ASTM D2977-71(1998)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Particle Size Range of Peat Materials for Horticultural Purposes
Standard Test Method for Particle Size Range of Peat Materials for Horticultural Purposes
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1.1 This test method covers measurement of the weight percentage of fractions of a peat material defined in terms of selected ranges of screen sizes.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 2977 – 71 (Reapproved 1998)
Standard Test Method for
Particle Size Range of Peat Materials for Horticultural
Purposes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2977; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5.2 Evaporating Dishes, high silica or porcelain, not less
than 75-ml capacity.
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the weight
5.3 Blender, high-speed.
percentage of fractions of a peat material defined in terms of
5.4 Aluminum Foil, heavy-duty.
selected ranges of screen sizes.
5.5 Porcelain pan, spoons, etc.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.6 Mechanical Sieve Shaker.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.7 Sieves—U. S. standard 8-in. diameter 8 and 20-mesh
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sieves equipped with cover and bottom pan.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6. Preparation of Sample
2. Referenced Documents 6.1 Air-dry sample in accordance with Method II of Test
Methods D 2974, and record the weight percentage of moisture
2.1 ASTM Standards:
removed by air-drying.
D 2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Mat-
ter of Peat and Other Organic Soils
7. Procedure
3. Summary of Test Method 7.1 Mix the air-dried sample thoroughly and place a 20-g
specimen on the 8-mesh sieve. Secure the 8 and 20-mesh
3.1 A representative test specimen of air-dried peat is
sieves equipped with cover and bottom pan and shake at a
separated into four designated fractions by means of an 8-mesh
suitable speed for 10 min. Remove foreign matter from the
and a 20-mesh sieve. The fractions are: (1) foreign matter
8-mesh sieve and weigh. Designate this fraction as foreign
removed manually from the 8-mesh sieve, (2) coarse fiber
matter. Weigh the remaining fraction retained on the 8-mesh
retained on the 8-mesh sieve, (3) medium fiber through the
sieve and designate this fraction as coarse fiber. Weigh the
8-mesh sieve but retained on the 20-mesh sieve and ( 4) fine
fraction retained on the 20-mesh sieve and designate this
fibers and fines through the 20-mesh sieve. The weight
fraction as medium fiber. Weigh the fraction found in the
percentage of each fraction is reported on the as-received basis.
bottom pan and designate this fraction as fines.
4. Significance and Use
NOTE 1—If a mechanical sieve shaker is not available, hand sieving can
4.1 This test method separates peat material into arbitrary
be used. Conduct sieving by appropriate lateral and vertical motions
fractions based on particle size. Physical separation of peat accompanied by a jarring action. Continue until no appreciable change is
noted in the sieve fraction.
material according to particle size provides a useful indicator
of the properties of a peat specimen such as pore space,
8. Calculation
decomposition, etc. It provides a means of determining the
8.1 Convert the specimen w
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5.1 The ability to correlate results of analyzers to sieve sets enables the use of non-sieve methods to be employed that give comparable results to each other.
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1.1 This practice describes procedural steps to create a correlation that can be used to compare results of proppant size distributions between dynamic imaging analyzers (analyzers) and prescribed sieve sets.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is primarily used in the horticulture industry to separates peat material into arbitrary fractions based on particle size. Physical separation of peat material according to particle size provides a useful indicator of the properties of a peat specimen such as pore space and degree of decomposition for unprocessed peat. It also provides a means of determining the amount of foreign matter not in a divided state such as sticks, stones, and glass.
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1.1 Peat materials consist of particles with various sizes. This practice covers the separation of peat particles into coarse, medium, and fine size fractions using the 2.36 mm (No. 8) and 0.850 mm (No. 20) sieves equipped with cover and bottom pan. This practice is applicable for peat materials used in the horticultural industry and can be used to verify the degree of decomposition of peat and to determine the foreign matter content.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedures for measuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred to as Carr Indices.2
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sifting segregation can cause horizontal segregation (for example, center-to-periphery) within bins used to hold and transport bulk solids. This can affect final product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.
5.2 By measuring a bulk solid's segregation tendency, one can compare results to other bulk solids with known history, or determine if the given bulk solid may have a tendency to segregate in a given process.
5.3 Sifting, which is a process by which smaller particles move through a matrix of larger ones, is a common method of segregation. Four conditions must exist for sifting to occur:
5.3.1 A Difference in Particle Size between the Individual Components—This ratio can be as low as 1.3 to 1. In general, the larger the ratio of particle sizes, the greater the tendency for particles to segregate by sifting.
5.3.2 A Sufficiently Large Mean Particle Size—Sifting segregation can occur with a mean particle size in the 50 μm range and can become a dominant segregation mechanism if the mean particle size is above 100 μm.
5.3.3 Sufficiently Free Flowing Material—This allows the smaller particles to sift through the matrix of larger particles. With cohesive materials, the fine particles are bound to one another and do not enter the voids among the coarse particles.
5.3.4 Interparticle Motion—This can be caused during formation of a pile, by vibration, or by a velocity gradient across the flowing material.
5.4 All four of these conditions must exist for sifting segregation to occur. If any one of these conditions does not exist, the material will not segregate by this mechanism.
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1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for simulating the segregation tendencies of bulk solids by means of the sifting mechanism.
