicle met the quality control inspection requirements as described in...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure for evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded spark-ignition engine fuels. This test method uses a 1985 model BMW 318i2 vehicle. Mileage is accumulated following a specified driving schedule on either public road or test track. This test method is adapted from the original BMW of North America/Southwest Research Institute Intake Valve Deposit test and maintains as much commonality as possible with the original test. Chassis dynamometers shall not be used for this test procedure as the BMW NA/SwRI IVD Test was not intended to be applicable to chassis dynamometers and no correlation between road operation and chassis dynamometers has been established.
Note 1: If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method D5500, contact ASTM International.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific statements on hazards are given throughout this test method.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5500 − 98(Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition
Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 ANSI Standard:
MC96.1AmericanNationalStandardforTemperatureMea-
1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure for
surement Thermocouples
evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded
spark-ignition engine fuels. This test method uses a 1985
3. Terminology
model BMW 318i vehicle. Mileage is accumulated following
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
a specified driving schedule on either public road or test track.
3.1.1 alternate mileage accumulation (AMA) driving cycle,
This test method is adapted from the original BMW of North
n—a driving schedule that is based on the U.S. Environmental
America/Southwest Research Institute Intake Valve Deposit
Protection Agency Durability Driving Schedule, which con-
test and maintains as much commonality as possible with the
tains various driving patterns for durability testing of emission
original test. Chassis dynamometers shall not be used for this
control systems.
test procedure as the BMW NA/SwRI IVD Test was not
intended to be applicable to chassis dynamometers and no
3.1.2 base fuel, n—unleaded automotive spark-ignition en-
correlation between road operation and chassis dynamometers
gine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but
has been established.
may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal
deactivators, and oxygenates.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method
D5500, contact ASTM International.
3.1.3 deposit control additive, n—materialaddedtothebase
fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intake
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
system.
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Forthepurposeofthistestmethod,the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to the tulip area of intake valves.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4 driveability, n—the quality of a vehicle’s performance
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
characteristics as perceived by the operator in response to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specificstatements
changes in throttle position.
on hazards are given throughout this test method.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The performance characteristics may
include cold starting and warm-up, acceleration, vapor lock,
2. Referenced Documents
3 and hot starting.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.5 intake system, n—components of the engine whose
D235Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
function it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to the
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
combustion chamber and includes the throttle, intake manifold
hot spot and runners, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and
positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) ports, cylinder head
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of runners and ports, intake valves, and fuel injectors.
Subcommittee D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
3.1.6 intake valve deposit, n—material accumulated on the
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally
tulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon,
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5500–98(2008).
DOI: 10.1520/D5500-98R14.
other fuel, lubricant, and additive decomposition products, and
OriginallyobtainedfromBMWNAnewcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesas
atmospheric contaminants.
a 1985 model year vehicle, the vehicle is currently available through the used
vehicle market.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
the ASTM website. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Appendix IV.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5500 − 98 (2014)
3.1.7 merit rating, n—the visual evaluation by a trained to develop this test method to determine an unleaded automo-
rater of the volume of deposits accumulated on a specific tive spark-ignition engine fuel’s propensity to form intake
engine component based on a comparison with a reference valve deposits. This testing concluded that if an automotive
scale (see CRC Manual 16 ). spark-ignition engine fuel could keep intake valve deposits at
or below a certain average weight per valve at the end of
3.1.8 test fuel, n—base fuel with or without the addition of
mileage accumulation, then that automotive spark-ignition
a deposit control additive which is used to accumulate mileage
engine fuel could be used in the BMW vehicle-engine combi-
as described in this test method.
nation for a specified period without intake valve deposits
3.1.9 vehicle exhaust emissions (tailpipe), n—combustion
causing driveability degradation. Minimizing intake valve
products from the test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons
deposits may be necessary to maintain vehicle driveability and
(HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO ), oxygen
tailpipe emissions control.
(O ), and oxides of nitrogen (NO ).
2 x
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory
Action—LegislativeactivityandrulemakingprimarilybyCali-
4. Summary of Test Method
forniaAir Resources Board and the Environmental Protection
4.1 This test method utilizes a 1985 BMW 318i vehicle
Agency necessitate the acceptance of a standardized test
equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission and air
methodtoevaluatetheintakesystemdepositformingtendency
conditioning.Thisvehicleisequippedwithafour-strokecycle,
of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.
four-cylinder engine having a total displacement of 1.8 L. The
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and
cylinder head is an aluminum alloy casting and the cylinder
design of the engine and vehicle used in this test method are
block is cast iron. The engine features an overhead camshaft,
not representative of all modern automobiles. These factors
hemispherical combustion chambers, two valves per cylinder,
shall be considered when interpreting test results.
and electronic port fuel injection.
5.2 Test Validity:
4.2 Each test begins with a clean, rebuilt cylinder head that
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not con-
meets a rigid set of specifications. New, weighed intake valves
sideredvalidunlessthetestiscompletedincompliancewithall
are used to rebuild the cylinder head. A standard engine oil is
requirements of this test method. Deviations from the param-
used for each test and a new oil filter is installed. All routine
eter limits presented in Sections 10 and 11 will result in an
vehicle maintenance is performed in accordance with BMW
invalid test. Engineering judgment shall be applied during
Schedule I and Schedule II service lists.The test vehicle’s fuel
conduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies to
system is flushed of fuel from the previous test. The vehicle
ensure validity of the test results.
fuel tank is then filled with the new test fuel. The vehicle is
5.2.2 Vehicle Compliance—A test is not considered valid
subjected to a rigorous quality control procedure to verify
unless the vehicle met the quality control inspection require-
proper engine and overall vehicle operation. To ensure com-
ments as described in Section 10.
pliance to the test objective, a data logger is active at all times
after the test has begun, during all mileage accumulation and
6. Apparatus
soak time.
6.1 Automobile—The test automobile used for this proce-
4.3 The vehicle is operated on a cycle consisting of 10%
dure is a 1985 model BMW 318i. The powerplant is a 1.8
(based on mileage) city (part of the AMA driving schedule),
L-line four-cylinder, four-stroke cycle engine with single
20%suburban,and70%highwaymodeperday.Thiscycleis
overheadcamshaft,twovalvespercylinder,andelectronicport
repeated to accumulate a minimum of 16 090 km (10 000
fuel injection. Vehicles equipped with four-speed automatic
miles) but no more than 16 250 km (10 100 miles).
transmissions and air conditioning are required for the test
method. Both 49 state and California engine calibrations are
4.4 After the required mileage (see 10.4.5) has been
allowed for this test method.
accumulated,thecylinderheadisremovedfromtheengineand
6.1.1 Engine Cooling System—Experience has shown that
disassembled.The valves are weighed, visually assigned merit
the original equipment cooling system has marginal perfor-
ratings,andphotographed.Operationalandmechanicalcriteria
mance at ambient conditions above approximately 35°C
are then reviewed to determine if the test shall be considered
(95°F).To ensure engine coolant temperature compliance with
valid.
test validity criteria in 10.4.3, the vehicle may be retrofitted
5. Significance and Use with the radiator and other appropriate components as outlined
in Annex A1.
5.1 Test Method— It was determined through field testing
6.1.2 Electronic Port Fuel Injectors — Prior to installation,
that intake valve deposits could adversely affect the driveabil-
all injectors shall be evaluated for conformance to spray-
ity of certain automobiles. Southwest Research Institute and
pattern and flow rate acceptance criteria (see 8.5). Injectors
BMWof NorthAmerica (BMWNA) jointly conducted testing
may be reused if the criteria are satisfied.
CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction System Rating Manual. Available
from the Coordinating Research Council Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, State of California Air Resources Board-Stationary Source Division, Test
Atlanta, GA 30346. MethodforEvaluatingIntakeValveDeposits(IVDs)inVehicleEngines(California
Bitting, B., et al., “Intake Valve Deposits-Fuel Detergency Revisited,” SAE Code of Regulations, Title 13, Section 2257).
872117, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
D5500 − 98 (2014)
TABLE 2 Reusable Engine Parts
6.1.3 Tires—Tires shall be size P195/60R14, maintained at
190 610 kPa (28 61 psi). Air flow meter Idle control valve
Air pressure sensor Ignition coil
6.1.4 Miscellaneous Parts—All powertrain components,
A
Alternator Ignition wire set
front end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaust
Camshaft Intake manifold
system, except as specified, shall be original equipment, Camshaft drive Intake, rocker shaft
B
Cylinder block assembly Lambda probe
original equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equiva-
Cylinder head O sensor
lent.