1.2 Temperature- and humidity-sensitive bulk solids may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.
1.3 The maximum particle size should be limited to 3 mm [1/8 in.], to reduce the likelihood of binding the slide gate.
1.4 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while sifting is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many bulk solids, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6941 covers another common mechanism: fluidization.
1.5 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the bulk solid and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this docum...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluidization segregation can cause vertical segregation within bins used to hold and transport powders. This can affect product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.
5.2 By measuring a powder's segregation tendency, one can compare results to other powders with known history, or determine if the given powder may have a tendency to segregate in a given process.
5.3 Fine powders generally have a lower permeability than coarse bulk solids and therefore tend to retain air longer. Thus, when a bin is filled with a fluidizable powder, the coarser particles settle or are driven into the bed while the finer particles remain fluidized near the surface.
5.4 Fluidization, which serves as a driving force for this mechanism of segregation, is likely to occur when fine powders are pneumatically conveyed into a bin, the bin is filled or discharged at high rates, or if sufficient air flow counter to the flow of powder is present within the bin.
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1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for creating several specimens of a powder sample that, if the powder is one that segregates by the fluidization mechanism, should be different from one another.
1.2 A powder sample is fluidized then, after the fluidizing gas is turned off, it is separated into three or more specimens that can be analyzed for parameters of interest. The difference in these parameters between the specimens is an indication of the segregation potential of the powder.
1.3 Powders must be capable of being fluidized in order to be tested by this practice.
1.4 Temperature- and moisture-sensitive powders may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.
1.5 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while fluidization is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many fine powders, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6940 covers another common mechanism: sifting.
1.6 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the powder and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consid...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.2 The test results can be greatly affected by the sample selected for testing. For meaningful results it is necessary to select a representative sample of the particulate solid with respect to moisture (water) content, particle-size distribution and temperature. For the tests an appropriate size sample should be available, and fresh material should be used for each individual test specimen.
5.3 Initial bulk density, (ρb)initial, may or may not be used as the minimum bulk density. This will depend on the material being tested. For example, the two are often close to the same for coarse (most particles larger than about 6 mm), free-flowing bulk solids, but not for fine, aeratable powders.
5.4 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the magnitude of the applied mass increments. Traditionally, the applied mass is doubled for each increment resulting in an applied mass increment ratio of 1. Smaller than standard increment ratios may be desirable for materials that are highly sensitive to the applied mass increment ratio. An example of the latter is a material whose bulk density increases 10% or more with each increase in applied mass.
5.5 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the duration of each applied mass. Traditionally, the duration is the same for each increment and equal to 15 s. For some materials, the rate of compression is such that complete compression (no change in volume with time at a given applied compressive stress) will require significantly more than 15 s.
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1.2 This test method should be performed in the laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be broken down much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are desired, these test methods are used on the test specimen prior to dry sieving, or as a determination of the percent of material that is finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. Usually the additional amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil (see Note 2).
5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils containing fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen is soaked in water to facilitate the separation of the fine and coarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.
5.3 Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey soils, where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior and tends to adhere to the larger particles. To provide adequate fine grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in a dispersing solution prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.
5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize, the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plastic characteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing of material with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 in.).
1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be removed. It is not within the scope of this standard to differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble substances. It is recommended that materials containing significant amounts of soluble substances be tested using other methods of separation.
1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, the choice should be based upon the guidance given in 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.
1.3.1 Method A—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in water prior to wash sieving.
1.3.2 Method B—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in a dispersing solution prior to wash sieving.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Except the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of 75-mm and 75-μm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standa...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test can be used to evaluate the following:
5.1.1 Classification or Comparison of Powders—There are several parameters that can be used to classify powders relative to each other, the most useful being the measured shear stresses, cohesion, flow function and angle of internal friction.
5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis—The shear cell can be used to evaluate the relative effects of a range of powder properties or environmental parameters, or both, such as (but not limited to) humidity, particle size and size distribution, particle shape and shape distribution, water content and temperature.
5.2 Quality Control—The test can, in some circumstances, be used to assess the flow properties of a raw material, intermediate or product against pre-determined acceptance criteria.
5.3 Storage Vessel Design—Mathematical models exist for the determination of storage vessel design parameters which are based on the flow properties of powders as generated by shear cell testing, requiring shear testing at a range of consolidating stresses as well as the measurement of the wall friction angle with respect to the material of construction of the storage vessel. The methods are detailed in Refs. (1-3).3
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors (4).
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method shoul...
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for quantifying the incipient failure properties of a powder as a function of the normal stress for a given level of consolidation. The method also allows the further determination of the unconfined yield strength, internal friction angles, cohesion, flow function, major principal stress and wall friction angle (with the appropriate wall coupon fitted to the correct accessory).
1.2 These parameters are most commonly used to assist with the design of storage hoppers and bins using industry standard calculations and procedures. They can also provide relative classification or comparison of the flow behavior of different powders or different batches of the same powder if similar stress and shear regimes are encountered within the processing equipment.
1.3 The apparatus is appropriate for measuring the properties of powders with a maximum particle size of 1 mm. It is practicable to test powders that have a small proportion of particles of 1 mm or greater, but it is recommended they represent no more than 5 % of the total mass in samples with a normal (Gaussian) size distribution.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 Un...
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