Distributor Pump, water
Distributor cap Radiator
6.1.5 New Engine Parts Required—Table 1 contains those
Electronic engine control computer unit Radiator cooling fan
new parts with the corresponding BMWNApart number to be
Engine wiring harness Rocker arm
used for preparing the vehicle to run this test method.
Exhaust rocker shaft Rotor
6.1.5.1 Other parts may be necessary and are listed in Exhaust system Sensor, temperature fan
A
Filter, air Sensor, vacuum advance
Annex A2.
Fuel injectors Throttle body
C
6.1.6 Disable Cruise Control—Disconnect cruise control
Front end accessory drive Valve springs
Idle control relay
cable from the throttle.The cruise control shall not be used for
A
this test method.
These parts shall be changed in accordance with BMW NA Service Schedule I
(Annex A4), or more frequently.
6.1.7 Reusable Engine Parts—The parts listed in Table 2
B
The cylinder block can be reused for approximately ten tests (160 000 km)
may be reused. The replacement frequency is noted in the
(100 000 miles), depending on condition of cylinder head bolt holes (radial cracks
footnotes. All parts shall be discarded when they become appear on the block deck) and cylinder bore wear. (Refer to the BMW 318i Service
Manual which is available from BMW NA dealer service departments.)
unserviceable. See Annex A3 for guidelines regarding the
C
Valve springs may be reused as long as they meet the procedural requirements
reuse of parts.
for tension in 8.4.12.
6.2 Laboratory Facilities:
6.2.1 Engine/Cylinder Head Build-up and Measurement
Area—The ambient atmosphere of the engine build-up and
at a uniform comfortable level. Because of the delicate nature
measurementareashallbereasonablyfreeofcontaminantsand
of the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme changes
maintainedatauniformtemperature 63°C(65°F)between10
in temperature or humidity. (Warning—See 6.2.3.)
to 27°C (50 to 80°F). Uniform temperature is necessary to
6.2.5 Garage/Maintenance Area—The ambient atmosphere
ensure repeatable dimensional measurements and deposit
of the garage/maintenance area shall be reasonably free of
evaluation. The specific humidity shall be maintained at a
contaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be main-
uniform comfortable level.
tained at a uniform, comfortable level. Because of the delicate
6.2.2 Part Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area—The
nature of the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme
ambient atmosphere of the rating and weighing area shall be
changes in temperature or humidity. (Warning—Adequate
reasonably free of contaminants. The induction system ratings
ventilation and fire protection are necessary in areas where
shall be performed in accordance to CRC Manual 16, Carbu-
automotive spark-ignition engine fuel and deposit control
retor and Induction System Rating Manual.
additivesarehandled,andalsowhenconcerningtheventingof
6.2.3 Fuel Injector Testing Area—The ambient atmosphere
the vehicle exhaust and working on vehicle fuel systems.
of the fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free of
Suitable protective clothing is recommended.)
contaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be main-
6.2.6 Test Fuel Blending Facilities— Instead of supplying a
tained at a uniform level to ensure repeatable measurements.
finished test fuel, the test sponsor
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5500 − 98 (Reapproved 2008) D5500 − 98 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition
Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure for evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded spark-ignition
engine fuels. This test method uses a 1985 model BMW 318i vehicle. Mileage is accumulated following a specified driving
schedule on either public road or test track. This test method is adapted from the original BMW of North America/Southwest
Research Institute Intake Valve Deposit test and maintains as much commonality as possible with the original test. Chassis
dynamometers shall not be used for this test procedure as the BMW NA/SwRI IVD Test was not intended to be applicable to
chassis dynamometers and no correlation between road operation and chassis dynamometers has been established.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method D5500, contact ASTM International.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific statements on hazards are given throughout this test method.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
2.2 ANSI Standard:
MC 96.1 American National Standard for Temperature Measurement Thermocouples
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 alternate mileage accumulation (AMA) driving cycle, n—a driving schedule that is based on the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Durability Driving Schedule, which contains various driving patterns for durability testing of emission control
systems.
3.1.2 base fuel, n—unleaded automotive spark-ignition engine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but may
contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and oxygenates.
3.1.3 deposit control additive, n—material added to the base fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intake
system.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008Oct. 1, 2014. Published September 2008 November 2014. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20032008
ε1
as D5500–98(2003)D5500 – 98 .(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D5500-98R08.10.1520/D5500-98R14.
Originally obtained from BMW NA new car dealerships in the United States as a 1985 model year vehicle, the vehicle is currently available through the used vehicle
market.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Appendix IV.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5500 − 98 (2014)
For the purpose of this test method, the performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited to the tulip area of intake
valves.
3.1.4 driveability, n—the quality of a vehicle’s performance characteristics as perceived by the operator in response to changes
in throttle position.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—
The performance characteristics may include cold starting and warm-up, acceleration, vapor lock, and hot starting.
3.1.5 intake system, n—components of the engine whose function it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to the
combustion chamber and includes the throttle, intake manifold hot spot and runners, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and positive
crankcase ventilation (PCV) ports, cylinder head runners and ports, intake valves, and fuel injectors.
3.1.6 intake valve deposit, n—material accumulated on the tulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon, other
fuel, lubricant, and additive decomposition products, and atmospheric contaminants.
3.1.7 merit rating, n—the visual evaluation by a trained rater of the volume of deposits accumulated on a specific engine
component based on a comparison with a reference scale (see CRC Manual 16 ).
3.1.8 test fuel, n—base fuel with or without the addition of a deposit control additive which is used to accumulate mileage as
described in this test method.
3.1.9 vehicle exhaust emissions (tailpipe), n—combustion products from the test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons (HC),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO ), oxygen (O ), and oxides of nitrogen (NO ).
2 2 x
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method utilizes a 1985 BMW 318i vehicle equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission and air conditioning.
This vehicle is equipped with a four-stroke cycle, four-cylinder engine having a total displacement of 1.8 L. The cylinder head is
an aluminum alloy casting and the cylinder block is cast iron. The engine features an overhead camshaft, hemispherical combustion
chambers, two valves per cylinder, and electronic port fuel injection.
4.2 Each test begins with a clean, rebuilt cylinder head that meets a rigid set of specifications. New, weighed intake valves are
used to rebuild the cylinder head. A standard engine oil is used for each test and a new oil filter is installed. All routine vehicle
maintenance is performed in accordance with BMW Schedule I and Schedule II service lists. The test vehicle’s fuel system is
flushed of fuel from the previous test. The vehicle fuel tank is then filled with the new test fuel. The vehicle is subjected to a
rigorous quality control procedure to verify proper engine and overall vehicle operation. To ensure compliance to the test objective,
a data logger is active at all times after the test has begun, during all mileage accumulation and soak time.
4.3 The vehicle is operated on a cycle consisting of 10 % (based on mileage) city (part of the AMA driving schedule), 20 %
suburban, and 70 % highway mode per day. This cycle is repeated to accumulate a minimum of 16 090 km (10 000 miles) but no
more than 16 250 km (10 100 miles).
4.4 After the required mileage (see 10.4.5) has been accumulated, the cylinder head is removed from the engine and
disassembled. The valves are weighed, visually assigned merit ratings, and photographed. Operational and mechanical criteria are
then reviewed to determine if the test shall be considered valid.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Test Method— It was determined through field testing that intake valve deposits could adversely affect the driveability of
certain automobiles. Southwest Research Institute and BMW of North America (BMW NA) jointly conducted testing to develop
this test method to determine an unleaded automotive spark-ignition engine fuel’s propensity to form intake valve deposits. This
testing concluded that if an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel could keep intake valve deposits at or below a certain average
weight per valve at the end of mileage accumulation, then that automotive spark-ignition engine fuel could be used in the BMW
vehicle-engine combination for a specified period without intake valve deposits causing driveability degradation. Minimizing
intake valve deposits may be necessary to maintain vehicle driveability and tailpipe emissions control.
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory Action—Legislative activity and rulemaking primarily by California Air
8 9
Resources Board and the Environmental Protection Agency necessitate the acceptance of a standardized test method to evaluate
the intake system deposit forming tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.
CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction System Rating Manual. Available from the Coordinating Research Council Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, Atlanta, GA
30346.
Bitting, B., et al., “Intake Valve Deposits-Fuel Detergency Revisited,” SAE 872117, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.
State of California Air Resources Board-Stationary Source Division, Test Method for Evaluating Intake Valve Deposits (IVDs) in Vehicle Engines (California Code of
Regulations, Title 13, Section 2257).
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
D5500 − 98 (2014)
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and design of the engine and vehicle used in this test method are not
representative of all modern automobiles. These factors shall be considered when interpreting test results.
5.2 Test Validity:
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not considered valid unless the test is completed in compliance with all
requirements of this test method. Deviations from the parameter limits presented in Sections 10 and 11 will result in an invalid
test. Engineering judgment shall be applied during conduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies to ensure validity of
the test results.
5.2.2 Vehicle Compliance—A test is not considered valid unless the vehicle met the quality control inspection requirements as
described in Section 10.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Automobile—The test automobile used for this procedure is a 1985 model BMW 318i. The powerplant is a 1.8 L-line
four-cylinder, four-stroke cycle engine with single overhead camshaft, two valves per cylinder, and electronic port fuel injection.
Vehicles equipped with four-speed automatic transmissions and air conditioning are required for the test method. Both 49 state and
California engine calibrations are allowed for this test method.
6.1.1 Engine Cooling System—Experience has shown that the original equipment cooling system has marginal performance at
ambient conditions above approximately 35°C (95°F). To ensure engine coolant temperature compliance with test validity criteria
in 10.4.3, the vehicle may be retrofitted with the radiator and other appropriate components as outlined in Annex A1.
6.1.2 Electronic Port Fuel Injectors — Prior to installation, all injectors shall be evaluated for conformance to spray-pattern and
flow rate acceptance criteria (see 8.5). Injectors may be reused if the criteria are satisfied.
6.1.3 Tires—Tires shall be size P195/60R14, maintained at 190 6 10 kPa (28 6 1 psi).
6.1.4 Miscellaneous Parts—All powertrain components, front end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaust system,
except as specified, shall be original equipment, original equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equivalent.
6.1.5 New Engine Parts Required—Table 1 contains those new parts with the corresponding BMW NA part number to be used
for preparing the vehicle to run this test method.
6.1.5.1 Other parts may be necessary and are listed in Annex A2.
6.1.6 Disable Cruise Control—Disconnect cruise control cable from the throttle. The cruise control shall not be used for this
test method.
6.1.7 Reusable Engine Parts—The parts listed in Table 2 may be reused. The replacement frequency is noted in the footnotes.
All parts shall be discarded when they become unserviceable. See Annex A3 for guidelines regarding the reuse of parts.
6.2 Laboratory Facilities:
6.2.1 Engine/Cylinder Head Build-up and Measurement Area—The ambient atmosphere of the engine build-up and
measurement area shall be reasonably free of contaminants and maintained at a uniform temperature 63°C (65°F) between 10
to 27°C (50 to 80°F). Uniform temperature is necessary to ensure repeatable dimensional measurements and deposit evaluation.
The specific humidity shall be maintained at a uniform comfortable level.
6.2.2 Part Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area—The ambient atmosphere of the rating and weighing area shall be reasonably
free of contaminants. The induction system ratings shall be performed in accordance to CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction
System Rating Manual.
6.2.3 Fuel Injector Testing Area—The ambient atmosphere of the fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free of
contaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be maintained at a uniform level to ensure repeatable measurements. This area
shall be ventilated for health and safety reasons in accordance with all regulations. (Warning—Provide adequate ventilation and
fire protection in areas where flammable or volatile liquids and solvents, or both, are used. Suitable protective clothing is
recommended.)
6.2.4 Intake Valve Rinsing and Parts Cleaning Area —The ambient atmosphere of the intake valve rinsing and parts cleaning
area shall be reasonably free of contaminants. The temperature shall be maintained at 63°C (65°F) between 10 to 27°C (50 to
80°F). The specific humidity shall be maintained at a uniform comfortable level. Because of the delicate nature of the deposits,
do not subject the deposits to extreme changes in temperature or humidity. (Warning—See 6.2.3.)
TABLE 1 New Engine Parts Lists
Part Part No.
Filter, fuel 13 32 1 270 038
Filter, oil 11 42 1 278 059
Gasket, head set 11 12 1 287 381
Gasket, water 11 51 0 686 135
Jet valve, nozzle 11 12 1 250 937
Spark plug 12 12 1 272 128
Thermostat 11 53 1 468 056
Valve, intake 11 34 1 254 625
D5500 − 98 (2014)
TABLE 2 Reusable Engine Parts
Air flow meter Idle control valve
Air pressure sensor Ignition coil
A
Alternator Ignition wire set
Camshaft Intake manifold
Camshaft drive Intake, rocker shaft
B
Cylinder block assembly Lambda probe
Cylinder head O sensor
Distributor Pump, water
Distributor cap Radiator
Electronic engine control computer unit Radiator cooling fan
Engine wiring harness Rocker arm
Exh
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.